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Oral Dis 2019 Feb 18. Epub 2019 Feb 18.

Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Foggia, Foggia, Italy.

Objective: Necrotizing sialometaplasia (NS) is an uncommon benign process which affects minor and, more rarely, major salivary glands. While self-limiting, the condition might be clinically and histologically mistaken for malignancy. Furthermore, NS may accompany neoplasms. Read More

J Med Case Rep 2019 Jan 14;13(1):12. Epub 2019 Jan 14.

Kosai's Clinic for Otorhinolaryngology, 2-169-1, Hitotsubashi-town, Kochi-city, Kochi, 780-0981, Japan.

Background: Warthin tumor is a common, benign, painless salivary gland neoplasm. Rarely, Warthin tumors show large areas of squamous metaplasia; such Warthin tumors are called metaplastic or infarcted Warthin tumors because they are occasionally accompanied with tumor necrosis. The histological distinction between mucoepidermoid carcinomas and the metaplastic portions of Warthin tumors can be challenging; without a genetic study, mucoepidermoid carcinomas can be misdiagnosed as metaplastic Warthin tumors. Read More

J Exp Ther Oncol 2018 May;12(3):185-188

Department of Conservative Dentistry & Endodontics, Teerthanker Mahaveer Dental College and Research Centre, Teerthanker Mahaveer University, India.

Objective: Necrotising Sialometaplasia is a benign self limiting reactive condition of major and minor salivary glands, which can arouse suspicion for malignancy, clinically and histopathologically. Here, we report a case of 38-year-old female with a painful ulcer on the palate. The case enlightens the importance of clinicopathologic correlation and diligent follow up in diagnosis and management of the case. Read More

Neuroimaging Clin N Am 2018 May;28(2):295-302

Department of Radiology, Michigan State University, Michigan State University Health Team, 846 Service Road, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA.

Neoplastic and non-neoplastic lesions may involve the minor salivary glands. Tumors of minor salivary glands are commonly seen in the oral cavity. Malignant tumors are more common than benign minor salivary gland tumors. Read More

J Craniofac Surg 2017 May;28(3):e218-e219

*Eduardo Anitua Clinic †Eduardo Anitua Foundation, Vitoria, Spain.

Castleman disease (CD) is a benign lymphoproliferative disease of unknown aetiology that rarely occurs in the head and neck region. Herein, the authors describe a patient of intraoral CD and its management. A 55-year-old female patient attended our clinic because of a 1-year history of a mass in the posterior hard palate region. Read More

Ann Emerg Med 2017 May;69(5):e59-e60

Department of Emergency Medicine, Staten Island University Hospital, Northwell Health, Staten Island, NY.

J Stomatol Oral Maxillofac Surg 2017 Feb 3;118(1):63-65. Epub 2017 Feb 3.

Service de stomatologie et chirurgie maxillofaciale, DHU FAST, groupe hospitalier Pitié-Salpêtrière Charles-Foix, AP-HP, 75013 Paris, France.

Introduction: Necrotizing sialometaplasia is a benign inflammatory lesion involving most frequently the minor salivary gland of the hard palate. Involvement of the parotid gland is rare, involvement of the parotid gland associated with facial palsy is exceptional.

Case Report: A 56-year-old male patient with Marfan syndrome presented with swelling and inflammation of the left parotid gland associated with progressively complete facial nerve paralysis. Read More

Case Rep Dent 2016 19;2016:9545861. Epub 2016 Oct 19.

Unit of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Maggiore della Carità University Hospital, Novara, Italy.

Necrotizing sialometaplasia is a rare, benign, self-limiting, necrotizing process involving the minor salivary glands, mainly the mucoserous glands of the hard palate. It is thought to be the result of an ischemic event of the vasculature supplying the salivary gland lobules. Some predisposing factors such as smoking, use of alcohol, denture wearing, recent surgery, traumatic injuries, respiratory infections, systemic diseases bulimia, and anorexia have been described. Read More

BMJ Case Rep 2016 Oct 27;2016. Epub 2016 Oct 27.

Department of Oral Pathology, Pacific Dental College & Hospital, Udaipur, Rajasthan, India.

Necrotising sialometaplasia is a benign, necrotising, self-healing inflammatory condition categorised as idiopathic disease of salivary glands. This condition holds diagnostic importance because of its clinical and histopathological presentation, which is ambiguous, and can be misdiagnosed as carcinoma particularly squamous cell carcinoma or mucoepidermoid carcinoma. This report describes a case of bilateral necrotising sialometaplasia occurring in a 38-year-old male patient. Read More

Surg Innov 2017 Feb 13;24(1):5-14. Epub 2016 Oct 13.

1 University of Pécs, Pécs, Hungary.

The aim of this study was to evaluate the short and medium-term effects of radiofrequency (RF) and potassium titanyl phosphate (KTP) and neodymium-yttrium-aluminum garnet (Nd:YAG) laser treatment on the inferior turbinate mucosa in a porcine model. Following randomization, the inferior turbinates were treated either with RF submucosally or with the KTP or the Nd:YAG laser on the surface under videoendoscopic control. Tissue samples were taken at the end of postoperative weeks 1 and 6, and were evaluated macroscopically and histopathologically. Read More

BMJ Case Rep 2016 Aug 31;2016. Epub 2016 Aug 31.

Department of Oral Medicine and Radiology, Saveetha Dental College, Saveetha University, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India.

Necrotising sialometaplasia is a rare, benign and self-limiting inflammatory lesion that commonly involves minor salivary glands. Its clinical appearance, signs and symptoms very often mimic a carcinomatous lesion, thus creating a diagnostic dilemma for the clinician. Necrotising sialometaplasia being an important differential for an apparent carcinoma should be excluded histologically prior to radical therapy. Read More

Indian J Pathol Microbiol 2016 Apr-Jun;59(2):232-234

Department of Pathology and Lab Medicine, All Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India.

Necrotizing sialometaplasia is a rare benign and self-limiting disease, which commonly affects the minor salivary glands. Typically, it involves the seromucinous glands located at palate, buccal mucosa, tongue, tonsil, nasal cavity, trachea, larynx, maxillary sinus, and retromolar trigone. We report two such cases of necrotizing sialometaplasia to create awareness among the pathologists and surgeons because of its close morphological and clinical resemblance to squamous cell carcinoma. Read More

Eur Arch Otorhinolaryngol 2016 Nov 21;273(11):3937-3942. Epub 2016 Apr 21.

Department of Otolaryngology, Medical University of Gdańsk, Gdańsk, Poland.

Reassessment of histological specimens of salivary gland carcinomas is associated with a change of primary diagnosis in a significant number of patients. The authors evaluated the relation between reclassification/verification of histological diagnosis and the clinical course of parotid gland carcinomas. Histological and immunohistochemical examinations of 111 specimens of parotid gland carcinomas operated on during the years 1992-2010 were revised and in some cases supplemented with cytogenetic tests (FISH), to verify the diagnosis and potentially reclassify the tumours. Read More

Br Dent J 2016 Apr;220(7):323

Presse Med 2016 Feb 12;45(2):215-26. Epub 2016 Feb 12.

CHRU de Tours, université François-Rabelais de Tours, hôpital Trousseau, Inra, service de dermatologie, 37044 Tours cedex 01, France.

Aphthous ulcers are painful ulcerations located on the mucous membrane, generally in the mouth, less often in the genital area. Three clinical forms of aphthous ulcers have been described: minor aphthous ulcers, herpetiform aphthous ulcers and major aphthous ulcers. Many other conditions presenting with oral bullous or vesiculous lesions orulcerations and erosions can be mistaken for aphthous ulcers. Read More

J Clin Diagn Res 2015 Dec 1;9(12):ED01-2. Epub 2015 Dec 1.

Tutor, Department of Pathology, Sapthagiri Institute of Medical Sciences and Research Centre , Bangalore, India .

Necrotizing sialometaplasia is a rare, benign reactive necrotizing lesion, involving sites where salivary gland tissue is usually present. The importance of this lesion is that it mimics malignancy clinically leading to treatments ranging from conservative excision to total maxillectomy. Cytologically and histologically also the lesion is often confused with neoplasms. Read More

J Korean Assoc Oral Maxillofac Surg 2015 Dec 17;41(6):338-41. Epub 2015 Dec 17.

Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Gangnam Severance Hospital, Yonsei University College of Dentistry, Seoul, Korea.

Necrotizing sialometaplasia usually heals within 4 to 10 weeks with conservative treatment, and rarely recurs. When necrotizing sialometaplasia is present on the hard palate it may occur unilaterally or bilaterally. In this case, necrotizing ulceration occurred on the left hard palate of a 36-year-old woman after root canal treatment of the upper left first premolar under local anesthesia. Read More

Indian J Dent Res 2015 Sep-Oct;26(5):550-5

Balaji Dental and Craniofacial Hospital, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India.

Necrotizing sialometaplasia (NSM) is a rare benign, inflammatory disease of both major and minor salivary glands, although more commonly reported in the minor glands of the palate. The characteristic clinical presentation can perplex the clinician and may be mistaken for a malignant neoplasm, such as mucoepidermoid carcinoma, as well as invasive squamous cell carcinoma. The clinical and histological similarity between this entity and a malignant lesion may result in unnecessary or mis-treatment. Read More

Orbit 2016 3;35(1):48-50. Epub 2015 Dec 3.

a Oculoplastics, Consultants in Ophthalmic and Facial Plastic Surgery , Southfield , Michigan , USA.

Introduction: Necrotizing sialometaplasia is thought to represent an inflammatory reaction directed against an ischemic insult or local trauma within a glandular tissue and is most commonly observed in the minor salivary glands of the oral mucosa. The importance of this condition arises from the fact that its clinical and histological aspects may raise issues of differential diagnosis with malignant neoplasms. The authors present a case of necrotizing sialometaplasia involving the lacrimal sac simulating a well-differentiated squamous cell carcinoma. Read More

Quintessence Int 2016 Feb;47(2):147-50

Necrotizing sialometaplasia (NS) is a self-limiting, ulcerated, benign process, affecting minor salivary glands most commonly in the palate. The comorbidity of eating disorders with NS is rare. We present a patient with bilateral NS who suffered from frequent episodes of vomiting. Read More

J Toxicol Pathol 2015 Jul 5;28(3):177-80. Epub 2015 Jun 5.

Charles River, Preclinical Services, Edinburgh, Tranent, EH33 2NE, United Kingdom.

A single mass was found on the left submandibular salivary gland at necropsy of a 15-month-old male commercially bred laboratory Beagle dog from a control dose group from a repeat toxicity study. Microscopically, the mass was composed of a well-demarcated area of coagulative necrosis surrounded and separated from the normal salivary gland tissue by a thick fibrovascular capsule. Necrosis was admixed with areas of hemorrhage, fibrin, edema, fibrinoid necrosis of the vascular tunica media, and thrombosis of small and large vessels. Read More

J Oral Maxillofac Pathol 2014 Sep-Dec;18(3):420-2

Department of Conservative Dentistry and Endodontics, Bharati Vidyapeeth University Dental College and Hospital, Pune, Maharashtra, India.

Necrotizing sialometaplasia (NS) is a benign, self-limiting inflammatory reaction of salivary gland tissue which may mimic squamous cell carcinoma or mucoepidermoid carcinoma, both clinically and histologically, that creates diagnostic dilemma leading to unwarranted aggressive surgery. Most commonly affected site is the minor salivary glands of the palate. The pathogenesis is unknown but is believed to be due to ischemia of vasculature supplying the salivary gland lobules. Read More

J N J Dent Assoc 2014 ;85(4):19, 27

Dentomaxillofac Radiol 2015 7;44(4):20140392. Epub 2015 Jan 7.

Scripps Oral Pathology Service, San Diego, CA, USA.

Ear Nose Throat J 2014 Dec;93(12):E25-7

Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Peterborough City Hospital, Edith Cavell Campus, Bretton Gate, Peterborough PE3 9GZ, UK.

We report a rare case of necrotizing sialometaplasia of the right lateral nasopharynx with extension into the right parapharyngeal space in a 39-year-old man. Since this is a self-limiting condition, the patient began to improve spontaneously over the next few weeks, and he experienced a complete recovery. Necrotizing sialometaplasia is an uncommon condition that is known to involve the palate; nasopharyngeal involvement is very rare, and to the best of our knowledge, extension into the parapharyngeal area has not been previously reported in the English-language literature. Read More

Am J Otolaryngol 2015 Jan-Feb;36(1):80-3. Epub 2014 Jul 24.

Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA.

Introduction: NK/T-cell lymphoma (NKCL), nasal-type is rare in the United States, representing only 1.5% of non-Hodgkin lymphomas. Classically, patients initially present with nasal obstruction (70%), caused by invasion of the localized lesion into the sinuses and nasal cavities. Read More

Oral Health Dent Manag 2014 Sep;13(3):687-9

Department of Oral Pathology & Microbiology, Mamata Dental College, Giriprasad Nagar, Khammam-507002, Andhra Pradesh, India; Tel: +91 9666057533; e-mail:

Necrotizing sialometaplasia is a benign self-limiting lesion of both major and minor salivary glands although more commonly the latter. The clinical and histological similarity between this entity and a malignant lesion implies a risk of unnecessary radical treatment. We report a case of necrotizing sialometaplasia in middle aged women presenting as a non-ulcerated swelling. Read More

Przegl Lek 2014 ;71(5):286-8

Necrotizing sialometaplasia is a benign, self-limiting inflammatory process, which concerns small salivary glands. This kind of lesion is very rare, with difficulties in clinical and histopathological diagnosis. Ulceration is the dominating symptom, which may suggest that it is a malignancy. Read More

Quintessence Int 2015 Jan;46(1):67-72

The aim of this article is to report a case of necrotizing sialometaplasia with long-term follow-up. A case of necrotizing sialometaplasia in a 37-year-old man with clinical documentation on the progress during a 2-year follow-up is presented. Data from an extensive review of the literature including clinical, imagenologic, and microscopic features are provided. Read More

Duodecim 2014 ;130(9):931-3

Necrotizing sialometaplasia is a rare inflammatory condition clinically and histologically resembling a malignant tumor. The lesion is usually present on the palatal mucosa, and heals up without treatment during a couple of months. Differential diagnosis is essential in order to avoid excessive therapy. Read More

Virchows Arch 2014 Aug 27;465(2):135-43. Epub 2014 May 27.

Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, 1364 Clifton Road NE, Room H-188, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA,

The esophageal submucosal glands (SMG) protect the squamous epithelium from insults such as gastroesophageal reflux disease by secreting mucins and bicarbonate. We have observed metaplastic changes within the SMG acini that we have termed oncocytic glandular metaplasia (OGM), and necrotizing sialometaplasia-like change (NSMLC). The aim of this study is to evaluate the associated clinicopathological parameters of, and to phenotypically characterize the SMG metaplasias. Read More

Dentomaxillofac Radiol 2014 21;43(6):20140127. Epub 2014 May 21.

1 First Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Graduate School of Dentistry, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka, Japan.

Although necrotizing sialometaplasia (NS) of the parotid gland is rare and occasionally presents as a lesion that mimics a malignant tumour, imaging findings in cases of NS have been rarely reported. We describe here a case of NS in which there was an increasing lesion manifesting overnight on the parotid gland in an 83-year-old male. We also investigated the use of pre-operative imaging based on previous reports and discuss the importance of these images in helping to guard against overzealous treatment. Read More

Otolaryngol Pol 2014 May-Jun;68(3):154-6. Epub 2013 Aug 5.

Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Manipal College of Dental Sciences, Mangalore (Manipal University), India.

With screening for oral cancer being increasingly performed by physicians, ulceroproliferative lesions of the oral cavity that resemble carcinoma may present a diagnostic challenge. We present one such case wherein the lesion resolved spontaneously after incisional biopsy. A clinical diagnosis of necrotizing sialometaplasia was confirmed by histopathology. Read More

J Craniofac Surg 2014 May;25(3):e235-7

From the Departments of *Pathology, and †Otorhinolaryngology, Mersin University Medical School, Mersin, Turkey.

Hyalinizing clear cell carcinoma is a low-grade malignant epithelial neoplasm of the salivary glands. The tumor has epithelial cells and lacks myoepithelial cells. Necrotizing sialometaplasia is a benign, self-limiting lesion of the salivary glands. Read More

Am J Otolaryngol 2014 May-Jun;35(3):400-1. Epub 2014 Mar 11.

Zabrze, Poland.

Necrotizing sialometaplasia is a self-limiting disorder affecting minor salivary glands resembling a malignant process both clinically and histopathologically. The etiology of this rare inflammatory` disorder is related to an ischemic event. Identified risk factors include alcohol abuse, smoking, drugs, denture wearing, injury and systemic diseases. Read More

Quintessence Int 2014 May;45(5):431-7

Necrotizing sialometaplasia (NS) is a rare and benign lesion that mostly affects the posterior hard palate. Its importance resides in its clinical and microscopic characteristics, which can closely mimic malignant neoplasias, in particular oral squamous cell carcinoma and mucoepidermoid carcinoma. Accurate histopathologic evaluation of an incisional biopsy is considered as the diagnostic gold standard. Read More

Med Clin (Barc) 2015 Feb 13;144(3):126-31. Epub 2014 Mar 13.

Departamento de Medicina y Cirugía Bucofacial, Facultad de Odontología, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Madrid, España.

Although drugs are the most powerful therapeutic tools we have for improving the quality of life of the population, their use is not free of adverse effects. Today there are many polymedicated patients, and it is difficult to find the cause of their adverse effects that increase exponentially when more than 4 drugs are combined. There are a large number of drugs that can result in numerous adverse effects in the oral cavity. Read More

Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol 2014 Feb 12;117(2):260-1. Epub 2013 Nov 12.

Department of Endodontics and Clinical Cariology, Tokyo Dental College, Tokyo, Japan.

Ann Stomatol (Roma) 2013 24;4(Suppl 2):16. Epub 2013 Oct 24.

Department of Sperimental and Clinical Medicine, University of Foggia, Italy.

Minerva Stomatol 2013 Oct;62(10):405-8

Odontotecnic Department Federal Fluminense University (UFF) Niterói, Brazil:2 Department of Semiology and Stomatology Salgado de Oliveira University (UNIVERSO) Niterói, Brazil -

The aim of this paper was to present a case report of a male patient attending a Semiology and Stomatology Clinic with an erythematous ulcerated lesion on his palate. The patient reported that he was HIV positive as well as being addicted to cocaine. After a biopsy and a histopathological exam, he was diagnosed as having necrotizing sialometaplasia. Read More

Ned Tijdschr Geneeskd 2013 ;157(34):A6150

Universitair Medisch Centrum St Radboud, afd. Keel- Neus- Oorheelkunde en Heelkunde van het Hoofd-Halsgebied, Nijmegen.

A 75-year-old woman was seen at the ENT department because of a bleeding tumor on the hard palate. The abnormality mimicked both clinically and histopathologically a malignant salivary gland tumor, but after excision it was diagnosed as necrotizing sialometaplasia. Clinicians should be aware of this rare and easily misdiagnosed benign disease, in order to avoid unnecessary treatment. Read More

Tex Dent J 2013 Feb;130(2):124-5, 148-9

Department of Diagnostic Sciences, Texas A&M Health Science Center, Baylor College of Dentistry, Dallas, Texas, USA.

Oral Dis 2014 Jul 10;20(5):440-5. Epub 2013 Jul 10.

Department of Oral Pathology & Oral Medicine, Goldschleger School of Dental Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel.

Objectives: Necrotizing sialometaplasia (NS) is an uncommon reactive lesion involving the minor salivary glands. This study aimed to investigate the expression of hypoxia-inducible factor alpha (HIF-1α), vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), and epithelial growth factor receptor (EGFR) in the pathogenesis of NS.

Methods: Paraffin-embedded tissue sections from 10 cases of NS were immunohistochemically stained for HIF-1α, VEGF, and EGFR. Read More

Oral Maxillofac Surg 2014 Mar 23;18(1):119-21. Epub 2013 Jun 23.

Combined Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery and Oral Medicine, Edinburgh Dental Institute, Lauriston Building, Lauriston Place, Edinburgh, EH3 9HA, Scotland, UK,

Introduction: Necrotising sialometaplasia is a benign self-limiting inflammatory process which occurs in the salivary gland tissue. The condition is a diagnostic challenge mimicking malignancy both clinically and histopathologically. Commonly, it presents in the hard palate. Read More

Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol 2013 Jul 12;116(1):4-8. Epub 2012 May 12.

Department of Oral Medicine, Infection, and Immunity, Harvard School of Dental Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA.

Comp Med 2013 Feb;63(1):67-70

Department of Comparative Medicine, Penn State Hershey Medical Center, Hershey, Pennsylvania, USA.

A 7-mo-old female New Zealand white rabbit presented with hemorrhage of the gingiva surrounding a loose lower right incisor. Antemortem conventional radiographs revealed only a small bone fragment adjacent to the left mandible's body. In light of a provisional diagnosis of mandibular fracture, the rabbit was euthanized. Read More

J Okla Dent Assoc 2012 Dec;103(9):46-7

Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Pathology, University of Oklahoma College of Dentistry, USA.

J Oral Maxillofac Surg 2013 May 1;71(5):879-85. Epub 2013 Feb 1.

Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Saiseikai Senri Hospital, Suita, Osaka, Japan.

This report describes a case of necrotizing sialometaplasia (NS) accompanied by significant dental erosion of the maxillary teeth of the palatal surfaces owing to chronic self-induced vomiting. This observation contributed to the determination of an immediate and appropriate provisional diagnosis of NS in a patient with an eating disorder, which subsequently was confirmed histopathologically as NS. The diagnostic challenges presented by NS associated with eating disorders and its management are discussed. Read More

Am J Otolaryngol 2013 Mar-Apr;34(2):163-5. Epub 2012 Nov 13.

Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Korea.

Necrotizing sialometaplasia of the parotid gland is infrequent and can be mistaken as a malignant disease. Its etiology is thought to be an insufficient blood supply. Bilateral involvement of this disease in parotid glands has been rarely reported in the English literature. Read More

Case Rep Pathol 2012 22;2012:679325. Epub 2012 Aug 22.

Department of Stomatology, Area of Pathology, Bauru School of Dentistry, University of São Paulo, 17012-901 Bauru, SP, Brazil.

Background. Necrotizing sialometaplasia (NS) is an uncommon benign reactive necrotizing inflammatory process involving minor salivary gland that often mimics malignancy both clinically and histopathologically. Case Report. Read More