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Ophthalmic Plast Reconstr Surg 2020 Nov 4. Epub 2020 Nov 4.

*Department of Otolaryngology, Xiamen Branch, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University †Xiamen Medical College ‡Xiamen Siming District Kaiyuan Street Community Health Service Center, Xiamen, China.

Purpose: To investigate the anatomical structure characteristics of the frontal process of the maxilla in the medial wall of the lacrimal drainage system for endoscopic dacryocystorhinostomy based on the cone-beam computed tomography images.

Methods: One hundred eight sides of orbits were retrospectively evaluated in this study. The angulation and thickness of the frontal process of the maxilla in the medial wall of the lacrimal drainage system were measured and compared at 2 different levels: lacrimal sac level and nasolacrimal duct level. Read More

Ophthalmic Plast Reconstr Surg 2020 Nov 5. Epub 2020 Nov 5.

Lund University, Skane University Hospital, Department of Clinical Sciences Lund, Ophthalmology, Lund, Sweden.

Purpose: Current hypothesis regarding the mechanism of active tear drainage is based on studies performed ex vivo or under nonphysiological conditions. Novel ultra-high-frequency ultrasound has the advantage of generating images with superior resolution, enabling measurements of low flow in small vessels, and the tracking of tissue motion in real time. The purpose of this study was to investigate the lacrimal drainage system and active drainage using this modality. Read More

Development 2020 11 30;147(22). Epub 2020 Nov 30.

State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510060, China

In terrestrial animals, the lacrimal drainage apparatus evolved to serve as conduits for tear flow; however, little is known about the ontogenesis of this system. Here, we define the anatomy of the fully formed tear duct in mice, characterize crucial morphogenetic events for the development of tear duct components and identify the site for primordial tear duct (PTD) initiation. We report that the PTD originates from the orbital lacrimal lamina, a junction formed by the epithelia of the maxillary and lateral nasal processes. Read More

Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2020 11;61(13)

State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou City, China.

Purpose: Obstruction of the tear drainage causes a range of ocular surface disorders. Hitherto, the genetics of tear duct development and obstruction has been scarcely explored, and related animal models are lacking. This study aims to study the potential role of the Wnt/PCP pathway mediated by Prickle 1 in tear duct development and diseases. Read More

J Poult Sci 2020 Oct;57(4):303-309

Laboratory of Animal Functional Anatomy (LAFA), Faculty of Agriculture, Shinshu University, 8304 Minami-minowa, Kami-ina, Nagano 399-4598, Japan.

The nasal mucosa plays an important role in the immune system, with nasal mucous cells secreting mucin that, along with pili, exclude foreign substances from intervening. Nasal mucosal-associated lymphoid tissue (NALT), present in the nasal lamina propria, acts as a local immune system. In birds, the Harderian gland in the orbit also plays an important role in the local immune system. Read More

Am J Med Genet C Semin Med Genet 2020 09 10;184(3):611-617. Epub 2020 Sep 10.

Cincinnati Children's Hospital, Abrahamson Pediatric Eye Institute, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA.

To report ophthalmic findings of patients without colobomas, and with a clinical and molecular diagnosis of CHARGE Syndrome. Retrospective study of ophthalmic findings in 67 CHARGE patients-clinically confirmed diagnosis with positive CHD7 mutation-seen in the Ophthalmology department of Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center between January 1, 2008 through September 25, 2018. Criteria for inclusion in this study was absence of any form of a coloboma in either eye. Read More

Nat Commun 2020 09 2;11(1):4400. Epub 2020 Sep 2.

NHC Key Laboratory of Human Disease Comparative Medicine, Beijing Key Laboratory for Animal Models of Emerging and Remerging Infectious Diseases, Institute of Laboratory Animal Science, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Comparative Medicine Center, Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China.

Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) is highly transmitted through the respiratory route, but potential extra-respiratory routes of SARS-CoV-2 transmission remain uncertain. Here we inoculated five rhesus macaques with 1 × 10 TCID of SARS-CoV-2 conjunctivally (CJ), intratracheally (IT), and intragastrically (IG). Nasal and throat swabs collected from CJ and IT had detectable viral RNA at 1-7 days post-inoculation (dpi). Read More

Clin Med Res 2020 08;18(2-3):99-101

Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH.

Hemolacria is a rare complication of epistaxis treated with nasal compression or tamponade. We report the case of a man, aged 81 years, with end-stage renal disease who developed hemolacria after insertion of a "Rhino Rocket" nasal tamponade device to treat persistent epistaxis. The hemolacria resolved after treatment with intranasal oxymetazoline. Read More

Ocul Surf 2020 10 28;18(4):689-698. Epub 2020 Jul 28.

Institute of Functional and Clinical Anatomy, Friedrich Alexander University Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany; Sechenov University, Department of Operative Surgery and Topographic Anatomy, Moscow, Russia. Electronic address:

Purpose: To date, there are many theories about tear transport through the canaliculi of the draining lacrimal system into the lacrimal sac but only few with supportive data. It is certain that the function of the lacrimal part of orbicularis oculi muscle (Horner-Duverney's muscle) is indispensable for the transport of "used" tears. However, the muscle's exact structure and the mechanisms of its functions are as yet unclear. Read More

Craniomaxillofac Trauma Reconstr 2020 Mar 20;13(1):32-37. Epub 2020 Feb 20.

Department of Ophthalmology, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA.

Purpose: This article reviews cases of nasolacrimal obstruction (NLO) secondary to maxillofacial hardware placement.

Methods: A retrospective review was performed at a single institution from 2012 to 2017 of patients with NLO following maxillofacial reconstruction. The study was approved by the Institutional Review Board of the University of California, San Francisco, adhered to the tenets of the Declaration of Helsinki, and was Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act compliant. Read More

Arch Craniofac Surg 2020 Jun 29;21(3):143-155. Epub 2020 Jun 29.

The PLUS Plastic Surgery Clinic, Seoul, Korea.

Surgical anatomy for Asian rhinoplasty Part I reviewed layered anatomy with neurovascular system of the nose. Part II discusses upper two-thirds of nose which consists of nasal bony and cartilaginous structures. Nasal physiology is mentioned briefly since there are several key structures that are important in nasal function. Read More

Acta Histochem 2020 May 8;122(4):151536. Epub 2020 Mar 8.

Division of Anatomy, Faculty of Dental Medicine, "Carol Davila" University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 8 Eroilor Sanitari Blvd., RO-050474, Bucharest, Romania. Electronic address:

The lacrimal sac (LS) empties in the nasolacrimal duct to drain the tears in the inferior nasal meatus. Different studies indicated the role of the lacrimal pump in the lacrimal drainage. Although controversial, the lacrimal pump mechanism is an extrinsic one, either active, or passive. Read More

Zhonghua Yan Ke Za Zhi 2020 Jan;56(1):53-58

Lacrimal Centre of Ophthalmology, the Third Medical Center, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing 100039, China.

To summarize clinical experience on the clinical feature, etiology and treatment of patients with spontaneous bloody tears as the initial symptom. Retrospective series of case studies. The clinical data and follow-up data of 27 cases of bloody tears as the first symptom in Lacrimal Center of Ophthalmology, the Third Medical Center of Chinese PLA General Hospital from June 2015 to December 2018 were reviewed. Read More

Head Neck 2020 03 13;42(3):556-568. Epub 2019 Dec 13.

THANC (Thyroid, Head and Neck Cancer) Foundation, New York, New York.

Background: Reconstruction of orbit-sparing palatomaxillary defects requires consideration of globe dystopia, orbital volume, eyelid position and function, and the nasolacrimal system to preserve and optimize vision, globe protection, and appearance. We describe the fundamentals of orbital and eyelid anatomy, common orbital complications related to palatomaxillary reconstruction, and preemptive and corrective surgical techniques to be utilized during and after globe-sparing palatomaxillary reconstruction.

Methods: We present a review of the literature supplemented by clinical case examples. Read More

Eur J Ophthalmol 2021 Mar 26;31(2):NP12-NP14. Epub 2019 Nov 26.

Govindram Seksaria Institute of Dacryology, LV Prasad Eye Institute, Hyderabad, India.

Bilateral Tessier cleft types 3 and 4 are rare and commonly involve the lacrimal drainage system owing to their anatomical location. Such clefts commonly present with associated ocular anomalies and include colobomatous eyelids, hypertelorism, microphthalmia, punctal or canalicular agenesis, and nasolacrimal duct obstruction or exstrophy. The current report presents an 18-month-old baby with bilateral Tessier cleft 3 with a unilateral anophthalmos, symmetrical eyelid colobomas, and lacrimal drainage anomalies. Read More

Klin Monbl Augenheilkd 2020 Jan 26;237(1):20-28. Epub 2019 Nov 26.

Zentrum für Augenheilkunde, Universität zu Köln, Medizinische Fakultät und Uniklinik Köln, Köln.

The development of microendoscopes in lacrimal drainage surgery has led to the introduction of novel surgical procedures that maintain transcanicular anatomy, including a variety of lacrimal drainage intubation systems. Depending on the location and extent of the lacrimal duct stenosis, bicanaliculoanular, monocanalicular, monocanaliculonasal, bicanalicular, and bicanaliculonasal intubation techniques and systems, as well as a combination of these, may be used. For isolated intubation of the puncta lacrimalia, perforated punctum plugs may be used, while pure monocanalicular intubation can be performed using a Mini-Monoka. Read More

Orbit 2020 Aug 5;39(4):289-292. Epub 2019 Nov 5.

Govindram Seksaria Institute of Dacryology, L.V. Prasad Eye Institute , Hyderabad, India.

Primary adenocarcinoma of the lacrimal drainage system is a rare malignancy. Poorly differentiated subtypes of this tumor demonstrate aggressive behaviors, and metastasis is not uncommon. We present a patient with poorly differentiated adenocarcinoma of the lacrimal sac and nasolacrimal duct with an orbital extension. Read More

Eur Arch Otorhinolaryngol 2020 Jan 19;277(1):129-134. Epub 2019 Sep 19.

Department of Ophthalmology, Health Sciences University Bursa Yüksek Ihtisas Training and Research Hospital, Bursa, Turkey.

Objectives: This study aims to investigate the effects of inferior turbinate outfracture on the nasolacrimal system and tear flow.

Methods: Forty-seven patients (26 males, 21 females) between the ages 18 and 52 years (mean age-29.0 ± 9. Read More

Clin Exp Ophthalmol 2019 Dec 4;47(9):1131-1137. Epub 2019 Sep 4.

South Australian Institute of Ophthalmology, Royal Adelaide Hospital, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia.

Importance: This study introduces a new technique in the assessment of nasolacrimal drainage with magnetic resonance imaging.

Background: To describe a new dynamic magnetic resonance dacryocystography (MRDCG) protocol and report normative findings on asymptomatic lacrimal drainage systems.

Design: A prospective observational study at the Royal Adelaide Hospital. Read More

Orbit 2020 Aug 3;39(4):276-284. Epub 2019 Jul 3.

Govindram Seksaria Institute of Dacryology, L.V. Prasad Eye Institute , Hyderabad, India.

Purpose: To provide a literature review on lymphoproliferative lesions involving the lacrimal drainage system.

Methods: The authors performed a pubmed search of all articles published in English on lymphoma/leukemia of lacrimal sac and the nasolacrimal duct. Data analyzed include prevalence, demographics, clinical presentations, treatment outcomes of primary versus secondary lacrimal involvement, and recurrence rates. Read More

Orbit 2020 Jun 3;39(3):155-159. Epub 2019 Jul 3.

Ophthalmic Plastic Surgery Service, L V Prasad Eye Institute, Hyderabad, India.

: To study the prevalence and types of lacrimal drainage system (LDS) anomalies inchildren with congenital microphthalmia anophthalmia coloboma (MAC) complex.: This is a prospective, consecutive, non-comparative, case series of LDS anomalies in 31 children presenting with MAC complex. Previously untreated children with MAC complex, enrolled for socket surface and volume expansion during the study period from January 2017 to April 2018 were included. Read More

Ann Anat 2019 Jul 7;224:102-112. Epub 2019 May 7.

Institute of Functional and Clinical Anatomy, Friedrich Alexander University Erlangen-Nürnberg, Germany.

Purpose: To provide a systematic review of the literature on the disorders and management of the lacrimal drainage system (LDS) in few of the species of the animal kingdom.

Methods: The authors performed a PubMed search of all articles that were published in English with specific reference to lacrimal drainage disorders in animals. Data captured include demographics, presentations, investigation, diagnoses and management modalities. Read More

Wiad Lek 2019 ;72(3):432-435

HSEE "Bukovinian State Medical University", Chernivtsi, Ukraine.

Objective: Іntroduction: Main functions of the inner nose in humans are respiration and olfaction. Therefore, human needs a large surface of inhalable and exhalable air contact, warming and moistening. Importance of these organs in animals in phylogenesis before and after the secondary palate development can explain their anatomic and functional designation. Read More

Ann Anat 2019 Jul 4;224:33-40. Epub 2019 Apr 4.

Institute of Clinical and Functional Anatomy, Friedrich-Alexander University of Erlangen-Nürnberg, Germany.

Purpose: To provide a review and an update on dacryocystography (DCG) and its relevance in the current era.

Methods: The authors performed a PubMed search of all articles published in English on DCG, digital subtraction-DCG (DS-DCG), computed tomographic DCG (CT-DCG) and magnetic resonance-DCG (MR-DCG). Data analyzed include the indications, techniques, interpretations, complication and limitations. Read More

Ann Anat 2019 Jul 3;224:28-32. Epub 2019 Apr 3.

Department of Otolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Queen Elizabeth Hospital, Adelaide, Australia; Faculty of Health Sciences, Department of Otolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, University of Adelaide, Australia. Electronic address:

Purpose: To provide a review of the anatomy of the lacrimal drainage system and lateral wall of the nose pertaining to endoscopic dacryocystorhinostomy.

Methods: The authors performed a PubMed search of articles published pertaining to the anatomy of the lateral wall of the nose and the anatomy of endonasal and external dacryocystorhinostomy surgery.

Results: The article covers the regional surface and surgical anatomy for endoscopic dacryocystorhinostomy (DCR), including the maxillary line, middle turbinate, agger nasi air cell, lacrimal sac and fossa and the upper portion of the nasolacrimal drainage system. Read More

Graefes Arch Clin Exp Ophthalmol 2019 Jul 3;257(7):1341-1351. Epub 2019 Apr 3.

Ophthalmology Unit, St. Orsola-Malpighi University Hospital, University of Bologna, Via Palagi 9, 40138, Bologna, Italy.

Purpose: Graft-versus-host disease (GVHD) is a major complication of allogeneic hematopoietic stem cells transplantation, occurring in about half of transplanted patients. This condition seems to be the result of a progressive immune-mediated damage that can involve various tissues, including the eyes. The ocular surface system is the ocular structure most frequently impaired, and dry eye disease is considered the hallmark of ocular GVHD. Read More

Ophthalmic Plast Reconstr Surg 2019 May/Jun;35(3):e80-e81

Ophthalmology Department, Hospital Universitari de Girona Dr. Josep Trueta, Girona, Spain.

A 16-year-old girl diagnosed with velocardiofacial syndrome complained of occasional bilateral ocular discharge. Examination revealed an agenesia of the inferior puncti and canaliculi, while the irrigation through the superior puncta was patent on both sides. Dacryocystorhinostomy with insertion of Lester Jones tubes is not considered for the time being because of the absence of epiphora. Read More

Ann Anat 2019 Jul 9;224:1-7. Epub 2019 Mar 9.

Institute of Functional and Clinical Anatomy, Friedrich Alexander University Erlangen-Nürnberg, Germany.

Purpose: To provide a systematic review of the literature on the ultrastructural findings of the lacrimal drainage system in healthy state and in few of the disorders studied so far.

Methods: The authors performed a PubMed search of all articles published with reference to electron microscopic features of the lacrimal drainage pathways. Data captured include demographics, study techniques, scanning or transmission electron microscopic features, presumed or confirmed interpretations and their implications. Read More

Ann Anat 2019 May 22;223:90-99. Epub 2019 Feb 22.

Department of Oculoplastic, Orbital, and Lacrimal Surgery, Aichi Medical University Hospital, 1-1 Yazako-Karimata, Nagakute, Aichi 480-1195, Japan.

Purpose: The aim of this study is to provide a comprehensive and clinically relevant review of the lacrimal drainage anatomy in the Japanese population.

Methods: A thorough search on the lacrimal drainage anatomy in the Japanese population was performed using PubMed and Ichushi Web, which is managed by the Japan Medical Abstracts Society, for related studies up to December 2018. Published books on the same topic were also reviewed. Read More