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J Prim Care Community Health 2020 Jan-Dec;11:2150132720907430

University of Nigeria Teaching Hospital, Enugu, Nigeria.

Vision screening in infants is an important part of the medical care of children as some eye abnormalities, if not treated in the first few months or years of life, can lead to irreversible vision loss. The objective of this cross-sectional, descriptive study was to identify ocular anomalies among infants attending immunization clinics in Nigeria and refer promptly and appropriately. Infants were screened across 6 immunization clinics. Read More

Cureus 2020 Jan 15;12(1):e6672. Epub 2020 Jan 15.

Ophthalmology, King Abdulaziz University Hospital, Jeddah, SAU.

Introduction Congenital nasolacrimal duct obstruction (CNLDO) is one of the most common congenital abnormalities encountered by pediatric ophthalmologists, occurring in 20-30% of all neonates (range: 6-84%). The majority of the cases (up to 90%) resolve within the first year of birth. Many syndromes, such as Down syndrome, are associated with congenital lacrimal anomalies. Read More

J Pediatr Ophthalmol Strabismus 2020 Jan;57(1):44-47

Purpose: To report outcomes of nasolacrimal duct (NLD) probing in children 4 years and older with simple membranous NLD obstruction.

Methods: The records of all patients 4 years and older with congenital NLD obstruction who underwent surgery from 1997 to 2015 at Washington University School of Medicine were retrospectively reviewed. Of 47 patients reviewed, 18 (38. Read More

BMC Ophthalmol 2019 Dec 3;19(1):244. Epub 2019 Dec 3.

Beijing Tongren Eye Center, Beijing Tongren Hospital, Beijing key Laboratory of Intraocular Tumor Diagnosis and Treatment, Beijing Ophthalmology and Visual Science Key Lab, Capital Medical University, 1 Dong Jiao Min Xiang, Dong Cheng District, Beijing, 100730, China.

Background: To investigate the therapeutic effectiveness and safety of endoscopic dacryocystorhinostomy (EN-DCR) to treat congenital nasolacrimal canal dysplasia (CNCD).

Methods: Forty children (50 eyes) with congenital nasolacrimal duct obstruction (CNLDO) and lacrimal bony dysplasia, including 8 children with bony atresia (10 eyes) and 32 with bony stenosis (40 eyes), were recruited in this retrospective study. Standardized EN-DCR was performed in all cases. Read More

Eur J Ophthalmol 2019 Nov 26:1120672119891475. Epub 2019 Nov 26.

Govindram Seksaria Institute of Dacryology, LV Prasad Eye Institute, Hyderabad, India.

Bilateral Tessier cleft types 3 and 4 are rare and commonly involve the lacrimal drainage system owing to their anatomical location. Such clefts commonly present with associated ocular anomalies and include colobomatous eyelids, hypertelorism, microphthalmia, punctal or canalicular agenesis, and nasolacrimal duct obstruction or exstrophy. The current report presents an 18-month-old baby with bilateral Tessier cleft 3 with a unilateral anophthalmos, symmetrical eyelid colobomas, and lacrimal drainage anomalies. Read More

Eur J Ophthalmol 2019 Nov 22:1120672119886427. Epub 2019 Nov 22.

Dr. Shroff's Charity Eye Hospital, New Delhi, India.

Purpose: The aim of reporting this case is to describe a rare combination of blepharophimosis-ptosis-epicanthus inversus syndrome with congenital nasolacrimal duct obstruction. A variety of lacrimal anomalies have been seen in blepharophimosis-ptosis-epicanthus inversus syndrome but the occurrence of nasolacrimal duct obstruction is rare.

Method: The blepharophimosis-ptosis-epicanthus inversus syndrome is an autosomal dominant rare genetic defect with clinical manifestation of dysplasia of the eyelids, palpebral fissures, flat nasal bridge, and ptosis. Read More

J Pediatr Ophthalmol Strabismus 2019 Nov;56(6):365-372

Purpose: To investigate the success rate of probing for young children with nasolacrimal duct obstructions and the risk factors involved.

Methods: The medical records of 3,143 patients (3,928 eyes) who received nasolacrimal duct probing in southwest China were collected. These included delivery method, age and gender, preoperative treatments, anesthesia methods, probing procedure, and follow-up clinical records. Read More

Ophthalmic Plast Reconstr Surg 2020 Jan/Feb;36(1):e17-e19

Govindram Seksaria Institute of Dacryology, L.V. Prasad Eye Institute, India.

The common ocular manifestations of CHARGE syndrome include colobomatous defects in the eye, strabismus, nystagmus, and micropthalmia. Lacrimal drainage anomalies have been rarely reported and to the best of the authors' knowledge, only 5 such cases have been reported earlier. The present case describes CHARGE syndrome associated with bilateral complex congenital nasolacrimal duct obstruction with multiple prior attacks of acute dacryocystitis and left lower punctal agenesis, successfully managed with a right-sided dacryocystorhinostomy and awaiting a left dacryocystorhinostomy. Read More

Orbit 2020 Jun 3;39(3):155-159. Epub 2019 Jul 3.

Ophthalmic Plastic Surgery Service, L V Prasad Eye Institute, Hyderabad, India.

: To study the prevalence and types of lacrimal drainage system (LDS) anomalies inchildren with congenital microphthalmia anophthalmia coloboma (MAC) complex.: This is a prospective, consecutive, non-comparative, case series of LDS anomalies in 31 children presenting with MAC complex. Previously untreated children with MAC complex, enrolled for socket surface and volume expansion during the study period from January 2017 to April 2018 were included. Read More

Curr Opin Ophthalmol 2019 Sep;30(5):364-371

Eye Department, Eye Research Center, Rassoul Akram Hospital, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.

Purpose Of Review: After failed conservative management, most clinicians treat congenital nasolacrimal duct obstruction (CNLDO) in a conventional stepwise fashion: starting with probing, then repeat probing, next silicone intubation and/or balloon dilatation, and finally dacryocystorhinostomy. This approach is based on the patient's age and previously failed procedures and recruits 'one procedure for all' CNLDO. A newly introduced approach is based on the type of obstruction and recruits 'all procedures for one' CNLDO. Read More

Ophthalmic Plast Reconstr Surg 2019 Nov/Dec;35(6):594-599

Department of Ophthalmology, Hôpital Necker-Enfants maladies, Paris, France.

Purpose: To study the CT appearance of the nasolacrimal canal (NLC) in cases of congenital nasolacrimal duct obstruction (CNLDO) where there is a tactile sensation of a hard contact (HC) stop in the duct preventing stent intubation.

Methods: The authors retrospectively reviewed all consecutive cases of chronic CNLDO observed between 2003 and 2018 in which an apparent HC obstruction prevented nasolacrimal intubation. CT scans were reviewed to determine the cause of probing failure: distal stenosis, loss of parallelism of the NLC walls, abnormal angulations or an adjacent obstacle blocking tear outflow. Read More

Korean J Ophthalmol 2019 Jun;33(3):287-293

Department of Ophthalmology, Abbasi Shaheed Hospital, Karachi Medical and Dental College, Karachi, Pakistan.

Purpose: To determine the frequency of ocular diseases in infants visiting the ophthalmology department of a tertiary care hospital.

Methods: This was a cross-sectional descriptive study conducted in the department of ophthalmology, Abbasi Shaheed Hospital, from January 2015 to May 2016. The study included 377 infants ranging in age from 1 day to less than 1 year who were, selected by a nonprobability consecutive sampling technique. Read More

J Pediatr Ophthalmol Strabismus 2019 May;56(3):188-193

Purpose: To assess the success rate of external dacryocystorhinostomy (DCR) with silicone intubation for recurrent lacrimal abscess in children younger than 6 years.

Methods: A single-center retrospective analysis of 46 eyes of 40 children who underwent DCR with silicone tube intubation for recurrent lacrimal abscess was done. Probing done previously in these cases was unsuccessful. Read More

J Pediatr Ophthalmol Strabismus 2019 May;56(3):141-145

Purpose: To determine the effect of probing for congenital nasolacrimal duct obstruction in children older than 2 years.

Methods: A prospective interventional case series included 110 eyes of 94 patients with congenital nasolacrimal duct obstruction (CNLDO) aged 2 years or older, with no previous intervention. The diagnosis was based on clinical findings (epiphora, discharge, regurgitation test, and fluorescein dye disappearance test). Read More

J Pediatr Ophthalmol Strabismus 2019 Apr 29;56:e31-e33. Epub 2019 Apr 29.

The authors conducted a 10-year retrospective review of all patients within one physician's practice to determine the frequency of spontaneous resolution of congenital nasolacrimal duct obstruction in children older than 1 year during the interval between scheduling and date of probing. This review found 4.4% of eyes resolved within an average interval period of 39 days. Read More

Ophthalmic Plast Reconstr Surg 2019 May/Jun;35(3):e80-e81

Ophthalmology Department, Hospital Universitari de Girona Dr. Josep Trueta, Girona, Spain.

A 16-year-old girl diagnosed with velocardiofacial syndrome complained of occasional bilateral ocular discharge. Examination revealed an agenesia of the inferior puncti and canaliculi, while the irrigation through the superior puncta was patent on both sides. Dacryocystorhinostomy with insertion of Lester Jones tubes is not considered for the time being because of the absence of epiphora. Read More

Orbit 2020 Feb 20;39(1):1-4. Epub 2019 Mar 20.

Govindram Seksaria Institute of Dacryology, L. V. Prasad Eye Institute, Hyderabad, India.

: To evaluate the outcomes of powered endoscopic dacryocystorhinostomy (DCR) in syndromic individuals with congenital nasolacrimal duct obstruction (CNLDO).: A retrospective multicenter case series of patients who required a primary powered endoscopic DCR for refractory CNLDO associated with syndromes or congenital craniofacial abnormalities was performed. A minimum follow-up of more than 6 months was considered for final analysis. Read More

Ophthalmic Plast Reconstr Surg 2019 Nov/Dec;35(6):549-552

Lacrimal Clinic, Moorfields Eye Hospital, London, United Kingdom.

Purpose: To characterize the anatomical anomaly of congenital double puncta, identify factors contributing to epiphora and its treatment.

Methods: Retrospective review of patients presenting with epiphora and a double lacrimal punctum over a 6-month period.

Results: Five consecutive patients (3 female) were identified. Read More

Middle East Afr J Ophthalmol 2018 Jul-Dec;25(3-4):156-160

Research Department, King Khaled Eye Specialist Hospital, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.

Background/aims: To evaluate the refractive status, axial length, and prevalence of amblyopia among Saudi children with unilateral congenital nasolacrimal duct obstruction (UCNLDO) compared to the unaffected fellow eye.

Methods: A retrospective chart review was performed for children with UCNLDO at two eye institutes in Eastern Saudi Arabia from 2009 to 2015. The outcomes of syringing determined UNCLDO. Read More

BMJ Case Rep 2019 Feb 9;12(2). Epub 2019 Feb 9.

Otorhinolaryngology, Dokkyo Medical University Saitama Medical Center, Koshigaya, Saitama, Japan.

Clin Perinatol 2018 12 18;45(4):751-767. Epub 2018 Sep 18.

Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, 601 North Caroline Street, Room 6161B, Baltimore, MD 21287, USA.

Congenital nasal deformities can cause nasal obstruction with early respiratory distress. Choanal atresia is characterized by no communication between the nasal cavity and nasopharynx. Pyriform aperture stenosis involves more anterior nasal obstruction with limited intranasal space. Read More

BMC Ophthalmol 2018 Oct 30;18(1):283. Epub 2018 Oct 30.

Department of Ophthalmology, Beijing Tongren Eye Center, Beijing Tongren Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences Key Lab, 1 Dongjiaominxiang, Dongcheng District, Beijing, 100730, China.

Background: Universal ocular screening of infants is not a standard procedure in children's health care system in China. This pilot study investigated prevalence of ocular abnormalities of 6 weeks-age infants using wide-field digital imaging system.

Methods: Infants aged 6 weeks around were consecutively enrolled in a public hospital between April 2015 and August 2016. Read More

J Pediatr 2019 01 27;204:214-218.e2. Epub 2018 Sep 27.

Division of Dermatology, Ann & Robert H. Lurie Children's Hospital of Chicago, Chicago, IL.

Objective: To characterize the risk for ocular complications in patients with PHACE syndrome.

Study Design: This study included consecutive patients with PHACE syndrome who were seen at Lurie Children's Hospital of Chicago from January 2000 through May 2017. A complete ophthalmic examination was performed in all patients, with extra attention for findings typically associated with PHACE syndrome. Read More

Orbit 2019 Aug 5;38(4):335-337. Epub 2018 Sep 5.

b Govindram Seksaria Institute of Dacryology, L.V. Prasad Eye Institute , Hyderabad , India.

Rubinstein-Taybi syndrome is a rare multisystem disorder characterized by broad thumbs and first toes, short stature, microcephaly, delayed milestones, beak nose, and hypertelorism. Lacrimal drainage anomalies are not uncommon in this syndrome. We present a patient with Rubinstein-Taybi syndrome with bilateral congenital nasolacrimal duct obstruction and left-sided grossly dilated nasolacrimal duct. Read More

JAMA Ophthalmol 2018 11;136(11):1281-1286

Department of Ophthalmology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota.

Importance: Although the overall rate of spontaneous resolution in congenital nasolacrimal duct obstruction (CNLDO) and efficacy of probing have been documented in the literature, the optimal timing of intervention has not been established.

Objective: To report new findings regarding spontaneous resolution in a large cohort of children with CNLDO.

Design, Setting, And Participants: The medical records of 1998 consecutive infants diagnosed with CNLDO from January 1, 1995, through December 31, 2004, while residing in Olmsted County, Minnesota, were retrospectively reviewed. Read More

Clin Otolaryngol 2019 05 25;44(3):490-492. Epub 2018 Jul 25.

AP-HP, Hôpital Bicêtre, Service d'Oto-Rhino-Laryngologie, Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, France.

Ophthalmology 2018 10 7;125(10):1654-1657. Epub 2018 Jun 7.

Vanderbilt Eye Institute, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee.

Purpose: To identify the efficacy and adverse event rates of balloon dacryoplasty in cases of congenital nasolacrimal duct obstruction in children who fail to respond to an initial nasolacrimal duct probing.

Methods: A literature search was last performed in September 2017 in the PubMed database to identify all reports of balloon dacryoplasty. All searches up to and including the last search were limited to the English language, and they yielded 104 articles that were assessed for relevancy. Read More

Br J Ophthalmol 2019 04 6;103(4):527-529. Epub 2018 Jun 6.

Department of Ophthalmology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA

Background/aims: The literature on the prevalence and demographics of congenital nasolacrimal duct obstruction (CNLDO) is 30-70 years old and largely comprises small sample sizes. This study provides epidemiological findings of this common disorder from the largest cohort reported to date.

Methods: The medical records of all children (<5 years of age) residing in Olmsted County, Minnesota, when diagnosed with CNLDO from 1 January 1995 through 31 December 2004, were reviewed. Read More

Orbit 2019 Apr 24;38(2):103-106. Epub 2018 May 24.

a Govindram Seksaria Institute of Dacryology , L.V. Prasad Eye Institute , Hyderabad , India.

Purpose: To report the outcomes of external dacryocystorhinostomy (Ext DCR) in paediatric patients.

Methods: A single-centre, retrospective, interventional, non-comparative case series was performed on all paediatric patients who underwent Ext DCR between July 2010 and July 2014. Surgery was performed as per standard Ext DCR protocols with only anterior flap suturing. Read More

Orbit 2019 Apr 22;38(2):107-111. Epub 2018 May 22.

a Govindram Seksaria Institute of Dacryology , L.V. Prasad Eye Institute , Hyderabad , India.

Purpose: The purpose of the article is to report the outcomes of powered endoscopic dacryocystorhinostomy (PEnDCR) in pediatric patients.

Methods: A single-center, single surgeon, retrospective, interventional, non-comparative case series was performed on all pediatric patients who underwent PEnDCR between July 2014 and July 2017. Patients with associated congenital anomalies like single punctum agenesis or lacrimal fistula were excluded. Read More

J Pediatr Ophthalmol Strabismus 2018 Jul 1;55(4):266-268. Epub 2018 May 1.

Purpose: To assess the association of congenital nasolacrimal duct obstruction (CNLDO) with mode of birth (vaginal or cesarean).

Methods: This study was a prospective interventional case series of 200 consecutive cases of CNLDO presenting at a tertiary care center. Data collected include demographics, mode of delivery, elective or emergency cesarean section, primary or secondary cesarean sections, type of CNLDO (simple or complex), management, and outcomes. Read More

Eur Arch Otorhinolaryngol 2018 Jun 16;275(6):1469-1475. Epub 2018 Apr 16.

Department of Otolaryngology, Alexandria Faculty of Medicine, 4 Kafr Abdou street # 605, Alexandria, 21529, Egypt.

Purpose: The current management options of congenital pyriform aperture stenosis (CNPAS) are either conservative measures awaiting further growth of the bony nasal framework or surgical intervention that focuses on bone removal from the margin of the pyriform aperture (PA) without exposure of the nasolacrimal duct (NLD) followed by stenting. Recently, CT measurements of the nasal cavity in CNPAS have shed light that the site of maximal bony obstruction corresponds to the bony buttress encasing the NLD rather than the margin of the PA as initially thought. Herein, we present an extramucosal pyriplasty technique that can be used without stenting to enlarge the PA and achieve immediate and sustained relief of nasal obstruction. Read More

Ophthalmic Plast Reconstr Surg 2018 Jul/Aug;34(4):e110-e113

Department of Ophthalmology, Lady Hardinge Medical College, University of Delhi.

Amniotic band syndrome is a rare congenital disorder caused by entrapment of fetal parts (usually a limb or digits) in fibrous amniotic bands while in utero that presents with complex multisystem anomalies. The authors report 2 children with amniotic band syndrome who presented to the ophthalmic unit of the authors' pediatric hospital. One of them presented with telecanthus, syndactyly, amputated toes, and unilateral epiphora diagnosed as congenital nasolacrimal duct obstruction. Read More

J Fr Ophtalmol 2018 Mar 23;41(3):206-211. Epub 2018 Mar 23.

Ophthalmology Department, University Hospital Necker-Enfants malades, AP-HP, Paris V René Descartes University, 149, rue de Sèvres, 75015 Paris, France; CNRS Research Unit FR3636, Paris V University, 75005 Paris, France.

Background: Tearing and conjunctivitis in children are commonly due to lacrimal drainage system obstruction. Congenital nasolacrimal obstruction is a common pathology treated by probing with or without silicone stent insertion, depending upon the age of the child. The silicone stent is self-retaining and placed for at least one month. Read More

J Coll Physicians Surg Pak 2018 03;28(3):210-213

Department of Pediatric Ophthalmology, Al-Shifa Trust Eye Hospital, Rawalpindi.

Objective: To evaluate the state of refraction in children with bilateral congenital nasolacrimal duct obstruction (CNLDO).

Study Design: Descriptive study.

Place And Duration Of Study: Al-Shifa Trust Eye Hospital, Rawalpindi, Pakistan, from April 2014 to April 2016. Read More

Clin Ophthalmol 2017 9;11:1975-1977. Epub 2017 Nov 9.

Govindram Seksaria Institute of Dacryology, L. V. Prasad Eye Institute, Hyderabad, India.

Purpose: The objective of this study was to ascertain the lacrimal drainage anomalies in a cohort of patients suffering from congenital rubella syndrome (CRS).

Methods: This was a retrospective case series performed in patients with CRS presenting with associated lacrimal drainage anomalies (LDA) over 6 years from 2011 to 2016. All the patients were confirmed as having CRS after clinical and laboratory testing. Read More

Orbit 2018 Aug 17;37(4):257-261. Epub 2017 Oct 17.

b Department of Oculoplasty , Dr Shroff's Charity Eye Hospital , New Delhi , India.

Congenital nasolacrimal duct obstruction (CNLDO) remains the most common cause of epiphora in infants. This retrospective study compares the success rate of nasal endoscopic-assisted probing between younger (3 years and below) and older (above 3 years) children with membranous CNLDO and its correlation with the thickness of the membrane at the valve of Hasner. Case records of a total of 38 eyes in 34 children with membranous CNLDO who underwent endoscopic nasolacrimal duct probing and irrigation under general anesthesia were analyzed. Read More

J Pediatr Ophthalmol Strabismus 2018 Jan 9;55(1):65-67. Epub 2017 Oct 9.

Purpose: To compare success and extrusion rates of the monocanalicular and bicanalicular Crawford intubation systems (JEDMED Instrument Company, St. Louis, MO).

Methods: A retrospective review of all children who were diagnosed as having congenital nasolacrimal duct obstruction and treated with lacrimal intubation from 2005 to 2014 was performed. Read More

JAMA Ophthalmol 2018 01;136(1):86-87

Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis.

J Craniofac Surg 2017 Nov;28(8):e725-e728

*Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Radiology †Department of Orthodontics, Faculty of Dentistry, Inonu University, Malatya, Turkey.

Objective: The cleft lip/palate (CLP) deformity negatively affects the anatomy of the nasal cavity and maxilla. The effects of this deformity on the lacrimal system have been unidentified yet. This study aimed to evaluate the morphometric changes in the nasolacrimal duct using cone-beam computed tomography (CBCT) in patients with unilateral CLP. Read More

Orbit 2017 Oct 16;36(5):298-300. Epub 2017 Aug 16.

a Department of Ophthalmology , Sussex Eye Hospital , Eastern Road, Brighton , United Kingdom.

The treatment of midfacial tumours with radiotherapy, chemotherapy and radio-iodine can cause nasolacrimal duct fibrosis resulting in epiphora. Nasolacrimal patency can be maintained by stenting. We report our experience of prophylatic Nunchaku stent insertion in 5 patients prior to midfacial radiotherapy. Read More

J Pediatr Ophthalmol Strabismus 2017 Jul 17;54(4):238-243. Epub 2017 May 17.

Purpose: To characterize anatomical variations of the nasolacrimal canal in patients with complex congenital nasolacrimal duct obstruction.

Methods: Retrospective case series of 25 children with congenital nasolacrimal duct obstruction. All children had failed probings and were examined by computed tomography. Read More

J Coll Physicians Surg Pak 2017 Mar;27(3):145-148

Ophthalmology, Hazrat Bari Sarkar Medical and Dental College Hospital, Islamabad.

Objective: To determine the success rate of non-surgical management of congenital nasolacrimal duct obstruction (CNLDO) with Crigler massage in infants below the age of one year.

Study Design: A cross-sectional observational study.

Place And Duration Of Study: Department of Ophthalmology at HBS General Hospital, Hazrat Bari Sarkar Medical and Dental College, Islamabad from November 2015 to May 2016. Read More

Indian J Dent Res 2017 Jan-Feb;28(1):105-108

Director and Consultant, Balaji Dental and Craniofacial Hospital, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India.

Tessier facial clefts are among the rarest facial clefts reported in literature and many contradicting issues have always been rising over the management and surgical approaches involved during the craniofacial cleft repair. Among the craniofacial clefts Tessier no. 4 is an extremely rare facial anomaly, and there are very few evidence which clearly describe the surgical approaches and techniques. Read More

Orbit 2017 Jun 8;36(3):137-143. Epub 2017 Mar 8.

a Govindram Seksaria of Dacryology , L. V. Prasad Eye Institute , Hyderabad , India.

The aim of this study was to illustrate the surgical techniques and utility of stereotactic or image-guided navigation in the management of lacrimal drainage obstruction in congenital arhinia-microphtalmia syndrome and review the relevant literature. Image-guided combined external and endoscopic dacryocystorhinostomy was performed in a female, aged 16 years with congenital partial arhinia and ipsilateral microphthalmus. The lacrimal sac was bypassed to the contra lateral nasal cavity through a septal window. Read More

Cesk Slov Oftalmol Fall 2016;72(5):178-181

Purpose: To compare the success rate of monocanalicular (MI) and bicanalicular intubation (BI) in congenital nasolacrimal duct obstruction (CNLDO).

Methods: MI through the inferior canaliculus and BI were performed under general anaesthesia in children from 7 to 24 months old with CNLDO. Only children after unsuccessful conservative therapy and two and more probings were included in the study. Read More

J Pediatr Ophthalmol Strabismus 2017 Jan;54(1):6-9

Eur J Ophthalmol 2017 Jun 20;27(4):502-505. Epub 2016 Dec 20.

Department of Ophthalmology, Faculdade de Medicina de Botucatu-UNESP, São Paulo - Brazil.

Purpose: To survey the management of congenital nasolacrimal duct obstruction (CNLDO) by pediatric primary health care providers in Spain.

Methods: This was a descriptive study using a web-based questionnaire to evaluate the perceptions of the members of the Pediatric Primary Care Society in Castilla-León, Spain (APAPCYL), regarding management of CNLDO. The questionnaire contained 14 direct questions and was sent by e-mail to all the pediatricians. Read More

J Pediatr Ophthalmol Strabismus 2017 Mar 16;54(2):123-127. Epub 2016 Dec 16.

Purpose: To report the success rate of children undergoing probing for congenital nasolacrimal duct obstruction (CNLDO) and the factors relating to the failure of the procedure.

Methods: This retrospective case series included 88 eyes of 62 patients, aged 1 to 138 months, who underwent probing between January 2008 and December 2014 in the Pediatric Ophthalmology Unit of Centro Hospitalar São João. The procedure was performed in the operating room under general anesthesia. Read More

BMJ Case Rep 2016 Dec 9;2016. Epub 2016 Dec 9.

All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Dr Rajendra Prasad Centre for Ophthalmic Sciences, New Delhi, India.