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Mol Cell Probes 2019 Mar 15. Epub 2019 Mar 15.

University of Cologne, Medical Faculty and University Hospital, Department of Pediatrics, Division of Pediatric Neurology, Germany; University of Cologne, Medical Faculty, Center for Molecular Medicine Cologne (CMMC), Germany. Electronic address:

Single gene (Mendelian) disorders are one of the leading causes of neonatal morbidity and mortality. However, in the setting of preterm birth phenotypic features of genetic diseases are often undifferentiated and are clinically very difficult to interpret based on the wide range of differential diagnoses. We report an extremely low birth weight infant (ELBW) born prematurely at 23 + 0 gestational weeks after twin pregnancy with a novel clinical manifestation with persistent hyperglycaemia as well as the known manifestations of disease-associated hypokinesia, renal salt wasting, and multifocal atrial tachycardia. Read More

Clin Res Cardiol 2019 Feb 15. Epub 2019 Feb 15.

Semmelweis University Heart and Vascular Centre, Városmajor u. 68, Budapest, 1122, Hungary.

Objective: Patients with electrical injury are considered to be at high risk of cardiac arrhythmias. Due to the small number of studies, there is no widely accepted guideline regarding the risk assessment and management of arrhythmic complications after electrical accident (EA). Our retrospective observational study was designed to determine the prevalence of ECG abnormalities and cardiac arrhythmias after EA, to evaluate the predictive value of cardiac biomarkers for this condition and to assess in-hospital and 30-day mortality. Read More

J Coll Physicians Surg Pak 2019 Feb;29(2):109-114

Department of Emergency Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Kocaeli University, Kocaeli, Turkey.

Objective: To determine the ECG manifestations of COPD exacerbations and their roles in the decision making process in admission.

Study Design: A descriptive cross-sectional study.

Place And Duration Of Study: Emergency Department (ED) of Kocaeli University, Turkey, from November 2016 to December 2017. Read More

J Cardiol Cases 2019 Jan 6;19(1):36-39. Epub 2018 Dec 6.

Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama, Japan.

Patients with catecholaminergic polymorphic ventricular tachycardia (CPVT) frequently have atrial arrhythmias, such as atrial tachycardia (AT) and fibrillation (AF), in addition to the ventricular tachyarrhythmias. The development of AT/AF in patients with CPVT is associated with adverse outcomes, and its management is still challenging. A 43-year-old woman with CPVT underwent radiofrequency catheter ablation (RFCA) for drug-refractory AT/AF. Read More

Pediatr Int 2018 Nov;60(11):1036-1037

Department of Pediatric Cardiology, Okinawa Children's Medical Center, Okinawa, Japan.

Am J Med Genet A 2018 Aug 28;176(8):1711-1722. Epub 2018 Jul 28.

Genetics Unit, MassGeneral Hospital for Children, Boston, Massachusetts.

Multifocal atrial tachycardia (MAT) has a well-known association with Costello syndrome, but is rarely described with related RAS/MAPK pathway disorders (RASopathies). We report 11 patients with RASopathies (Costello, Noonan, and Noonan syndrome with multiple lentigines [formerly LEOPARD syndrome]) and nonreentrant atrial tachycardias (MAT and ectopic atrial tachycardia) demonstrating overlap in cardiac arrhythmia phenotype. Similar overlap is seen in RASopathies with respect to skeletal, musculoskeletal and cutaneous abnormalities, dysmorphic facial features, and neurodevelopmental deficits. Read More

BMC Med Genet 2018 06 5;19(1):94. Epub 2018 Jun 5.

Department of Arrhythmia, Institute of Cardiology, ul. Alpejska 42, 04-628, Warszawa, Poland.

Background: Mutations of the SCN5A gene are reported in 2-4% of patients with dilated cardiomyopathy (DCM). In such cases, DCM is associated with different rhythm disturbances such as the multifocal ectopic Purkinje-related premature contractions and atrial fibrillation. Arrhythmia often occurs at a young age and is the first symptom of heart disease. Read More

Korean Circ J 2018 02;48(2):173-175

Department of Pediatrics, Heart Vascular Stroke Institute, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea.

Korean Circ J 2018 Feb;48(2):148-158

Department of Pediatrics, Seoul National University Children's Hospital, Seoul, Korea.

Background And Objectives: Multifocal atrial tachycardia (MAT), in general, has a favorable outcome. However, there are insufficient data regarding MAT in a pediatric population. This study sought to determine the clinical course of MAT and identify potential prognostic factors. Read More

Respirol Case Rep 2017 07 20;5(4):e00237. Epub 2017 Apr 20.

Department of Cardiovascular Disease Oakland University William Beaumont School of Medicine Royal Oak Michigan USA.

Endocardial cushion defects are congenital abnormalities that result in valvular dysfunction as well as defects (or "holes") in the septa of the heart. They are typically diagnosed in early infancy; presentation late in life is rare. We present the case of a 72-year-old female admitted to the hospital with dyspnoea and palpitations. Read More

Heart 2017 06 25;103(12):901-909. Epub 2017 Feb 25.

Department of Cardiology, Aarhus University Hospital, DK-8200 Aarhus N, Denmark.

Objective: The aim of this study was to characterise disease penetrance, course of disease and use of antiarrhythmic medication and implantable cardioverter-defibrillator (ICD) therapy in a Danish nationwide cohort of patients with catecholaminergic polymorphic ventricular tachycardia (CPVT) due to mutations in the ryanodine receptor-2 () gene.

Methods: The study population was identified through the national hereditary heart disease database (Progeny). The study population was divided into three groups: probands, symptomatic and asymptomatic relatives. Read More

Z Geburtshilfe Neonatol 2016 Dec 10;220(6):265-268. Epub 2016 Oct 10.

Kinderklinik und Poliklinik, Universitatsklinikum Würzburg, Würzburg.

We report a male newborn who became symptomatic with supraventricular tachycardia on the first day of life. Neither adenosine nor electric cardioversion could terminate the tachycardia, therefore intravenous esmolol (β-receptor blocker) was initiated. Inspite of subsequent administration of various antiarrhythmic medications in increasingly higher doses, repeated supraventricular tachycardic episodes occurred. Read More

Cardiovasc Toxicol 2017 07;17(3):368-371

Division of Clinical Toxicology, Department of Emergency Medicine, VCU Medical Center, 1250 E. Marshall Street, 2nd Floor, Richmond, VA, 23298, USA.

Dofetilide is a class III antiarrhythmic used for treating atrial dysrhythmias. Though its adverse effects are well described in routine use, very little is known about dofetilide toxicity in overdose. This is a retrospective case series of consecutive patients reported to our poison center after dofetilide overdose. Read More

Pediatr Int 2016 Jun;58(6):523-525

Department of Pediatric Gastroenterology, Ankara University Medical School, Ankara, Turkey.

A 13-year-old girl who had been on home parenteral nutrition for 6 months has been presented with multifocal atrial tachycardia and atrial fibrillation. Echocardiography and multislice computed tomography showed fat accumulation on the interatrial septum. Lipomatous hypertrophy of the interatrial septum has never been reported in children. Read More

J La State Med Soc 2016 Jan-Feb;168(1):27-8. Epub 2016 Feb 15.

Dr Chen is a graduate of the Cardiology Fellowship Program at LSUHSC New Orleans and currently doing an imagining fellowship in cardiovascular disease at the University of South Florida in Tampa.

Diagnosis: Multifocal atrial tachycardia; right bundle branch block. The rhythm is totally irregular at a rate of 103 beats/min and originally was read as atrial fibrillation. Close examination, however, reveals a P wave before each QRS and ≥ 3 different P- wave morphologies with no dominant morphology. Read More

J Clin Pharmacol 2016 07 11;56(7):885-93. Epub 2016 Jan 11.

Quintiles Cardiac Safety Services, Mumbai, India.

Regulatory agencies encourage sponsors to submit 24-hour ambulatory ECG data for assessing cardiac safety of new drugs, and some arrhythmias, hitherto considered rare, have been observed in some early-phase studies. Interpretation of these observations is difficult given the dearth of published data on the prevalence of cardiac arrhythmias seen during 24-hour continuous ECG monitoring in healthy volunteers (HV) from clinical trials. We analyzed drug-free ambulatory ECG recordings from 1273 HV (1000 males, 273 females; age 18-65 years) from 22 phase 1 studies that were analyzed in a core ECG laboratory; all subjects had normal screening ECGs. Read More

Int J Cardiol 2016 Jan 30;203:855-7. Epub 2015 Oct 30.

Prof. Dr. Mazhar Osman Mental Health and Neurologic Disorders Training and Research Hospital Istanbul, Turkey.

Risperidone, an atypical antipsychotic drug, is one of the most frequently used atypical neuroleptic drugs for the treatment of symptoms of behavioral disorders seen in autism. Although various cardiovascular side effects have been reported with risperidone, to our knowledge, it has not yet been reported that it can also result in multifocal atrial tachycardia. Based on the case reported herein, our aim is to bring awareness that risperidone may cause multifocal atrial tachycardia. Read More

Int J Cardiol 2015 Nov 4;199:264-73. Epub 2015 Jul 4.

First Department of Cardiology, University of Ioannina Medical School, Greece. Electronic address:

Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is independently associated with an increased burden of cardiovascular disease. Besides coronary artery disease (CAD) and congestive heart failure (CHF), specific electrocardiographic (ECG) abnormalities and cardiac arrhythmias seem to have a significant impact on cardiovascular prognosis of COPD patients. Disturbances of heart rhythm include premature atrial contractions (PACs), premature ventricular contractions (PVCs), atrial fibrillation (AF), atrial flutter (AFL), multifocal atrial tachycardia (MAT), and ventricular tachycardia (VT). Read More

Can Vet J 2015 May;56(5):509-11

Atlantic Veterinary College, University of Prince Edward Island, Charlottetown, Prince Edward Island C1A 4P3.

A 14-year-old Persian cat was referred for evaluation of the progression of hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM) after an acute episode of congestive heart failure. The diagnosis of HCM had been made almost 13 years ago. Echocardiography and electrocardiography revealed end-stage hypertrophic cardiomyopathy and multifocal atrial tachycardia. Read More

Am J Case Rep 2015 Mar 8;16:140-5. Epub 2015 Mar 8.

Department of Cardiology, Mansoura Faculty of Medicine, Mansoura University, Mansoura, Egypt.

Background: We herein report a case of huge pulmonary artery aneurysm in a 55-year-old male farmer from the Nile delta (Lower-Egypt), mostly due to infestation with Schistosoma mansoni, which is the parasite causing hepatosplenic schistosomiasis.

Case Report: This male patient was admitted with a month-long history of progressive shortness of breath, 2-month history of fever, and a cough with mucoid sputum for 10 days. On examination, he had normal temperature and blood pressure, but he had tachypnea, tachycardia, and congested neck veins. Read More

AACN Adv Crit Care 2015 Jan-Mar;26(1):73-6

Gerard B. Hannibal is Staff Nurse, Progressive Care Unit, The Louis Stokes Cleveland Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center, 10701 East Blvd, Cleveland, OH 44106

Cardiol Young 2015 Apr 21;25(4):806-9. Epub 2014 Jul 21.

Department of Cardiology,Children's Hospital of Wisconsin,Milwaukee,Wisconsin,United States of America.

Antiepileptic medications have been reported to cause disturbances in cardiac conduction. Lacosamide decreases seizure burden by modulating sodium channels. Although it has been demonstrated to have few side effects, there have been reports of clinically significant cardiac conduction disturbances. Read More

Ann Noninvasive Electrocardiol 2014 Sep 17;19(5):483-9. Epub 2014 Apr 17.

1st Cardiology Department, University of Athens Medical School, "Hippokration" Hospital, Athens, Greece.

Background: Multifocal atrial tachycardias confer an adverse prognosis in hospitalized patients. We assessed the prognostic impact of multifocal atrial rhythms (MARs-either chaotic atrial rhythm or multifocal atrial tachycardia/bradycardia) in very elderly outpatients.

Methods: One hundred ten subjects aged 60-74 years, 112 aged 75-89 years, and 61 over 90 years old, were enrolled and prospectively evaluated. Read More

Int J Obstet Anesth 2014 Feb 31;23(1):80-5. Epub 2013 Aug 31.

Department of Anaesthesia, The Royal Women's Hospital, Parkville, Victoria, Australia.

Supraventricular tachycardia is uncommon in pregnancy. It is defined as intermittent pathological and usually narrow complex tachycardia >120 beats/min which originates above the ventricle, excluding atrial fibrillation, flutter and multifocal atrial tachycardia. It is usually self-limiting or relatively easily treated with most cases responding to physical or pharmacological therapies. Read More

Int J Gen Med 2013 9;6:743-6. Epub 2013 Sep 9.

Krankenanstalt Rudolfstiftung, Vienna, Austria.

Background: This case report documents the affliction of the lymph vessels as a phenotypic feature of neurofibromatosis-1 (NF-1).

Methodology: Routine transthoracic echocardiography, computed tomography scan of the thorax, magnetic resonance angiography of the renal arteries, and conventional digital subtraction angiography were applied. Comprehensive NF-1 mutation analysis was carried out by fluorescence in situ hybridization analysis, long-range reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction, and multiple-ligation probe assay. Read More

Eur J Pediatr 2014 Dec 14;173(12):1577-80. Epub 2013 Aug 14.

Department of Cardiology, The Children's Memorial Health Institute, Dzieci Polskich 20, 04-730, Warsaw, Poland,

Unlabelled: Encephalocraniocutaneous lipomatosis (ECCL, Haberland syndrome, Fishman syndrome) is a very rare congenital disorder, involving skin, eye, bone and central nervous system malformations. In this paper we present a case of a 2-month-old boy with encephalocraniocutaneous lipomatosis diagnosed on the basis of characteristic clinical manifestations and neuroimaging findings. Neurologically, the child presented only with mild physical and mental retardation. Read More

Anadolu Kardiyol Derg 2013 Jun 22;13(4):391-3. Epub 2013 Apr 22.

Department of Pediatric Cardiology, Faculty of Medicine, Eskişehir Osmangazi University, Eskişehir-Turkey.

BMC Pediatr 2013 Jan 2;13. Epub 2013 Jan 2.

Department of Pediatrics, College of Medicine and Health Science, United Arab Emirates University, Al-Ain, UAE.

Background: Long-term complications of sympathomimetic drug overdosing have not been adequately investigated in infants and young children. Despite reports discouraging their use in children, these formulations are frequently administered for "cold-like symptoms". Their frequent adverse events are different forms of arrhythmias, including multifocal atrial tachycardia. Read More

Clin Res Cardiol 2012 Aug 6;101(8):599-606. Epub 2012 Mar 6.

Department of Cardiology, Bakirkoy Dr. Sadi Konuk Education and Research Hospital, Atakoy, 9. Kisim, B 6 Blok, Daire: 40, Atakoy, Bakirkoy, Istanbul, Turkey.

Background: The electrical activity of atria can be demonstrated by P waves on surface electrocardiogram (ECG). Atrial electromechanical delay (AEMD) measured with tissue Doppler imaging (TDI) echocardiography can be a useful non-invasive method for evaluating atrial conduction features. We investigated whether AEMD is prolonged in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). Read More

Can J Cardiol 2011 Jul-Aug;27(4):523.e3-9. Epub 2011 May 28.

Stollery Children's Hospital, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada.

Background: Tachyarrhythmias can cause substantial morbidity and mortality in infants and very young children. Our objective was to assess early and late outcomes in children undergoing radiofrequency catheter ablation before their second birthday.

Methods: This is a retrospective review of medical records from 1995 till 2009 at a single institution with a large referral base. Read More

Am J Med Genet A 2011 Apr 15;155A(4):706-16. Epub 2011 Mar 15.

Division of Medical Genetics, A. I. duPont Hospital for Children, Wilmington, Delaware, USA.

Costello syndrome is characterized by severe failure-to-thrive, short stature, cardiac abnormalities (heart defects, tachyarrhythmia, and hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM)), distinctive facial features, a predisposition to papillomata and malignant tumors, postnatal cerebellar overgrowth resulting in Chiari 1 malformation, and cognitive disabilities. De novo germline mutations in the proto-oncogene HRAS cause Costello syndrome. Most mutations affect the glycine residues in position 12 or 13, and more than 80% of patients share p. Read More

J Electrocardiol 2011 May-Jun;44(3):395.e1-5. Epub 2011 Feb 24.

Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Hokkaido University Graduate School of Medicine, Sapporo, Japan.

A 64-year-old woman experienced reproducible palpitation caused by irregular atrial tachycardia (AT) while swallowing. This tachycardia was resistant to multiple antiarrhythmic drugs and β-blockers. Catheter mapping revealed right pulmonary vein (PV) firings with different activation sequences, thereby producing multifocal AT. Read More

Am J Med Genet A 2011 Mar 22;155A(3):486-507. Epub 2011 Feb 22.

Genetics Unit, MassGeneral Hospital for Children, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.

Cardiovascular abnormalities are important features of Costello syndrome and other Ras/MAPK pathway syndromes ("RASopathies"). We conducted clinical, pathological and molecular analyses of 146 patients with an HRAS mutation including 61 enrolled in an ongoing longitudinal study and 85 from the literature. In our study, the most common (84%) HRAS mutation was p. Read More

Korean J Anesthesiol 2010 Dec 31;59 Suppl:S77-81. Epub 2010 Dec 31.

Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, Gwangju Cristian Hospital, Gwangju, Korea.

An 82-year-old female, with left femoral neck fracture was scheduled for left hip hemiarthroplasty, under spinal anaesthesia. She had been suffering from diabetes, hypertension, lung cancer and was previously treated with IV aminophylline for respiratory insufficiency. She was given spinal anaesthesia with 10 mg of 0. Read More

Tunis Med 2011 Jan;89(1):59-61

Children's Hospital of Tunis, Tunisia.

Background: Chaotic or multifocal atrial tachycardia (MAT) is a rare tachyarrhythmia in children, accounting for less than 1% of supraventricular tachycardia seen in childhood. The majority of children with MAT are healthy; a few may exhibit mild to life threatening cardiorespiratory disease.

Aim: To report a new case of MAT revealed by a severe respiratory distress and cardiogenic shock. Read More

Mymensingh Med J 2011 Jan;20(1):155-8

Department of Cardiology, Comilla Medical College, Comilla, Bangladesh.

Isolated left atrial (LA) aneurysm is a rare condition, whereas LA aneurysm secondary to other causes is a fairly common condition. A case of large left atrial aneurysm presented with features of heart failure with cardiac arrhythmia and an abnormal cardiac silhouette on chest X-ray. A 14 years old girl presented with palpitation at rest, shortness of breath, productive cough and bilateral leg swelling for last 8 months. Read More

Kurume Med J 2010 ;57(3):81-4

Department of Anesthesiology, Kurume University School of Medicine, Kurume, Japan.

A 73-year-old woman suffering from an abdominal aortic aneurysm (AAA), unstable angina, and low cardiac function (32% of ejection fraction) was scheduled for abdominal aortic replacement and coronary artery bypass grafting. However, before the scheduled operation the patient fell into cardiopulmonary arrest with ventricular fibrillation due to rupture of the AAA. Immediate cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) using epinephrine and electrical defibrillation restored the spontaneous circulation. Read More

J Gynecol Obstet Biol Reprod (Paris) 2010 Oct 15;39(6):484-9. Epub 2010 May 15.

Clinique cardiologique, université Cheikhe-Anta-Diop, CHU Aristide-Le-Dantec, BP 21448 Ponty, Dakar, Sénégal.

Unlabelled: The aims of this work are to study the nursery futures during idiopathic myocardiopathy of peripartum (IMPP), to measure the prevalence of thromboses and spontaneous contrast during the IMPP and to determine their evolution.

Methodology: It is about a longitudinal exploratory study carried out with the Aristide-Le-Dantec teaching hospital of Dakar, beginning January 2001 to November 2004, having included 33 patients.

Results: The average age of the patients was 26 years; the average pregnancy was of 3. Read More

Acad Emerg Med 2010 Apr;17(4):436-43

Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, USA.

Objectives: Because of the prevalence of methamphetamine abuse worldwide, it is not uncommon for subjects in law enforcement encounters to be methamphetamine-intoxicated. Methamphetamine has been present in arrest-related death cases in which an electronic control device (ECD) was used. The primary purpose of this study was to determine the cardiac effects of an ECD in a methamphetamine intoxication model. Read More

Pacing Clin Electrophysiol 2009 Nov 27;32(11):e21-4. Epub 2009 Aug 27.

Division of Cardiology, Yokohama Rosai Hospital, Yokohama, Japan.

Catecholaminergic polymorphic ventricular tachycardia (VT) is characterized by polymorphic VT during exercise, and the association of atrial fibrillation (AF) has been reported. However, the mechanism of AF in this disease and the relationship between VT and AF has been obscured. We described a 13-year-old girl who referred for catheter ablation of exercise-induced paroxysmal AF. Read More

Med Clin (Barc) 2009 Jan 12;132(3):106-7. Epub 2008 Dec 12.

Medicina de Familia, Centro de Salud Marines, Muro, Ib-Salut (Servei de Salut de les Illes Balears), Mallorca, España.

Magnes Res 2008 Mar;21(1):65-8

Department of Intensive Care, Royal Perth Hospital, Perth, Australia.

Intravenous magnesium has been used to prevent and treat many different types of cardiac arrhythmia. It has diverse electrophysiological actions on the conduction system of the heart; including prolonging sinus node recovery time, and reducing automaticity, atrioventricular nodal conduction, antegrade and retrograde conduction over an accessory pathway, and His-ventricular conduction. Intravenous magnesium can also homogenise transmural ventricular repolarisation. Read More

Ann Noninvasive Electrocardiol 2008 Jan;13(1):44-60

Division of Cardiology, School of Medicine, Otto-von-Guericke-University, Magdeburg, Germany.

Background: Despite the growing number of studies using Lorenz (Poincaré) plots (LPs) for the analysis of heart rate variability (HRV), a possible correlation between the underlying ECG waveforms and the RR scatter plots has never been systematically studied. We report a comprehensive investigation of distinct Lorenz plot patterns (LPPs) encountered in the context of major cardiac tachyarrhythmias as assessed by 24-hour Holter monitoring and detail the mechanisms underlying the specific LPPs.

Methods: The 24-hour ambulatory electrocardiograms (AECGs) of 2700 patients with atrial and/or ventricular tachyarrhythmias and the AECGs of 200 controls with pure sinus rhythm were analyzed using an Elatec arrhythmia analyzing system (Elamedical, Paris 1996). Read More

Am J Med Genet A 2007 Jul;143A(13):1472-80

Division of Medical Genetics, A.I. duPont Hospital for Children/Nemours Childrens' Clinic, Wilmington, DE 19899, USA.

Because Cardio-facio-cutaneous (CFC) syndrome has significant phenotypic overlap with Costello syndrome, it may be difficult to establish the diagnosis on a clinical basis. The recent discoveries of germline HRAS mutations in patients with Costello syndrome and mutations in BRAF, MEK1, and MEK2 in CFC syndrome uncovered the biologic mechanism for the shared phenotypic findings based on the close interaction of the affected gene products within the MAP kinase pathway. We evaluated a series of patients who were either clinically diagnosed with Costello syndrome, or in whom the diagnoses of both Costello and CFC syndromes were considered. Read More

Cesk Patol 2006 Oct;42(4):182-5

Fingerlandův ústav patologie LF UK a FN, Hradec Králové.

Lipomatous hypertrophy of the interatrial septum (LHIS) is a rare lesion of unknown origin usually diagnosed as an incidental finding during autopsy. It can be associated with supraventricular arrhythmias, venous return obstruction and sudden cardiac death. Five necropsy cases (4 females, 1 male) of LHIS were encountered during the last 31 years; only one case from this series was diagnosed ante mortem. Read More

J Chin Med Assoc 2006 Sep;69(9):439-43

Department of Pediatrics, Taipei Veterans General Hospital and National Yang-Ming University School of Medicine, Taipei, Taiwan, ROC.

The incidence of multifocal atrial tachycardia (MAT) is very low and accounts for less than 1% of supraventricular tachycardia in infants and children. In this report, the clinical characteristics, medical treatment and outcome of MAT in 2 children are described. The first patient presented with tachycardia and respiratory failure since the day after birth. Read More