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PeerJ 2020 22;8:e9272. Epub 2020 Jun 22.

Department of Mathematics and Applied Mathematics, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, United States of America.

Monkeypox (MPX) is a zoonotic disease similar to smallpox. Its fatality rate is about 11% and it is endemic to the Central and West African countries. In this paper, we analyze a compartmental model of MPX dynamics. Read More

Vaccine 2020 Jul 13;38(33):5077-5081. Epub 2020 May 13.

Regional Head of Emergency Preparedness, Resilience and Response, NHS England (South West & South East), UK. Electronic address:

Smallpox eradication, coordinated by the WHO and certified 40 years ago, led to the cessation of routine smallpox vaccination in most countries. It is estimated that over 70% of the world's population is no longer protected against smallpox, and through cross-immunity, to closely related orthopox viruses such as monkeypox. Monkeypox is now a re-emerging disease. Read More

FEBS J 2020 May 15. Epub 2020 May 15.

Department of Biochemistry and Genetics, La Trobe Institute for Molecular Science, La Trobe University, Melbourne, Australia.

Premature programmed cell death or apoptosis of cells is a strategy utilized by multicellular organisms to counter microbial threats. Tanapoxvirus (TANV) is a large double-stranded DNA virus belonging to the poxviridae that causes mild monkeypox-like infections in humans and primates. TANV encodes for a putative apoptosis inhibitory protein 16L. Read More

Front Microbiol 2020 23;11:603. Epub 2020 Apr 23.

Poxvirus and Rabies Branch, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, United States.

Orthopoxviruses (OPXVs) are an increasing threat to human health due to the growing population of OPXV-naive individuals after the discontinuation of routine smallpox vaccination. Antiviral drugs that are effective as postexposure treatments against variola virus (the causative agent of smallpox) or other OPXVs are critical in the event of an OPXV outbreak or exposure. The only US Food and Drug Administration-approved drug to treat smallpox, Tecovirimat (ST-246), exerts its antiviral effect by inhibiting extracellular virus (EV) formation, thereby preventing cell-cell and long-distance spread. Read More

Nat Microbiol 2020 Jul 27;5(7):955-965. Epub 2020 Apr 27.

Project Group Epidemiology of Highly Pathogenic Microorganisms, Robert Koch Institute, Berlin, Germany.

Monkeypox is a viral zoonotic disease on the rise across endemic habitats. Despite the growing importance of monkeypox virus, our knowledge on its host spectrum and sylvatic maintenance is limited. Here, we describe the recent repeated emergence of monkeypox virus in a wild, human-habituated western chimpanzee (Pan troglodytes verus, hereafter chimpanzee) population from Taï National Park, Ivory Coast. Read More

Emerg Infect Dis 2020 Apr 27;26(8). Epub 2020 Apr 27.

In May 2019, we investigated monkeypox in a traveler from Nigeria to Singapore. The public health response included rapid identification of contacts, use of quarantine, and postexposure smallpox vaccination. No secondary cases were identified. Read More

Case Rep Pediatr 2020 9;2020:8572596. Epub 2020 Apr 9.

Global Health Unit, Department of Paediatric and Adolescent Medicine, Copenhagen University Hospital, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen Ø, Denmark.

Monkeypox (MP) is a rare zoonotic disease that most commonly transmits from bush animals to humans in the Congo Basin of Africa. However, an increase in cases of MP has been observed over the past decades with frequent outbreaks as well as export of the disease out of the African continent. MP belongs to the same genus of viruses as smallpox, the , and vaccination against smallpox gives some protection against MP. Read More

Pathogens 2020 Apr 20;9(4). Epub 2020 Apr 20.

Infectious Diseases and Anti-Infective Therapy Research Group, Sharjah Medical Research Institute and College of Pharmacy, University of Sharjah, Sharjah 27272, UAE.

Emerging and re-emerging viral diseases are of great public health concern. The recent emergence of Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome (SARS) related coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2) in December 2019 in China, which causes COVID-19 disease in humans, and its current spread to several countries, leading to the first pandemic in history to be caused by a coronavirus, highlights the significance of zoonotic viral diseases. Rift Valley fever, rabies, West Nile, chikungunya, dengue, yellow fever, Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever, Ebola, and influenza viruses among many other viruses have been reported from different African countries. Read More

PLoS Pathog 2020 04 22;16(4):e1008505. Epub 2020 Apr 22.

Laboratory of Viral Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America.

The wild-derived inbred CAST/EiJ mouse, one of eight founder strains in the Collaborative Cross panel, is an exceptional model for studying monkeypox virus (MPXV), an emerging human pathogen, and other orthopoxviruses including vaccinia virus (VACV). Previous studies suggested that the extreme susceptibility of the CAST mouse to orthopoxviruses is due to an insufficient innate immune response. Here, we focused on the low number of natural killer (NK) cells in the naïve CAST mouse as a contributing factor to this condition. Read More

Pathog Glob Health 2020 03 23;114(2):68-75. Epub 2020 Mar 23.

Medical Research Unit, School of Medicine, Universitas Syiah Kuala, Banda Aceh, Indonesia.

After the first, imported, laboratory-confirmed case of monkeypox in human was reported in Singapore on May 2019, countries in Asia started to strengthen disease surveillance systems. One challenge in preventing monkeypox is a lack of knowledge, particularly among healthcare workers. The aim of this study was to assess the knowledge of monkeypox among general practitioners (GPs) in Indonesia. Read More

Acta Trop 2020 Jun 16;206:105450. Epub 2020 Mar 16.

Medical Research Unit, School of Medicine, Universitas Syiah Kuala, Banda Aceh, Aceh 23111, Indonesia; Tropical Disease Centre, School of Medicine, Universitas Syiah Kuala, Banda Aceh, Aceh 23111, Indonesia; Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, Universitas Syiah Kuala, Banda Aceh, Aceh 23111, Indonesia.

The current re-emergence of human monkeypox (HMPX) is a global concern for endemic and non-endemic countries, but healthcare workers in some regions, like Asia, have less experience with identifying and treating HMPX cases. This study aimed to assess the confidence and its predictors in HMPX case management among general practitioners (GPs), the frontline doctors in Indonesia, and to explore their perspectives on HMPX. Between May and July 2019, GPs in Indonesia completed an online-based survey. Read More

Microbiol Resour Announc 2020 Mar 5;9(10). Epub 2020 Mar 5.

Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, Israel Institute for Biological Research, Ness Ziona, Israel.

We report the whole-genome sequence of a monkeypox virus strain isolated in Israel. The strain was isolated in 2018 from a patient travelling back from West Africa. The virus was fully sequenced on the Illumina MiSeq and Oxford Nanopore Technologies MinION platforms. Read More

Expert Rev Anti Infect Ther 2020 May 2;18(5):389-392. Epub 2020 Mar 2.

Institute for Global Health, University College London, London, UK.

Clin Infect Dis 2020 Feb 13. Epub 2020 Feb 13.

Nigerian Centre for Disease Control, Abuja.

In a retrospective review of hospital records of 40 human monkeypox from Nigeria, majority developed fever and self-limiting vesiculopustular skin eruptions. Five deaths were reported. Compared to HIV-negative cases, HIV-1-coinfected cases had more prolonged illness, larger size lesions and higher rates of both secondary bacterial skin infections and genital ulcers. Read More

Emerg Infect Dis 2020 Apr 17;26(4):782-785. Epub 2020 Apr 17.

In September 2018, monkeypox virus was transmitted from a patient to a healthcare worker in the United Kingdom. Transmission was probably through contact with contaminated bedding. Infection control precautions for contacts (vaccination, daily monitoring, staying home from work) were implemented. Read More

Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2020 02 4;117(7):3759-3767. Epub 2020 Feb 4.

Laboratory of Viral Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892

Modified vaccinia virus Ankara (MVA), a widely used vaccine vector for expression of genes of unrelated pathogens, is safe, immunogenic, and can incorporate large amounts of added DNA. MVA was derived by extensively passaging the chorioallantois vaccinia virus Ankara (CVA) vaccine strain in chicken embryo fibroblasts during which numerous mutations and deletions occurred with loss of replicative ability in most mammalian cells. Restoration of the deleted C12L gene, encoding serine protease inhibitor 1, enhances replication of MVA in human MRC-5 cells but only slightly in other human cells. Read More

Medicine (Baltimore) 2020 Jan;99(5):e17985

Department of English and Literary Studies, University of Nigeria Nsukka, Enugu State, Nigeria.

Monkeypox is a zoonotic viral disease. Media campaigns are planned to create awareness about the disease. This is because mass media is often the leading source of information and mobilization during important health issues or crisis. Read More

Emerg Infect Dis 2020 Feb;26(2):345-349

In November 2017, the mobile digital Surveillance Outbreak Response Management and Analysis System was deployed in 30 districts in Nigeria in response to an outbreak of monkeypox. Adaptation and activation of the system took 14 days, and its use improved timeliness, completeness, and overall capacity of the response. Read More

Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol 2020 03 9;41(3):373-375. Epub 2020 Jan 9.

National Centre for Infectious Diseases, Singapore.

Ecohealth 2020 Mar 24;17(1):64-73. Epub 2019 Dec 24.

Department of Epidemiology, Fielding School of Public Health, University of California, Los Angeles, USA.

Experimental studies have suggested a larger inoculum of monkeypox virus may be associated with increased rash severity; however, little data are available on the relationship between specific animal exposures and rash severity in endemic regions. Using cross-sectional data from an active surveillance program conducted between 2005 and 2007 in the Sankuru Province of the Democratic Republic of the Congo, we explored the possible relationship between rash severity and exposures to rodents and non-human primates among confirmed MPX cases. Among the 223 PCR-confirmed MPX cases identified during active surveillance, the majority of cases (n = 149) presented with mild rash (5-100 lesions) and 33% had a more serious presentation (> 100 lesions). Read More

Front Public Health 2019 5;7:305. Epub 2019 Nov 5.

Aix-Marseille Univ, IRD, APHM, MEPHI, IHU-Méditerranée Infection, Marseille, France.

Most of the human pandemics reported to date can be classified as zoonoses. Among these, there is a long history of infectious diseases that have spread from non-human primates (NHP) to humans. For millennia, indigenous groups that depend on wildlife for their survival were exposed to the risk of NHP pathogens' transmission through animal hunting and wild meat consumption. Read More

BMC Public Health 2019 Dec 10;19(1):1652. Epub 2019 Dec 10.

Influenza Division, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA.

Background: The World Health Organization recommends periodic evaluations of influenza surveillance systems to identify areas for improvement and provide evidence of data reliability for policymaking. However, data about the performance of established influenza surveillance systems are limited in Africa, including in the Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC).

Methods: We used the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention guidelines to evaluate the performance of the influenza sentinel surveillance system (ISSS) in DRC during 2012-2015. Read More

BMJ Glob Health 2019 12;4(6):e002019. Epub 2019 Nov 12.

Office of the Director General, Nigeria Centre for Disease Control, Abuja, Nigeria.

Am J Trop Med Hyg 2020 01;102(1):202-205

Poxvirus and Rabies Branch, Division of High-Consequence Pathogens and Pathology, National Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia.

In 2017, a monkeypox outbreak occurred in Likouala Department, Republic of the Congo. Many of the affected individuals were of Aka ethnicity, hunter-gatherers indigenous to Central Africa who have worse health outcomes in comparison with other forest-dwelling peoples. To test the hypothesis that Aka people have different risk factors for monkeypox, we analyzed questionnaire data for 39 suspected cases, comparing Aka and Bantu groups. Read More

Am J Trop Med Hyg 2020 01;102(1):206-212

Poxvirus and Rabies Branch, U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia.

is a zoonotic (OPXV) that causes smallpox-like illness in humans. In Cameroon, human monkeypox cases were confirmed in 2018, and outbreaks in captive chimpanzees occurred in 2014 and 2016. We investigated the OPXV serological status among staff at a primate sanctuary (where the 2016 chimpanzee outbreak occurred) and residents from nearby villages, and describe contact with possible monkeypox reservoirs. Read More

Vaccine 2020 01 31;38(3):644-654. Epub 2019 Oct 31.

SIGA Technologies, Inc., Corvallis, OR 97333, United States.

Naturally occurring smallpox has been eradicated but research stocks of variola virus (VARV), the causative agent of smallpox, still exist in secure laboratories. Clandestine stores of the virus or resurrection of VARV via synthetic biology are possible and have led to concerns that VARV could be used as a biological weapon. The US government has prepared for such an event by stockpiling smallpox vaccines and TPOXX®, SIGA Technologies' smallpox antiviral drug. Read More

Lancet Infect Dis 2019 11;19(11):1166

National Centre for Infectious Diseases, Singapore 308422, Singapore; Department of Infectious Diseases, Tan Tock Seng Hospital, Singapore; Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore; Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore. Electronic address:

PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2019 10 16;13(10):e0007791. Epub 2019 Oct 16.

Manson Unit, Médecins sans Frontières (MSF) UK, London, United Kingdom.

Monkeypox is a vesicular-pustular illness that carries a secondary attack rate in the order of 10% in contacts unvaccinated against smallpox. Case fatality rates range from 1 to 11%, but scarring and other sequelae are common in survivors. It continues to cause outbreaks in remote populations in Central and West Africa, in areas with poor access and weakened or disrupted surveillance capacity and information networks. Read More

Virus Res 2020 01 5;275:197772. Epub 2019 Oct 5.

Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, National Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, Division of High-Consequence Pathogens and Pathology, Poxvirus and Rabies Branch, 1600 Clifton Rd. NE, Atlanta, GA, 30333, USA. Electronic address:

Numerous animal models of systemic orthopoxvirus disease have been developed to evaluate therapeutics against variola virus (VARV), the causative agent of smallpox. These animal models do not resemble the disease presentation in human smallpox and most used surrogate Orthopoxviruses. A rodent model using VARV has a multitude of advantages, and previous investigations identified the CAST/EiJ mouse as highly susceptible to monkeypox virus infection, making it of interest to determine if these rodents are also susceptible to VARV infection. Read More

PLoS One 2019 26;14(9):e0222612. Epub 2019 Sep 26.

Poxvirus and Rabies Branch, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, United states of America.

Monkeypox virus (MPXV) is a member of the genus Orthopoxvirus, endemic in Central and West Africa. This viral zoonosis was introduced into the United States in 2003 via African rodents imported for the pet trade and caused 37 human cases, all linked to exposure to MPXV-infected black-tailed prairie dogs (Cynomys ludovicianus). Prairie dogs have since become a useful model of MPXV disease, utilized for testing of potential medical countermeasures. Read More

Ecohealth 2019 09 13;16(3):476-487. Epub 2019 Aug 13.

Laboratoire Chrono-Environnement, UMR 6249, CNRS, Université de Bourgogne Franche-Comté, Besançon, France.

Monkeypox is a viral disease with a clinical presentation resembling that of smallpox. Although monkeypox is considered to be an important zoonotic viral disease, its epidemiology remains poorly understood, especially the spatial and temporal distribution of the disease. The present study examined weekly reports of monkeypox cases collected from 2000 to 2015 at the health zone scale in the Democratic Republic of Congo. Read More

Lancet Infect Dis 2019 08;19(8):789

Lancet Infect Dis 2019 08 5;19(8):872-879. Epub 2019 Jul 5.

Nigeria Centre for Disease Control, Abuja, Nigeria.

Background: In September, 2017, human monkeypox re-emerged in Nigeria, 39 years after the last reported case. We aimed to describe the clinical and epidemiological features of the 2017-18 human monkeypox outbreak in Nigeria.

Methods: We reviewed the epidemiological and clinical characteristics of cases of human monkeypox that occurred between Sept 22, 2017, and Sept 16, 2018. Read More

Lancet Infect Dis 2019 08 5;19(8):797-799. Epub 2019 Jul 5.

Department of Infectious Diseases, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome 00142, Italy. Electronic address:

Methods Mol Biol 2019 ;2023:143-155

SIGA Technologies, Inc., Corvallis, OR, USA.

The lack of antiviral drugs for the treatment of orthopoxvirus disease represents an unmet medical need, particularly due to the threat of variola virus (the causative agent of smallpox) as an agent of biowarfare or bioterrorism (Henderson, 283:1279-1282, 1999). In addition to variola, monkeypox, cowpox, and vaccinia viruses are orthopoxviruses of concern to human health (Lewis-Jones, 17:81-89, 2004). Smallpox vaccination, using the closely related vaccinia virus, is no longer provided to the general public leading to a worldwide population increasingly susceptible not only to variola but to monkeypox, cowpox, and vaccinia viruses as well. Read More

Emerg Infect Dis 2019 08 17;25(8):1602-1604. Epub 2019 Aug 17.

Monkeypox is a rare viral zoonotic disease; primary infections are reported from remote forest areas of Central and West Africa. We report an investigation of a monkeypox outbreak in Lobaye, southwest Central African Republic, in October 2018. Read More

J Am Assoc Lab Anim Sci 2019 07 29;58(4):485-500. Epub 2019 May 29.

The University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia.

Because human patients with monkeypox virus (MPXV) infection report painful symptoms, it is reasonable to assume that animals infected with MPXV experience some degree of pain. Understanding whether and how analgesics affect MPXV disease progression is crucial when planning in vivo challenge experiments. In the current study, we challenged prairie dogs with a low dose (4 ×10³ pfu) of MPXV and treated with meloxicam (NSAID) or buprenorphine (opioid); control animals did not receive analgesia or received analgesia without MPXV challenge. Read More

Diagn Microbiol Infect Dis 2019 Sep 11;95(1):41-45. Epub 2019 Apr 11.

Department of Animal Sciences, Microbiology and Animal Hygiene, Georg-August-University of Goettingen, Goettingen, Germany. Electronic address:

In this study, a rapid method for the detection of Central and West Africa clades of Monkeypox virus (MPXV) using recombinase polymerase amplification (RPA) assay targeting the G2R gene was developed. MPXV, an Orthopoxvirus, is a zoonotic dsDNA virus, which is listed as a biothreat agent. RPA was operated at a single constant temperature of 42°C and produced results within 3 to 10 minutes. Read More

Ann Dermatol Venereol 2019 May 9;146(5):387-398. Epub 2019 May 9.

Service de dermatologie, Hôpital Henri-Mondor, AP-HP, 51, avenue du Maréchal-de-Lattre-de-Tassigny, 94010 Créteil, France. Electronic address:

Poxvirus (PXV) infections are a common cause of cutaneous signs. In France, certain forms of poxvirus are frequent and benign (molluscum contagiosum), while others are rare but potentially serious (cowpox virus [CPXV]). Whereas only smallpox and molluscum contagiosum viruses have a human reservoir and are transmitted between humans, most poxvirus infections are zoonoses having only animal reservoirs. Read More

Trop Med Int Health 2019 07 22;24(7):839-848. Epub 2019 May 22.

National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA.

Objective: To describe varicella cases in Tshuapa Province of the Democratic Republic of the Congo identified during monkeypox surveillance.

Methods: Demographic, clinical and epidemiological data were collected from each suspected monkeypox case 2009-2014. Samples were tested by PCR for both Orthopoxviruses and varicella-zoster virus (VZV); a subset of VZV-positive samples was genotyped. Read More

Trop Dis Travel Med Vaccines 2019 15;5. Epub 2019 Apr 15.

2Tropical Disease Unit, Toronto General Hospital, 200 Elizabeth Street, 13EN-218, Toronto, ON M5G 2C4 Canada.

The year 2018 heralded many new developments in the field of tropical medicine, including licensure of novel drugs for novel indications, licensure of existing drugs for existing indications but in novel settings, and globalized outbreaks of both vector-borne and zoonotic diseases. We herein describe five top stories in tropical medicine that occurred during 2018, and illuminate the practice-changing development within each story. Read More

J Virol 2019 07 14;93(13). Epub 2019 Jun 14.

Department of Medical Microbiology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands

Vaccinia virus is a promising viral vaccine and gene delivery candidate and has historically been used as a model to study poxvirus-host cell interactions. We employed a genome-wide insertional mutagenesis approach in human haploid cells to identify host factors crucial for vaccinia virus infection. A library of mutagenized HAP1 cells was exposed to modified vaccinia virus Ankara (MVA). Read More

PLoS One 2019 17;14(4):e0214229. Epub 2019 Apr 17.

Nigerian Centre for Disease Control, Abuja, Nigeria.

Background: In September 2017, Nigeria experienced a large outbreak of human monkeypox (HMPX). In this study, we report the outbreak experience and response in the Niger Delta University Teaching Hospital (NDUTH), Bayelsa state, where the index case and majority of suspected cases were reported.

Methods: In a cross-sectional study between September 25th and 31st December 2017, we reviewed the clinical and laboratory characteristics of all suspected and confirmed cases of HMPX seen at the NDUTH and appraised the plans, activities and challenges of the hospital in response to the outbreak based on documented observations of the hospital's infection control committee (IPC). Read More

Infect Dis Clin North Am 2019 12 11;33(4):1027-1043. Epub 2019 Apr 11.

Division of Infection and Immunity, Center for Clinical Microbiology, University College London, The National Institute of Health Research Biomedical Research Centre at UCL Hospitals, Gower Street, London WC1E 6BT, UK.

Recently, concern has been raised about the emergence of human monkeypox virus and the occasionally severe clinical presentation bearing resemblance to that of smallpox. In 2018 3 patients in the UK were diagnosed with monkeypox, and the frequency and geographic distribution of cases across West and Central Africa have increased in recent years. In Nigeria, most monkeypox patients are aged <40 years and lack cross-protective immunity because they were born after discontinuation of the smallpox eradication campaign. Read More

J Virol 2019 06 29;93(12). Epub 2019 May 29.

Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Molecular Genetics, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, Texas, USA

Orthopoxviruses (OPXVs) have a broad host range in mammalian cells, but Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells are nonpermissive for vaccinia virus (VACV). Here, we revealed a species-specific difference in host restriction factor SAMD9L as the cause for the restriction and identified orthopoxvirus CP77 as a unique inhibitor capable of antagonizing Chinese hamster SAMD9L (chSAMD9L). Two known VACV inhibitors of SAMD9 and SAMD9L (SAMD9&L), K1 and C7, can bind human and mouse SAMD9&L, but neither can bind chSAMD9L. Read More

Emerg Infect Dis 2019 06 17;25(6):1220-1222. Epub 2019 Jun 17.

Monkeypox virus is a zoonotic disease endemic to Africa. In 2017, we confirmed a case of human monkeypox virus in Sierra Leone by molecular and serologic methods. Sequencing analysis indicated the virus belongs to the West African clade and data suggest it was likely transmitted by wild animals. Read More

Emerg Infect Dis 2019 05 17;25(5):980-983. Epub 2019 May 17.

We report a case of monkeypox in a man who returned from Nigeria to Israel in 2018. Virus was detected in pustule swabs by transmission electron microscopy and PCR and confirmed by immunofluorescence assay, tissue culture, and ELISA. The West Africa monkeypox outbreak calls for increased awareness by public health authorities worldwide. Read More

Emerg Infect Dis 2019 05 17;25(5):1023-1025. Epub 2019 May 17.

We note the reemergence of human monkeypox in Sierra Leone following a 44-year absence of reported disease. The persons affected were an 11-month-old boy and, several years later, a 35-year-old man. The reappearance of monkeypox in this country suggests a need for renewed vigilance and awareness of the disease and its manifestations. Read More

Emerg Infect Dis 2019 02;25(2):281-289

Monkeypox, caused by a zoonotic orthopoxvirus, is endemic in Central and West Africa. Monkeypox has been sporadically reported in the Republic of the Congo. During March 22-April 5, 2017, we investigated 43 suspected human monkeypox cases. Read More

J Travel Med 2019 Jun;26(5)

Division of Global Migration and Quarantine, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA.