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World J Clin Cases 2021 Jun;9(17):4400-4407

Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, Sichuan Province, China.

Background: Pulmonary alveolar proteinosis (PAP) is a rare lung disease characterized by the accumulation of phospholipoproteinaceous material in the alveoli. Cases of PAP complicated with tuberculosis are much more complex and have rarely been well recorded.

Case Summary: We describe a 21-year-old Han Chinese patient with suspicious lung infection associated with mild restrictive ventilatory dysfunction and diffusion reduction. Read More

Quant Imaging Med Surg 2021 Jun;11(6):2465-2476

Department of Radiology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China.

Background: There is a concerning underdiagnosis of testicular and/or epididymal tuberculosis (TB). A lack of clinician awareness has led to many patients undergoing unnecessary surgeries. The purpose of this series was to enhance understanding of testicular and/or epididymal TB based on clinical, ultrasonic, computed tomography (CT), and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) features from the past decade. Read More

Diagnostics (Basel) 2021 May 18;11(5). Epub 2021 May 18.

Unit of Pathology, Department of Services, IRCCS Casa Sollievo della Sofferenza, 71013 San Giovanni Rotondo, Italy.

Clinical manifestations accompanying respiratory failure with insidious and rapidly progressive onset are often non-specific. Symptoms such as a cough, dyspnea, and fever are common to a large number of inflammatory, infectious, or neoplastic diseases. During the COVID-19 pandemic it is essential to limit the use of hospital services and inappropriate diagnostic techniques. Read More

Int J Surg Case Rep 2021 May 12;83:105966. Epub 2021 May 12.

Digestive Surgery Division, Department of Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Indonesia Cipto Mangunkusumo Hospital, Jl Diponegoro No 71, Salemba, Jakarta Pusat 10430, Indonesia. Electronic address:

Introduction: Tuberculosis (TB), as a major public health concern, is affecting almost 10 million people globally. At present, diagnostic and screening efforts mainly focus on positive smear results. Therefore, the number of extra pulmonary and negative sputum TB is rising and hampering the diagnosis and treatment process due to the large number of false negatives. Read More

Clin Case Rep 2021 May 15;9(5):e04231. Epub 2021 May 15.

School of Medicine Tehran University of Medical Sciences Tehran Iran.

Medullary carcinoma of the thyroid should be considered in the differential diagnosis of miliary pattern of micronodules on chest imaging, irrespective of clinical features. Read More

Case Rep Gastroenterol 2021 Jan-Apr;15(1):418-423. Epub 2021 Apr 6.

Gastroenterology, BronxCare Health System, Bronx, New York, USA.

The occurrence of tuberculosis (TB) is exceedingly rare in the United States (US), and incidence has steadily declined since 1993, but the pace of decline has slowed in recent years. The US TB rate during 2019 declined to 2.7 cases per 100,000 persons, the lowest level on record. Read More

Pediatr Infect Dis J 2021 May 4. Epub 2021 May 4.

From the Influenza Program, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), Nairobi, Kenya Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), Infectious Diseases Pathology Branch, Atlanta, Georgia Obstetric and Perinatal Pathology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts Department of Pathology, University of Nairobi, Nairobi, Kenya Pathology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington Department of Pathology, Kenyatta National Hospital, Nairobi, Kenya Influenza Program, Kenya Medical Research Institute (KEMRI), Nairobi, Kenya Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), Respiratory Diseases Branch, Atlanta, Georgia Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), Division of Global Health Protection, Atlanta, Georgia Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), Influenza Division, Atlanta, Georgia Institute of Tropical Medicine, Antwerp, Belgium.

Background: In resource-limited settings, acute respiratory infections continue to be the leading cause of death in young children. We conducted postmortem investigations in children <5 years hospitalized with a clinical diagnosis of respiratory disease at Kenya's largest referral hospital.

Methods: We collected respiratory and other tissues postmortem to examine pathologic processes using histology, molecular and immunohistochemistry assays. Read More

Expert Rev Respir Med 2021 May 8. Epub 2021 May 8.

Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics and Occupational Health, McGill International TB Centre, McGill University, Canada.

: Tuberculosis (TB) is a major cause of morbidity and mortality globally. Extrapulmonary TB (EPTB) constitutes about 15%-20% of all TB patients but accounts for 50% among HIV-coinfected. Confirmation of microbial diagnosis of EPTB is usually challenging. Read More

Case Rep Infect Dis 2021 15;2021:8837493. Epub 2021 Apr 15.

Department of Pathology, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, 4800 Alberta Avenue, El Paso, TX 79905, USA.

Coccidioidomycosis is a fungal infection caused by and While infections are usually mild, severe disease occurs in immunocompromised patients. Dissemination is associated with severe morbidity and mortality. Because of the tendency of this disease to imitate many diseases, diagnosis may be difficult on presentation. Read More

Intest Res 2021 May 4. Epub 2021 May 4.

Department of Gastroenterology and Human Nutrition, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India.

Background/aims: Intestinal tuberculosis (ITB) is difficult to diagnose due to poor sensitivity of definitive diagnostic tests. ITB may be associated with concomitant pulmonary tuberculosis (PTB) which may remain undetected on chest X-ray. We assessed the role of contrast enhanced computed tomography (CECT) chest in detecting the prevalence of active PTB, and increasing the diagnostic yield in patients with suspected ITB. Read More

J Infect Chemother 2021 Apr 25. Epub 2021 Apr 25.

Department of Pulmonary Medicine, St. Luke's International Hospital, Tokyo, Japan.

We report the first case of disseminated nocardiosis due to trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole-resistant Nocardia terpenica successfully treated with meropenem and clarithromycin. The patient travelled to Japan from Australia via Southeast Asia, which led to differential diagnoses of multiple lung nodules including miliary tuberculosis and melioidosis as well as nocardiosis. Because of variety of susceptibility depending on the Nocardia species, clinicians need to confirm the species and investigate its susceptibility. Read More

J Community Hosp Intern Med Perspect 2021 Mar 23;11(2):220-223. Epub 2021 Mar 23.

Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, Westchester Medical Center, Valhalla, NY, USA.

Tuberculosis and sarcoidosis are both granulomatous diseases centered on the lung but capable of myriad extrapulmonary manifestations. Because of substantial similarity in their presentations, these two entities can be notoriously challenging to differentiate. This can be particularly true of countries in which tuberculosis is rarely encountered because of a reflexive tendency to ascribe granulomatous inflammation in the lung to sarcoidosis, especially if the granulomas are non-necrotizing. Read More

Medicine (Baltimore) 2021 Apr;100(16):e25527

Kunming Key Laboratory of Children Infection and Immunity, Yunnan Key Laboratory of Children's Major Disease Research, Yunnan Medical Center for Pediatric Diseases, Yunnan Institute of Pediatrics.

Rationale: Wiskott-Aldrich syndrome (WAS) is a rare X-linked recessive disease characterized by thrombocytopenia, small platelets, eczema, immunodeficiency, and an increased risk of autoimmunity and malignancies. X-linked thrombocytopenia (XLT), the milder phenotype of WAS, is always limited to thrombocytopenia with absent or slight infections and eczema. Here, we illustrated the clinical and molecular characteristics of 2 unrelated patients with WAS from Chinese minorities. Read More

J Clin Tuberc Other Mycobact Dis 2021 May 19;23:100230. Epub 2021 Mar 19.

Duta Wacana Christian University School of Medicine, Yogyakarta, Indonesia.

Background: Miliary tuberculosis (TB) is a form of extrapulmonary tuberculosis due to hematogenous dissemination and occurs more frequently in immunocompromised patients. Clinical manifestations are non-specific and varied with the related organ, including central nervous system involvement. We report the first case of encephalitis associated with miliary TB in human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-the infected patient. Read More

Urol Case Rep 2021 Sep 26;38:101655. Epub 2021 Mar 26.

Pneumology Department, Fattouma Bourguiba Hospital of Monastir, Tunisia.

The standard treatment for superficial vesical tumors is transurethral resection (TUR) followed by intravesical instillation of Bacillus Calmette and Guérin (BCG). Pulmonary complications of BCG-therapy are rare but could be life threatening. We report the case of a 54-year-old patient who received BCG-therapy after TUR. Read More

Indian J Tuberc 2021 Apr 12;68(2):201-204. Epub 2020 Aug 12.

Dept. of Pathology, BSMCH, Kenduadihi, Bankura, 722102, West Bengal, India. Electronic address:

Background: Tuberculosis remains a major public health problem in various parts of the world. It leads to various haematological changes. Study of these haematological changes will help better patient management. Read More

J Bras Nefrol 2021 Apr 9. Epub 2021 Apr 9.

Instituto de Cardiologia do Distrito Federal, Brasília, DF, Brasil.

Introduction: Tuberculosis (TB) is a possible serious complication of solid organ transplantation, associated with high mortality and morbidity. Post-transplant TB has varied pathogenesis with many approaches to its prevention, which is the most important way to reduce its incidence. Treatment of TB in organ recipients is challenging because of drug toxicity and interaction with immunosuppressants. Read More

Quant Imaging Med Surg 2021 Apr;11(4):1651-1667

Department of Tuberculosis, Dalian Tuberculosis Hospital, Dalian, China.

Tuberculosis is a serious public health challenge facing mankind and one of the top ten causes of death. Diagnostic imaging plays an important role, particularly for the diagnosis and treatment planning of tuberculosis patients with negative microbiology results. This article illustrates a number of atypical computed tomography (CT) appearances of pulmonary tuberculosis (PTB), including (I) clustered micronodules (CMNs) sign; (II) reversed halo sign (RHS); (III) tuberculous pneumatocele; (IV) hematogenously disseminated PTB with predominantly diffuse ground glass opacity manifestation; (V) hematogenously disseminated PTB with randomly distributed non-miliary nodules; (VI) PTB changes occur on the background of emphysema or honeycomb changes of interstitial pneumonia; and (VII) PTB manifesting as organizing pneumonia. Read More

Am J Trop Med Hyg 2021 Mar 30. Epub 2021 Mar 30.

4Department of Infectious Disease, Hamad Medical Corporation, Doha, Qatar.

We report a 29-year-old patient who presented with coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) upper respiratory tract infection in addition to clinical, laboratory, and radiological findings highly suggestive of peritoneal tuberculosis (TB) without pulmonary involvement. Two weeks after the resolution of COVID-19 infection, he presented with shortness of breath and oxygen desaturation requiring intubation and admission to the intensive care unit. The workup confirmed miliary pulmonary TB. Read More

Cureus 2021 Feb 21;13(2):e13463. Epub 2021 Feb 21.

General Surgery, Mohammed VI University Hospital/Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy of Oujda, Mohammed First University of Oujda, Oujda, MAR.

Tuberculosis (TB) is one of the top 10 causes of death worldwide and the leading cause of death from a single infectious agent. Despite early diagnosis and improvements in medical science, the incidence of the disease is still a major public health problem in developing countries. Splenic tuberculosis is quite rare and occurs mostly as a part of miliary tuberculosis in individuals with immunosuppression. Read More

Int J Tuberc Lung Dis 2021 04;25(4):255-257

Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada.

Cureus 2021 Feb 16;13(2):e13385. Epub 2021 Feb 16.

Internal Medicine, University of Florida Health, Gainesville, USA.

Electronic (E)-cigarette use or vaping is associated with pulmonary injury. Users can present with wide-ranging symptoms, varying degrees of pulmonary injury, and respiratory distress. Lung injury secondary to vaping is associated with a variety of patterns on pulmonary imaging. Read More

BMJ Case Rep 2021 Mar 9;14(3). Epub 2021 Mar 9.

Department of Pediatrics, Duke University Hopistal, Durham, North Carolina, USA.

We present a 16-year-old girl with a history of well-controlled psoriasis, on immunosuppression, who sought evaluation in the emergency department for 4 months of fever, cough and unintentional weight loss. The patient had seen multiple providers who had diagnosed her with community-acquired pneumonia, but she was unimproved after oral antibiotic therapy. On presentation, she was noted to be febrile, tachycardic and chronically ill-appearing. Read More

Eur J Obstet Gynecol Reprod Biol 2021 Apr 19;259:167-177. Epub 2021 Feb 19.

Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Alex Ekwueme Federal University Teaching Hospital Abakaliki, Nigeria.

Tuberculosis (TB) is a common infectious pathology especially in low-income countries, which may complicate pregnancy. Although pulmonary TB is more common in pregnancy than extra pulmonary TB (EPTB), EPTB is becoming more common especially in those living with human deficiency virus (HIV) co infection or have other comorbidities. The diagnosis of TB may be delayed in pregnancy due to the masking of its symptoms by those of pregnancy. Read More

Reumatismo 2021 Jan 18;72(4):247-251. Epub 2021 Jan 18.

Department of Internal Medicine, Groupe Hospitalier Sud Ile de France, Melun.

An association of autoimmune hemolytic anemia with disseminated tuberculosis is an exceedingly rare entity. We describe herein a case of cold hemolytic autoimmune anemia associated with miliary tuberculosis resolved with blood transfusions, therapeutic plasma exchange, and antituberculous agents. We discuss the advantages of therapeutic plasma exchange at an early stage in the management of this condition. Read More

Medicine (Baltimore) 2021 Feb;100(8):e23833

Departments of Radiology Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine.

Abstract: While chest CT provides important clue for diagnosis of miliary tuberculosis (TB), patients are occasionally missed on initial CT, which might delay the diagnosis. This study was to evaluate the clinical and radiological characteristics of radiologically missed miliary TB.Total 117 adult patients with microbiologically confirmed miliary TB in an intermediate TB-burden country were included. Read More

Cureus 2021 Jan 28;13(1):e12958. Epub 2021 Jan 28.

Internal Medicine, Government Medical College & Hospital, Chandigarh, IND.

Tuberculosis is an established cause of pyrexia of unknown origin and can implicate practically any human organ system. Splenic involvement is common in disseminated or miliary tuberculosis following hematogenous spread, but isolated splenic involvement is a very rare phenomenon. We report the case of a 30-year-old immunocompetent female who presented with high-grade fever and dull aching pain in the left hypochondrium for three months. Read More

Int J Tuberc Lung Dis 2021 02;25(2):160-166

Department of Infectious Diseases, London North West University Healthcare NHS Trust, Northwick Park Hospital, London, UK.

Cureus 2021 Jan 22;13(1):e12869. Epub 2021 Jan 22.

Medicine, Hamad Medical Corporation, Doha, QAT.

Tuberculous spondylitis (Pott's disease) is among the frequent extra-pulmonary presentations of tuberculosis (TB). The global incidence of lung adenocarcinoma is on the rise, and it is a rare differential diagnosis of miliary shadows on chest imaging. It has a predilection to metastasize to ribs and spine in particular. Read More

Pulmonology 2021 Feb 22. Epub 2021 Feb 22.

Department of Medical Imaging, National Cheng Kung University Hospital, Tainan, Taiwan.