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World Neurosurg 2021 May 8. Epub 2021 May 8.

Texas Stroke Institute, Dallas-Fort Worth, TX.

Background: Mechanical thrombectomy (MT) is the standard of care for the treatment of proximal anterior circulation large vessel occlusions. However, little is known about its efficacy and safety in the treatment of distal intracranial occlusions.

Methods: This is a multicenter retrospective study of patients treated with MT at 15 comprehensive centers between January 2015 - December 2018. Read More

Brain Res Bull 2021 May 8. Epub 2021 May 8.

School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Lingnan Normal University, Zhanjiang 524048, PR China. Electronic address:

Ischaemic stroke is attributable to cerebrovascular disease and is associated with high morbidity, disability, mortality and recurrence. Autophagy is a critical mediator and plays dual roles in ischaemic stroke. Autophagy can protect against ischaemic brain injury during the early stage of ischaemic stroke, while excessive autophagy can induce apoptosis and exacerbate brain injury. Read More

Br J Pharmacol 2021 May 10. Epub 2021 May 10.

NeuroCardioMetabol Group, Department of Clinical Science and Education, Södersjukhuset, Internal Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, 118 83, Stockholm, Sweden.

Background And Purpose: Glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor (GLP-1R) activation decreases stroke risk in people with type 2 diabetes (T2D) while animal studies have shown the efficacy of this strategy to counteract stroke-induced acute brain damage. However, whether GLP-1R activation also improves stroke recovery in the chronic phase after stroke is unknown. We investigated whether post-acute, chronic administration of the GLP-1R agonist Exendin-4 improves post-stroke recovery and examined possible underlying mechanisms in T2D and non-T2D mice. Read More

Acta Neurochir Suppl 2021 ;132:63-67

Department of Strokology, Stroke Center, St. Marianna University Toyoko Hospital, Kawasaki, Japan.

Purpose: This study investigated the periprocedural complication rates, long-term outcome, and restenosis of endovascular treatment for intracranial atherosclerotic stenosis (ICS) at our hospital.

Methods: We retrospectively analyzed the clinical data of 217 patients comprising 256 endovascular treatments for high-grade symptomatic ICS. The lesion was located in the internal carotid artery in 77, the middle cerebral artery in 111, the basilar artery in 29, and the vertebral artery in 39. Read More

Exp Neurobiol 2021 Apr;30(2):170-182

Department of Neurology, the Fifth Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Zhuhai 519000, PR. China.

Dysregulation of microRNAs (miRNAs) is involved in abnormal development and pathophysiology in the brain. Although miR-20b plays essential roles in various human diseases, its function in cerebral ischemic stroke remains unclear. A cell model of oxygen glucose deprivation/reoxygenation (OGD/R) and A rat model of middle cerebral artery occlusion/reperfusion (MCAO/R) were constructed. Read More

Stroke 2021 May 11:STROKEAHA120032464. Epub 2021 May 11.

Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Molecular and Functional Imaging, Department of Radiology, Zhongda Hospital, Medical School of Southeast University, Nanjing, China.

Background And Purpose: Ipsilateral thalamic diaschisis (ITD) initially describes functional depression of the thalamus ipsilateral to a supratentorial lesion, but accumulating evidence has shown morphological changes also occur. Therefore, we aimed to characterize thalamic perfusion and diffusion related to ITD over time and their inter-relationships after middle cerebral artery infarction.

Methods: Eighty-five patients with middle cerebral artery infarction who underwent diffusion kurtosis imaging and arterial spin labeling were retrospectively included. Read More

Folia Neuropathol 2021 ;59(1):20-31

Geriatric Neurological Department of the Second Medical Center & National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Diseases, Chinese People's Liberation Army General Hospital, Beijing, China.

The middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO) model has been extensively applied to study ischaemic stroke. This study attempted to clarify effect of bone marrow stromal cells (BMSCs) on infarct injury of MCAO rats. BMSCs were isolated and identified by staining CD29/CD44 and CD31/CD45. Read More

Dev Med Child Neurol 2021 May 9. Epub 2021 May 9.

UCL Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, London, UK.

Aim: To identify clinical and radiological predictors of long-term motor outcome after childhood-onset arterial ischemic stroke (AIS) in the middle cerebral artery (MCA) territory.

Method: Medical records of 69 children (36 females, 33 males; median age at index AIS 3y 3mo, range: 1mo-16y) who presented to Great Ormond Street Hospital with first AIS in the MCA territory were reviewed retrospectively. Cases were categorized using the Childhood AIS Standardized Classification and Diagnostic Evaluation (CASCADE). Read More

Exp Ther Med 2021 Jun 18;21(6):647. Epub 2021 Apr 18.

Department of Neurosurgery, Jinan Jiyang District People's Hospital, Jinan, Shandong 251401, P.R. China.

Sinomenine (SINO), which is used clinically to treat rheumatoid arthritis and neuralgia, is derived from the root and stems of . SINO has been reported to exert analgesic, sedative and anti-inflammatory effects, and provides a protective role against shock and organ damage. Studies have suggested that SINO primarily exerts it anti-inflammatory function by inhibiting NF-κB signaling. Read More

Front Neurol 2021 22;12:621555. Epub 2021 Apr 22.

Department of Neurology, Mental and Neurological Disease Research Center, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China.

The inflammasome represents a highly pro-inflammatory mechanism. It has been identified that inflammasome was activated after ischemic stroke. However, the impact of inflammasomes on stroke outcomes remains contradictory. Read More

Stroke 2021 May 10:STROKEAHA120032773. Epub 2021 May 10.

Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social HGZ 2, Aguascalientes, Mexico (J.M.M.-R., C.A.M.-G., M.G.V.-B.).

Background And Purpose: Sphenopalatine ganglion (SPG) electrical stimulation has been studied in the setting of acute ischemic stroke to enhance collateral flow. Capsaicin poses an alternative to chemically stimulate the sphenopalatine ganglion. Therefore, the objective of this study was to determine the safety and effect of increasing doses of capsaicin upon serial transcranial Doppler markers of cerebral blood flow. Read More

Adv Exp Med Biol 2021 ;1269:317-322

Departments of Physiology & Biophysics, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA.

We have previously reported that in a rat model of chronic hypoxia, HIF-1α and its target genes have significantly accumulated by 3 days of exposure, whereas no significant increase in capillary density has occurred; there is a significant increase in capillary density at 21 days of chronic hypoxic exposure. In this study we hypothesize that by utilizing 3 days and 21 days of hypoxic preconditioning, we would distinguish between the relative neuroprotective contributions of the accumulation of HIF-1α and its target genes and angiogenic adaptation in a rat middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO) model. Rats were randomly assigned to either hypoxic precondition groups (3-day and 21-day hypoxia) or normoxic control group. Read More

World Neurosurg 2021 May 5. Epub 2021 May 5.

Hopital Foch, Department of Diagnostic and Interventional Neuroradiology, Suresnes, Île-de-France, FR.

Background: AND PURPOSE: Recent studies have suggested that a recanalization grade of modified thrombolysis in cerebral infarction (mTICI) ≥2c is strongly related with good clinical outcome rather than the current therapeutic angiography target ≥2b. In order to achieve better recanalization, additional further maneuvers on distal residual vessel occlusion may be required. The aim of this paper was to evaluate the safety and efficacy of rescue treatment in residual vessel occlusions (RVOs) after recanalization of large vessel occlusions in the anterior circulation. Read More

Brain Behav Immun 2021 May 5. Epub 2021 May 5.

Department of Neurology & Neurotherapeutics, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, United States; Department of Neurology, Center for Advanced Translational Stroke Science, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky, USA. Electronic address:

Objective: Stroke is a debilitating disorder with significant annual mortality and morbidity rates worldwide. Immune cells are recruited to the injured brain within hours after stroke onset and can exhibit either protective or detrimental effects on recovery. However, immune cells, including CD8 T cells, persist in the injured brain for weeks, suggesting a longer-term role for the adaptive immune system during functional recovery. Read More

Diagn Interv Imaging 2021 Apr 28. Epub 2021 Apr 28.

Department of Radiology, CHU de Rouen, 76000 Rouen, France; UNIROUEN, Inserm U1096, 76000 Rouen, France.

Cureus 2021 Apr 30;13(4):e14781. Epub 2021 Apr 30.

Neurology, Adventist Health White Memorial, Los Angeles, USA.

Immunocompromised patients with Cryptococcal meningoencephalitis can develop focal neurological signs and symptoms. Stroke and abscess are usually the leading etiologies. Definitively localized non-fluctuating deficits mimicking a large middle cerebral artery (MCA) infarct without corresponding MRI findings is rare. Read More

Front Neurol 2021 20;12:631343. Epub 2021 Apr 20.

Department of Neurology, Hospital General Universitario de Albacete, Albacete, Spain.

The histological composition of the clot influences its mechanical properties, affects the efficacy of endovascular treatment (EVT), and could determine the clinical outcome of patients with acute ischemic stroke (AIS). Insights into clot composition may guide therapeutic decision-making prior to EVT and facilitate revascularization therapies. Consecutive patients with AIS recorded in a prospective single-center reperfusion registry from December 2015 to December 2019 and treated with EVT were included. Read More

Front Neurol 2021 20;12:610434. Epub 2021 Apr 20.

Department of Neurological Surgery, Loyola University Medical Center, Maywood, IL, United States.

Lack of blood flow to the brain, i.e., ischemic stroke, results in loss of nerve cells and therefore loss of function in the effected brain regions. Read More

Oper Neurosurg (Hagerstown) 2021 May 6. Epub 2021 May 6.

Department of Neurosurgery, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA.

Background And Importance: Evidence suggests middle meningeal artery (MMA) embolization benefits adult patients with chronic subdural hematoma (CSDH) at high risk for recurrence or hemorrhagic complications. Yet, there has not been any report discussing MMA embolization in the pediatric population. Thus, we present a case of an infant with CSDH successfully managed with MMA embolization without surgical management. Read More

World Neurosurg 2021 May 3. Epub 2021 May 3.

Department of General Medicine, The Affiliated Hospital of Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, China. Electronic address:

Background: Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) have been shown to enhance neurological recovery after stroke. In this study, a middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO) rat model was designed to assess the neuroprotective effects of stroke pretreated MSCs on cerebral ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) injury.

Method: The MSCs were isolated and cultured in medium with 10% FBS, normal control serum (NS), or stroke serum (SS). Read More

Oper Neurosurg (Hagerstown) 2021 May 6. Epub 2021 May 6.

Department of Neurosurgery, Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, New York, USA.

Intracranial atherosclerotic disease (ICAD) is a common cause of stroke. Antiplatelet therapy is the mainstay for symptomatic ICAD treatment. Endovascular management with submaximal angioplasty and/or intracranial stenting is reserved for patients with repeated ischemic events despite optimal medical therapy. Read More

J Cell Mol Med 2021 May 6. Epub 2021 May 6.

Department of Neurosurgery, The First Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China.

The blood-brain barrier (BBB) damage is a momentous pathological process of ischaemic stroke. NADPH oxidases 4 (NOX4) boosts BBB damage after ischaemic stroke and its expression can be influenced by microRNAs. This study aimed to probe into whether miR-92b influenced the BBB damage after ischaemic stroke by regulating NOX4 expression. Read More

J Mol Neurosci 2021 May 6. Epub 2021 May 6.

Hunan Key Laboratory of Prevention and Treatment in Cardiovascular Disease, Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Changsha, 410208, Hunan, China.

Gut microbiome and plasma metabolome serve a role in the pathogenesis of ischemic stroke (IS). However, the relationship between the microbiota and metabolites remains unclear. This study aimed to reveal the specific asso-ciation between the microbiota and the metabolites in IS using integrated 16S rRNA gene sequencing and liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS) analysis. Read More

Biomed Res Int 2021 12;2021:5595368. Epub 2021 Apr 12.

Department of Exercise Physiology, University of Shahid Rajaee Teacher, Tehran, Iran.

Despite the beneficial effects of exercise and physical activity, there is little knowledge about the effects of different types of physical activity on neural function. The present study assessed the effects of two types of selected aerobic exercises prior to stroke induction and characterized the expression of TrkB, TNF-, and MMP2 genes in vivo. Forty male adult Wistar rats were exposed to aerobic exercises following randomization into four groups, including swimming + MCAO (Middle Cerebral Artery Occlusion) ( = 10), treadmill training + MCAO ( = 10), MCAO ( = 10), and control ( = 10). Read More

Front Pharmacol 2021 19;12:641848. Epub 2021 Apr 19.

Department of Pharmacy, Punan Hospital, Pudong New District, Shanghai, China.

Tanshinone IIA, a fat-soluble diterpenoid isolated from Salvia miltiorrhiza Bunge, has been shown to attenuate the cerebral ischemic injury. The aim of this study was to examine the effects on neuroprotection and microglia activation of Tanshinone IIA. Male Sprague-Dawley rats were subjected to middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO). Read More

Medicine (Baltimore) 2021 May;100(18):e25779

Department of Neurological Surgery, the Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province, China.

Rationale: Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is an important cause of stroke, more than a half the cases present as acute ischemic stroke. Thrombolysis is an effective choice in most cases, but for large vessel occlusion, mechanical thrombectomy is more effective. Here we reported a case of SLE-related stroke with left middle cerebral artery (MCA) occlusion, who was successfully treated by MT and tirofiban. Read More

Eur J Neurol 2021 May 5. Epub 2021 May 5.

University Hospital of the LMU Munich, Department of Neurology, Marchioninistr. 15, 81377, Munich, Germany.

Background: Crossing pathologies of the corticospinal tract (CST) are rare and often associated with genetic disorders. However, they can be present in healthy humans and lead to ipsilateral motor deficits when a lesion to motor areas occurs. Here we review historical and current literature of CST crossing pathologies and present a rare case of asymmetric crossing of the CST. Read More

Int J Mol Sci 2021 Apr 29;22(9). Epub 2021 Apr 29.

Research Centre for Medical Genetics, 115522 Moscow, Russia.

Transplantation of various types of stem cells as a possible therapy for stroke has been tested for years, and the results are promising. Recent investigations have shown that the administration of the conditioned media obtained after stem cell cultivation can also be effective in the therapy of the central nervous system pathology (hypothesis of their paracrine action). The aim of this study was to evaluate the therapeutic effects of the conditioned medium of hiPSC-derived glial and neuronal progenitor cells in the rat middle cerebral artery occlusion model of the ischemic stroke. Read More

Neurologist 2021 May 5;26(3):108-111. Epub 2021 May 5.

Medicine, University of Florida College of Medicine, Jacksonville, FL.

Introduction: The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) has been associated with a hypercoagulable state, increasing the risk for ischemic stroke. In select cases, patients are already on anticoagulation therapy. Such examples highlight the severity of COVID-19's hyperthrombotic state, and raise questions regarding optimal stroke prevention in these patients. Read More

Med Gas Res 2021 Jul-Sep;11(3):121-123

Department of Neurosurgery & Brain and Nerve Research Laboratory, the First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu Province, China.

Neonatal hypoxic ischemia is one of the leading causes of permanent morbidity and mortality in newborns, which is caused by difficulty in supplying blood and oxygen to brain tissue and is often associated with epilepsy, cerebral palsy, death, short-term or long-term neurological and cognitive impairment. In recent years, the clinical therapeutic effects of noble gases have been gradually discovered and recognized. Numerous studies have shown that noble gases have unique neuroprotective effects to restore damaged nerve and relieve symptoms in patients. Read More