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J Drugs Dermatol 2020 Jan;19(1):100-103

Millennials, defined as the generation of individuals born between 1981 and 1996, have emerged as one of the leading patient demographics seeking minimally invasive cosmetic procedures. Worldwide, millennials are more likely to consider preventative treatments compared to any other age-group. The three most popular minimally invasive facial procedures in this demographic include botulinum toxin, dermal fillers (eg, hyaluronic acid, calcium hydroxylapatite, facial fat-fillers), and microdermabrasion. Read More

IEEE Trans Med Imaging 2020 Apr 20. Epub 2020 Apr 20.

Application of optical clearing of biological tissue in humans in vivo is challenging due to toxicity of chemical agents, long processing time (≥ 30 min), and moderate (1.3-1.5-fold) imaging depth improvement. Read More

Aesthetic Plast Surg 2020 Mar 3. Epub 2020 Mar 3.

Faculty of Medicine, Tanta University, Tanta, Egypt.

Background: Freckles are typical epidermal pigmented disorders that occur at sun-exposed areas, presenting with dark-brown or light-brown circular hyperpigmentation. A lot of treatment modalities have been used for treatment of freckles like chemicals, electrosurgery and cryotherapy. These treatments may cause undesirable side effects such as scaring (Sarkar et al. Read More

J Cosmet Dermatol 2020 Jun 30;19(6):1447-1455. Epub 2019 Oct 30.

Department of Dermatology, Venereology and Andrology, Faculty of Medicine, Assuit University, Assiut, Egypt.

Background: Topical immunomodulators have been successfully used as monotherapy or in combination with other therapeutic modalities in treating vitiligo. To the best of our knowledge, no previous studies have evaluated the combination of tacrolimus 0.03% ointment and microdermabrasion as a therapeutic modality to hasten response time and improve repigmentation rate in vitiligo vulgaris. Read More

Aesthet Surg J 2019 Oct 2. Epub 2019 Oct 2.

Division of Plastic Surgery, Department of Surgery, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA.

Background: Google Trends (GT) provides cost-free, customizable analyses of search traffic for specified terms entered into Google's search engine. GT may inform plastic surgery marketing decisions and resource allocation.

Objectives: To determine GT's utility in tracking and predicting public interest in nonsurgical cosmetic procedures and to examine trends over time of public interest in nonsurgical procedures. Read More

Cutis 2019 Jul;104(1):79-80

Department of Dermatology, Ehrling Bergquist Clinic, Offutt Air Force Base, Bellevue, Nebraska, USA.

With an ever-increasing prevalence of cosmetic treatments, there also have been increasing rates of skin and soft tissue infections due to cosmetic procedures and other popular procedures such as acupuncture. We report a case of a 32-year-old woman who presented with a tender lump on the face of 6 weeks' duration that developed acutely after using an at-home microdermabrasion device. She was eventually diagnosed with a skin infection due to Mycobacterium abscessus, which is part of a more specific group known as rapidly growing nontuberculous mycobacteria. Read More

J Cosmet Dermatol 2019 Jul 26. Epub 2019 Jul 26.

Department of Dermatology, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.

Background: Regenerative Epithelial Suspension can lead to the restoration of wound and repigmentation, which can be gained by ReCell medical device to treat scar and depigmentation diseases.

Objectives: To report the effectivity of ReCell combined with microdermabrasion in scar and depigmentation diseases and review the literature of this new technology.

Methods: We gave a differential donor⁄recipient ratio of about 1:20-30 with vitiligo, 1:40 with postburn construction, 1:80 with acne scar, and 1:120 with adult congenital melanocytic nevus, 1:80 with pediatrics, respectively. Read More

Indian Dermatol Online J 2019 Jul-Aug;10(4):380-395

Venkat Charmalaya Centre for Advanced Dermatology and Postgraduate Training, Bangalore, Karnataka, India.

Striae distansae (SD) or stretch marks are very common, asymptomatic, skin condition frequently seen among females between 5 to 50 years of ages. It often causes cosmetic morbidity and psychological distress, particularly in women and in certain professions where physical appearances have significant importance. Of late, with the increasing emphasis on cosmetic management and awareness, patients approach dermatologists for stretch marks treatment. Read More

J Drugs Dermatol 2019 Mar;18(3):s112-114

The Hispanic population is the third largest growing group in the United States and is projected to increase to 119 million by 2060. Skin of color populations including Hispanics are more susceptible to a variety of pigmentary disorders including melasma and post-inflammatory hyperpigmentation (PIH). Most previous treatment options for these disorders remain unsatisfactory. Read More

J Drugs Dermatol 2019 Mar;18(3):s112-114

The Hispanic population is the third largest growing group in the United States and is projected to increase to 119 million by 2060. Skin of color populations including Hispanics are more susceptible to a variety of pigmentary disorders including melasma and post-inflammatory hyperpigmentation (PIH). Most previous treatment options for these disorders remain unsatisfactory. Read More

Lasers Med Sci 2019 Sep 14;34(7):1449-1455. Epub 2019 Feb 14.

Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, University of Verona, Policlinico G.B. Rossi, Piazzale L. Scuro, 10, 37134, Verona, Italy.

Minimally invasive facial rejuvenation procedures reached an all-time high in the 2016. This reveals a growing interest in a smoother, younger, and tighter look accessible using the esthetic medicine tools like botulinum toxin and dermal filler injections, laser, and microdermabrasion. Forty-five patients from 35 to 52 years old (medium age 43. Read More

J Cosmet Dermatol 2019 Jan 20. Epub 2019 Jan 20.

Department of Cosmetology and Aesthetic Dermatology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Medical University of Lodz, Lodz, Poland.

Background: Topical applications of alpha-hydroxy acids and poly hydroxy acids in the form of peels gained popularity. To enhance the effect of these substances, aluminum oxide crystal microdermabrasion can be used in one procedure.

Aims: The assessment of skin hydration, elasticity, and TEWL after using lactobionic acid in the form of 20% peel and lactobionic acid in the form of 20% peel combined with aluminum oxide crystal microdermabrasion. Read More

J Dermatolog Treat 2019 Dec 19;30(8):732-744. Epub 2019 Jun 19.

Veterans Affairs Medical Center , Brooklyn , NY , USA.

Photodynamic therapy (PDT) involves the application of a topical photosensitizer, irradiation with light, and oxygen to produce cytotoxic reactive oxygen species that selectively destroy damaged cells while leaving normal skin intact. Topical PDT is a commonly used treatment for non-melanoma skin cancers (NMSCs) due to its excellent clearance rate and cosmetic outcomes. However, PDT is emerging as an off-label treatment modality for many dermatological conditions. Read More

Cureus 2018 Jul 18;10(7):e2999. Epub 2018 Jul 18.

Plastic Surgery, Waldkrankenhaus Bonn, Bonn, DEU.

Background Treatment of the lower eyelid region to rejuvenate the skin or treat actinic elastosis often proves difficult. Established treatment options, such as hyaluronic acid injections, botulinum toxin injections, microneedling, skin resurfacing (microdermabrasion, chemical peel (exfoliation), laser treatment), as well as blepharoplasties and autologous fat transfers, can be associated with significant risks and increased patient burden. Furthermore, they may not be effective for treating the signs of skin aging or actinic elastosis, including dark rings under the eyes, a lack of volume and cutis laxa. Read More

J Cosmet Laser Ther 2018 Nov - Dec;20(7-8):424-435. Epub 2018 Nov 5.

b Residente de tercer año , Universidad del Rosario , Bogota , Columbia.

Background And Objectives: Acne scarring is a widely prevalent condition that can have a negative impact on a patient's quality of life and is often worsened by aging. A number of options are available for the treatment of acne scarring, including retinoids, microdermabrasion, dermal fillers, and surgical techniques such as subcision. The aim of this review is to evaluate the different laser modalities that have been used in peer-reviewed clinical studies for treatment of atrophic acne scars, and summarize current clinical approaches. Read More

J Cosmet Laser Ther 2019 Aug 9;21(5):286-290. Epub 2018 Oct 9.

a Chair of Cosmetology, Department of Cosmetology and Aesthetic Dermatology, Faculty of Pharmacy , Medical University of Lódź , Łódź (AA, HR) , Poland.

The aim of this study was to assess objectively the effects of the combination of corundum microdermabrasion and cavitation peeling in the therapy of seborrheic skin with visible symptoms of acne punctata. The study involved a group of nine women. A series of six treatments with the combination of microdermabrasion and cavitation peeling were performed within facial skin at 10-14 days intervals. Read More

J Cosmet Dermatol 2019 Jun 28;18(3):910-911. Epub 2018 Sep 28.

Advanced Dermatology, PC, New Hyde Park, New York.

Background: Platelet-rich plasma is highly enriched plasma that contains a large concentration of platelets that secrete various growth factors and is used in a wide variety of surgical and cosmetic procedures, including hair regrowth and skin rejuvenation.

Methods: Microneedling therapy is being combined with platelet-rich plasma to potentiate patient's cosmetic effects. While microneedling therapy and platelet-rich plasma therapy have been around for years and are growing in popularity internationally, there are limited data regarding complications when they are used in conjunction. Read More

Br J Dermatol 2019 04 10;180(4):756-764. Epub 2018 Oct 10.

Department of Dermatology, Bispebjerg University Hospital, University of Copenhagen, Bispebjerg Bakke 23, 2400, Copenhagen, NV, Denmark.

Background: Physical pretreatments can potentiate the efficacy of daylight photodynamic therapy (dPDT), but clinical comparative studies remain limited.

Objectives: Performed in large skin areas with actinic keratoses (AKs) and photodamage, this blinded, randomized clinical trial compared the efficacy and safety of dPDT after tailored skin pretreatment using ablative fractional laser (AFL) or microdermabrasion (MD).

Methods: Two ≥ 50-cm side-by-side skin areas were randomized to receive a single treatment with AFL-dPDT or MD-dPDT. Read More

Skin Res Technol 2018 Nov 7;24(4):650-655. Epub 2018 May 7.

Department of Cosmetology and Aesthetic Dermatology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Medical University of Lodz, Lodz, Poland.

Background: Microdermabrasion is a popular form of mechanical peel, used for many aesthetic purposes. Because it removes the superficial epidermal layer, it has an impact on hydrolipid skin coat.

Objective: The aim of the study was to examine the changes taking place in the hydrolipid coat of the skin after microdermabrasion measured by skin hydration and sebum level. Read More

J Clin Aesthet Dermatol 2018 Apr 1;11(4):28-34. Epub 2018 Apr 1.

Dr. Barolet is with the Department of Medicine, Dermatology Division, McGill University in Montreal, Québec, Canada, and with the RoseLab Skin Optics Laboratory in Laval, Canada.

Melasma is a resistant, sun-induced facial hyperpigmentation capable of remaining present for decades with ensuing psychological distress. Treatment is difficult and focuses on an array of measures to reduce skin hyperpigmentation resulting from triggered hyperactive melanocytes. The pathogenesis of melanoma is not clearly understood but it has been reported that some growth factors and specific cell-signaling pathways are involved. Read More

J Cutan Aesthet Surg 2017 Oct-Dec;10(4):186-194

Skinnovation Laser Clinic, New Delhi, India.

Background: Currently, the standard protocol regarding the performance of procedures on patients receiving or having recently received isotretinoin (13--retinoic acid) states that the procedures should not be performed. The recommendations in standard books and drug insert require discontinuation of isotretinoin for 6 months before performing cosmetic procedures, including waxing, dermabrasion, chemical peels, laser procedures, or incisional and excisional cold-steel surgery. These recommendations have been followed for over two decades despite little evidence for the stated increased risk of scarring. Read More

J Cosmet Laser Ther 2019 28;21(1):58-60. Epub 2018 Feb 28.

c Medicine Division, Department of Dermatology , University of Toronto , Toronto , Canada.

For decades it has been widely accepted that elective procedures should be delayed for at least 6-months following completion of isotretinoin therapy. However, numerous 2017 publications demonstrate the need for change in best practice. The evidence has yet to be succinctly summarized in a single article or in a stand-alone quick reference algorithm for physicians. Read More

Actas Dermosifiliogr 2018 Apr 30;109(3):218-229. Epub 2017 Dec 30.

Grupo de Investigación Dermatológica (GRID), Universidad de Antioquia, Medellín, Colombia.

Introduction: Photodynamic therapy (PDT) involves the combination of a light source and a photosensitizing agent to induce tissue damage via the generation of singlet oxygen. Although topical PDT has been approved for other indications, its use in facial photodamage is uncertain.

Aims: To assess the efficacy and safety of PDT in facial skin photoaging. Read More

Ann Agric Environ Med 2017 Dec 11;24(4):659-666. Epub 2017 May 11.

Department of Oncological Endocrinology, Medical University of Lodz, Lodz, Poland.

Introduction And Objective: Protective antioxidative effects of melatonin have been repeatedly documented in experimental and clinical studies. One of the most spectacular exogenous prooxidative agents is cigarette smoking. The aim of the study was to evaluate the level of oxidative damage to membrane lipids (lipid peroxidation; LPO) in blood serum, and in epidermis exfoliated during microdermabrasion collected from former-smokers who were treated with melatonin. Read More

Scars Burn Heal 2017 Jan-Dec;3:2059513117695312. Epub 2017 Mar 30.

Department of Dermatological Surgery and Lasers, St John's Institute of Dermatology, London, UK.

Introduction: Acne is a common condition that can result in permanent scarring. Acne scars can be broken down into three categories: atrophic; hypertrophic; and keloidal. Atrophic scars can be further sub-classified into: ice pick; rolling; and boxcar. Read More

Dermatol Res Pract 2017 15;2017:8516527. Epub 2017 Feb 15.

Department of Internal Medicine, Kermanshah University of Medical Science, Imam Reza Hospital, Kermanshah, Iran.

. Tretinoin has been shown to improve photoaged skin. This study was designed to evaluate the efficacy and tolerability of a 5% retinoic acid peel combined with microdermabrasion for facial photoaging. Read More

J Cosmet Dermatol 2017 Dec 22;16(4):e9-e14. Epub 2017 Feb 22.

Faculty of Medicine, Department of Pathology, Assiut University, Assiut, Egypt.

Background: Microdermabrasion and chemical peeling are popular, inexpensive, and safe methods for treatment of some skin disorders and to rejuvenate skin.

Objectives: To study the alterations of the dermal connective tissue following salicylic acid peeling and microdermabrasion.

Methods: Twenty patients were participated in our study. Read More

JAMA Dermatol 2017 Apr;153(4):270-278

Department of Dermatology D92, Bispebjerg Hospital, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark.

Importance: Skin pretreatment is recommended for adequate penetration of topical photosensitizing agents and subsequent protoporphyrin IX (PPIX) accumulation in photodynamic therapy (PDT).

Objective: To compare the relative potential of different physical pretreatments to enhance PPIX fluorescence in normal skin.

Design, Setting, And Participants: This intraindividual, randomized clinical trial was performed from November 28 to December 20, 2014, at Bispebjerg Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark, among 12 healthy volunteers 18 years or older. Read More

Skin Res Technol 2017 Aug 12;23(3):346-353. Epub 2017 Jan 12.

Regional Research Centre CEBIA-Tech, Tomas Bata University in Zlin, Zlin, Czech Republic.

Background: The aim of this article is to present a new methodology for assessment of skin topology using a three-dimensional image (3D).

Methods: The measurement of the skin surface roughness is based on 3D scanning of silicone replicas by chromatic aberration length technique in a contactless manner, i.e. Read More

Am J Clin Dermatol 2017 Feb;18(1):87-96

Department of Dermatology, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, 1441 Eastlake Avenue, Ezralow Tower 5301, Los Angeles, CA, 90033, USA.

The proportion of men receiving non-surgical cosmetic procedures has risen substantially in recent years. Various physiologic, anatomic, and motivational considerations differentiate the treatments for male and female patients. Nevertheless, research regarding approaches to the male cosmetic patient is scarce. Read More

J Cosmet Laser Ther 2017 Apr 1;19(2):83-88. Epub 2017 Feb 1.

c University Hospital of Basel , Switzerland.

Background: To date, no studies compared curative effects of thermal lesions in deep and superficial dermal layers in the same patient (face-split study).

Objective: To evaluate skin laxity effects of microneedle fractional radiofrequency induced thermal lesions in different dermal layers.

Methods And Materials: 13 patients underwent three sessions of a randomized face-split microneedle fractional radiofrequency system (MFRS) treatment of deep dermal and superficial dermal layer. Read More

J Cosmet Laser Ther 2017 Apr 25;19(2):93-99. Epub 2017 Jan 25.

a Department of Dermatology and Cutaneous Surgery , University of Miami Miller School of Medicine , Miami , FL , USA.

Alopecia areata is a form of non-scarring alopecia that results from a hyperactive immune response of T cells against hair follicles. Many patients with visible hair loss experience psychological and emotional distress, as a result of their cosmetic disfigurement, and frequently seek treatment. However, existing treatment methods, such as corticosteroids, topical irritants, sensitizing agents, immunosuppressants, and psoralen plus ultraviolet light A, may result in various adverse effects and often lack efficacy. Read More

Semin Plast Surg 2016 Aug;30(3):143-50

Nigro Dermatology Group, Houston, Texas.

A proper knowledge of noninvasive facial rejuvenation is integral to the practice of a cosmetic surgeon. Noninvasive facial rejuvenation can be divided into patient- versus physician-directed modalities. Patient-directed facial rejuvenation combines the use of facial products such as sunscreen, moisturizers, retinoids, α-hydroxy acids, and various antioxidants to both maintain youthful skin and rejuvenate damaged skin. Read More

Semin Plast Surg 2016 Aug;30(3):134-42

Nigro Dermatology Group, Houston, Texas.

A proper knowledge of noninvasive facial rejuvenation is integral to the practice of a cosmetic surgeon. Noninvasive facial rejuvenation can be divided into patient- versus physician-directed modalities. Patient-directed facial rejuvenation combines the use of facial products such as sunscreen, moisturizers, retinoids, α-hydroxy acids, and various antioxidants to both maintain youthful skin as well as rejuvenate damaged skin. Read More

Semin Plast Surg 2016 Aug;30(3):129-33

Division of Plastic Surgery, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas.

A proper knowledge of noninvasive facial rejuvenation is integral to the practice of a cosmetic surgeon. Noninvasive facial rejuvenation can be divided into patient- versus physician-directed modalities. Patient-directed facial rejuvenation combines the use of facial products such as sunscreen, moisturizers, retinoids, α-hydroxy acids, and various antioxidants to both maintain youthful skin and rejuvenate damaged skin. Read More

J Cutan Aesthet Surg 2016 Apr-Jun;9(2):101-5

Department of Dermatology, B.J. Medical College, Ahmedabad, Gujarat, India.

Background: Striae are linear atrophic depressions that form in areas of dermal damage in the skin. As on date, no consensus or protocol exists for the treatment of stria rubra. Topical retinoids, chemical peels, microdermabrasion, radiofrequency, photothermolysis, intense pulsed light and lasers are some of the modalities used. Read More

J Cosmet Dermatol 2016 Dec 29;15(4):503-513. Epub 2016 Jun 29.

Department of Dermatology, Faculty of Medicine, Minia University, Al-Minya, Egypt.

Background: Microdermabrasion is a nonchemical superficial resurfacing procedure that removes the stratum corneum. Because it is a somewhat subtle procedure, it may be difficult to demonstrate its cosmetic benefit.

Objectives: To assess the efficacy of microdermabrasion in treatment of melasma, postacne scarring, striae distensae, and photoaging by a series of microdermabrasion sittings through clinical, histometric, and histopathologic analysis. Read More

J Cosmet Dermatol 2016 Dec 20;15(4):565. Epub 2016 Jun 20.

Plastic Surgery Department, Henri Mondor Hospital, Creteil, France.

The article entitled "Comparison between the efficacy and safety of platelet-rich plasma vs microdermabrasion in the treatment of striae distensae: clinical and histopathological study" (Zeinab Abd El-Samad Ibrahim, et al.) is very interesting but the methodology is not robust. Our mains comments concerned the count of the cells, the activation of the PRP and the method of assessment. Read More

J Hand Surg Am 2016 May;41(5):639-44

Center for Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA.

Dermal atrophy, bulging reticular veins, and prominent bones and tendons are characteristic of the aging hand. Demand for cosmetic procedures to restore a youthful appearance to the dorsum of the hand has risen in recent years. A review of the literature reveals that of the many options for hand restoration, autologous fat grafting stands out as the most promising choice compared with many available alternative options such as microdermabrasion, peeling agents, and dermal fillers. Read More

J Cosmet Laser Ther 2016 Oct 2;18(6):330-4. Epub 2016 Jun 2.

a Departments of Dermatology , Venereology and Andrology, Faculty of Human Medicine , Zagazig University, Zagazig , Egypt.

Unlabelled: Striae distensae (SD) is a challenging cosmetic problem for which various treatment modalities have been applied. Our aim was to evaluate the efficacy and tolerability of needling therapy versus microdermabrasion with sonophoresis in the treatment of SD.

Materials And Methods: Forty female patients with SD (mean duration 2. Read More

Int J Cosmet Sci 2016 Oct 9;38(5):440-3. Epub 2016 Mar 9.

Arumdaun Nara Dermatologic Clinic, Seoul, Korea.

Objective: In vivo changes in skin barrier function after chemical peeling with alpha hydroxyacids (AHAs) have been previously reported. However, the additional effects of physical treatment with chemical agents on skin barrier function have not been adequately studied. This study measured the degree of acute skin damage and the time required for skin barrier repair using non-invasive bioengineering methods in vivo with human skin to investigate the additional effect of a 4% AHA chemical jet accelerated at supersonic velocities. Read More

Facial Plast Surg 2015 Oct 18;31(5):523-31. Epub 2015 Nov 18.

Department of Dermatology and Allergology, Ludwig-Maximilian University, Munich, Germany.

Acne scars are common and stigmatizing for the affected patients. Besides surgery, chemical peels, microdermabrasion, and microneedling, the treatment with fractional laser is a standard therapy. The results of reducing acne scars treated either with a fractional Er:YAG (erbium-doped yttrium-aluminum-garnet [Er:Y3Al5O1]) or a carbon dioxide (CO 2 ) laser at different wavelengths were compared and evaluated in the pilot study presented here. Read More

Ther Deliv 2015 21;6(9):1089-99. Epub 2015 Sep 21.

Mercer University, College of Pharmacy, Atlanta, GA, USA.

Active transdermal technology, commonly associated with drug delivery, has been used in recent years by the cosmetic industry for the aesthetic restoration of skin and delivery of cosmetic agents. In this article, we provide an overview of the skin's structure, various skin types, skin's self-repair mechanisms that are stimulated from the usage of cosmetic devices and discuss cosmetic applications. Summaries of the most common active transdermal technologies such as microneedles, iontophoresis, sonophoresis, lasers and microdermabrasion will be provided, in relation to the marketed cosmetic devices available that incorporate these technologies. Read More

J Drugs Dermatol 2015 Sep;14(9):976-80

Background: Recently popularized in the field of cosmetic dermatology, subcutaneous carbon dioxide (CO2) injections have been shown to improve the skin's appearance by augmenting oxygen delivery and thereby aiding cellular metabolism and neocollagenesis. However, they carry several risks and cannot be used on the entire face, leaving them best suited for the treatment of localized skin concerns. To combat these issues, a less invasive CO2 facial suited for full-face treatment has been developed, though its efficacy in oxygenating the skin has not been thoroughly investigated. Read More

J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol 2016 Aug 20;30(8):1429-31. Epub 2015 Aug 20.

Department of Oncological Endocrinology, Medical University of Lodz, Poland.

J Cosmet Dermatol 2015 Dec 6;14(4):336-46. Epub 2015 Jul 6.

Faculty of Medicine, Department of Pathology, Tanta University, Tanta, Egypt.

Striae distensae is a challenging cosmetic problem for which various treatment modalities have been applied. To compare between the efficacy and tolerability of intradermal injection of autologous platelet-rich plasma (PRP) vs. microdermabrasion in the treatment of striae distensae. Read More

Dermatol Surg 2015 Jul;41(7):827-32

Departments of *Dermatology, and †Biostatistics, University of Texas Southwestern, Dallas, Texas; ‡Department of Dermatology, SkinCare Physicians, Boston, Massachusetts.

Background: How delegation of procedures varies among cosmetic specialties in the United States is not well described.

Objective: To better describe current practices in delegation of procedures to nonphysicians among physicians of different cosmetic specialties in the United States.

Methods: An Internet-based survey was administered to physician members of the American Society for Dermatologic Surgery (ASDS), the American Society for Aesthetic Plastic Surgery (ASAPS), and the American Society for Laser Medicine and Surgery (ASLMS). Read More

Curr Pharm Des 2015 ;21(20):2830-47

Translational Research Institute, 37 Kent Street, Woolloongabba, 4102, QLD, Australia.

The skin has evolved to resist the penetration of foreign substances and particles. Effective topical drug delivery into and/or through the skin is hindered by these epidermal barriers. A range of physical enhancement methods has been developed to selectively overcome this barrier. Read More