Eur J Appl Physiol 2017 Sep 15. Epub 2017 Sep 15.

Department of Anesthesiology, University Hospital Heidelberg, University of Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 110, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany.

Purpose: Both exercise and hypoxia cause complex changes in acid-base homeostasis. The aim of the present study was to investigate whether during intense physical exercise in normoxia and hypoxia, the modified physicochemical approach offers a better understanding of the changes in acid-base homeostasis than the traditional Henderson-Hasselbalch approach.

Methods: In this prospective, randomized, crossover trial, 19 healthy males completed an exercise test until voluntary fatigue on a bicycle ergometer on two different study days, once during normoxia and once during normobaric hypoxia (12% oxygen, equivalent to an altitude of 4500 m). Read More

Indian J Nephrol 2017 Sep-Oct;27(5):399-401

Department of Nephrology, Sri Venkateswara Institute of Medical Sciences, Tirupati, Andhra Pradesh, India.

Bartter's syndrome is an autosomal recessive renal tubular disorder characterized by hypokalemia, hypochloremia, metabolic alkalosis, and hyperreninemia with normal blood pressure. Bartter's syndrome is associated with hypercalciuria and nephrocalcinosis. Amelogenesis imperfecta (AI) is a group of hereditary disorders that affect dental enamel. Read More

Zhonghua Nei Ke Za Zhi 2017 Sep;56(9):712-716

Gitelman syndrome (GS) is an autosomal recessive, salt-losing tubulopathy caused by inactivating mutations in the SLC12A3 gene that encodes the thiazide-sensitive sodium-chloride cotransporter (NCC). GS is characterized by hypokalemic metabolic alkalosis, hypomagnesemia and hypocalciuria. GS is one of the most common inherited renal tubulopathy with a prevalence estimated at about one to ten per 40 000 people. Read More

Chin J Physiol 2017 08;60(4):197-206

Gesundheitszentrum St. Gallen, St. Gallen, Switzerland.

Ice Mile swimming (1608 m in water of below 5 °Celsius) is becoming increasingly popular. This case study aimed to identify body core temperature and selected haematological and biochemical parameters before and after repeated Ice Miles. An experienced ice swimmer completed three consecutive Ice Miles within 15 h. Read More

Clin Chem Lab Med 2017 Aug 28. Epub 2017 Aug 28.

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Primary aldosteronism (PA) is a group of disorders in which aldosterone is excessively produced. These disorders can lead to hypertension, hypokalemia, hypervolemia and metabolic alkalosis. The prevalence of PA ranges from 5% to 12% around the globe, and the most common causes are adrenal adenoma and adrenal hyperplasia. Read More

J Vet Intern Med 2017 Sep 20;31(5):1371-1381. Epub 2017 Aug 20.

College of Veterinary Medicine, Lincoln Memorial University, Harrogate, TN.

Intravenous fluid therapy can alter plasma acid-base balance. The Stewart approach to acid-base balance is uniquely suited to identify and quantify the effects of the cationic and anionic constituents of crystalloid solutions on plasma pH. The plasma strong ion difference (SID) and weak acid concentrations are similar to those of the administered fluid, more so at higher administration rates and with larger volumes. Read More

Am J Emerg Med 2017 Aug 5. Epub 2017 Aug 5.

Department of Biostatistics and Epidemiology, School of Public Health, University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran.

Background: Pulmonary hypertension (PH) is one of the most common complications of COPD (chronic obstructive pulmonary disease), but its severe form is uncommon. Various factors play an important role in the occurrence and severity of pulmonary hypertension in patients.

Methods: This cross-sectional study was performed on patients with COPD referred to an emergency department over a one-year period. Read More

Curr Opin Nephrol Hypertens 2017 Sep;26(5):426-433

Department of Physiology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA.

Purpose Of Review: This review describes the recent discoveries about a powerful electroneutral NaCl reabsorption mechanism in intercalated cells, and its regulation by an intrarenal metabolite paracrine, α-ketoglutartate, and the G-protein coupled receptor, Oxgr1.

Recent Findings: The distal nephron fine-tunes sodium, chloride, potassium, hydrogen, bicarbonate and water transport to maintain electrolyte homeostasis and blood pressure. Intercalated cells have been traditionally viewed as the professional regulators of acid-base balance, but recent studies reveal that a specific population of intercalated cells, identified by the pendrin-transporter, have a surprising role in the regulation of salt balance. Read More

Ann Biol Clin (Paris) 2017 Aug;75(4):466-473

Biochemistry laboratory, Children's hospital, Research laboratory 'Haemoglobinopathies and Cystic fibrosis, LR00SP03', Tunis, Tunisia.

Pseudo-Bartter syndrome (PBS) describes an uncommon complication of cystic fibrosis leading to hypochloraemic, hypokalaemic metabolic alkalosis. PBS as the sole manifestation of cystic fibrosis in children is extremely rare and has never been described in patients carrying 5T variant. We report a clinical, biochemical and genetic study of a four year-old boy presenting a pseudo-Bartter syndrome as the sole manifestation of cystic fibrosis. Read More

Saudi J Kidney Dis Transpl 2017 Jul-Aug;28(4):912-915

Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Nephrology, King Fahd Hospital of the University, Al-Khobar, Saudi Arabia.

Milk-Alkali syndrome (MAS) consists of a triad of hypercalcemia, metabolic alkalosis, and acute renal failure. We hereby report a 75-year-old Indian gentleman who presented to our emergency department with a history of generalized weakness and easy fatigability. Investigations were consistent with MAS secondary to calcium carbonate and calcitriol treatment to prevent osteoporosis, aggravated by H1N1 influenza vaccine. Read More

Int Urol Nephrol 2017 Jul 25. Epub 2017 Jul 25.

Department of Internal Medicine, Medical School, University of Ioannina, 45110, Ioannina, Greece.

Gitelman syndrome is the most common inherited tubular disease resulting from mutations of the SLC12A3 gene that encodes the thiazide-sensitive sodium-chloride cotransporter in the early distal convoluted tubules. The review presents the underlying pathophysiologic mechanisms of acid-base and electrolyte abnormalities observed in patients with Gitelman syndrome. The syndrome is usually characterized by hypokalemic metabolic alkalosis in combination with hypomagnesemia and hypocalciuria. Read More

Cas Lek Cesk 2017 ;156(3):150-152

In patients with advanced cirrhosis with ascites disorders of water and electrolyte metabolism are often present and they are associated with changes in acid-base balance. These changes can be very complicated, their diagnosis and treatment difficult. Dilutional hyponatremia is the most common disorder. Read More

J Comp Physiol B 2017 Jul 18. Epub 2017 Jul 18.

Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alberta, 116 St. and 85 Ave., Edmonton, AB, T6G 2R3, Canada.

Hagfishes are unique to the vertebrate lineage in that they acquire dissolved nutrients across multiple epithelia including the intestine, gill, and skin. This feat has been attributed to their immersive feeding behavior that likely simultaneously provides benefits (nutrient rich) and potentially adverse (hypercapnia, hypoxia, high environmental ammonia) physiological effects. Examinations have been conducted of the ex vivo transport capabilities of specific nutrients as well as in vivo effects of the hypothesized feeding environments, yet the physiological effects of feeding itself have never been elucidated. Read More

PLoS One 2017 10;12(7):e0180811. Epub 2017 Jul 10.

Department of Nephrology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China.

Background: Gitelman syndrome (GS), an inherited autosomal recessive salt-losing renal tubulopathy caused by mutations in SLC12A3 gene, has been associated with normal prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) levels since 1995 by a study involving 11 clinically diagnosed patients. However, it is difficult to explain why cyclooxygenase-2 (COX2) inhibitors, which pharmacologically reduce PGE2 synthesis, are helpful to patients with GS, and few studies performed in the last 20 years have measured PGE2 levels. The relationships between the clinical manifestations and PGE2 levels were never thoroughly analyzed. Read More

Drug Saf Case Rep 2017 Dec;4(1):10

Section of Viral Diseases, Department of Clinical Medicine, University Hospital 'Federico II' of Naples, Via Sergio Pansini, 5, 80131, Naples, Italy.

We present the case of a 58-year-old woman who developed hypokalaemia and metabolic alkalosis 2 weeks after therapy with colistimethate sodium for the treatment of chronic lower limb ulcer infection by extensively drug-resistant (XDR) Pseudomonas aeruginosa. The metabolic changes observed resembled Bartter syndrome, a group of congenital disorders affecting the distal segments of the renal tubules. The metabolic abnormalities reversed spontaneously 6 days after drug discontinuation. Read More

Zhongguo Dang Dai Er Ke Za Zhi 2017 Jul;19(7):812-815

Nanjing Maternity and Child Health Care Hospital Affiliated to Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 210004, China.

The study reports a female neonate with a gestational age of 29(+2) weeks and a birth weight of 1 210 g. Ten minutes after birth, the neonate was admitted to the hospital due to shortness of breath. Several days after birth, the neonate presented with hyperglycemia, polyuria, and poor weight gain, accompanied by azotemia, hypochloremic metabolic alkalosis, hypokalemia, and hyponatremia. Read More

Nephrology (Carlton) 2017 Aug;22(8):652-655

Department of Nephrology, Yueyang Hospital of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China.

Acquired Gitelman's syndrome (GS) associated with Sjögren syndrome (SS) is rare. A 50-year-old woman was admitted to our department because of nausea, acratia and sicca complex. Laboratory tests after admission showed renal failure, hypokalaemia, metabolic alkalosis, hypomagnesaemia and hypocalciuria, all of which met the diagnostic criteria for GS. Read More

J Hepatol 2017 Jul 3. Epub 2017 Jul 3.

Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Otto Wagner Spital, Vienna, Austria. Electronic address:

Alongside the kidneys and lungs, the liver has been recognised as an important regulator of acid-base homeostasis. While respiratory alkalosis is the most common acid-base disorder in chronic liver disease, various complex metabolic acid-base disorders may occur with liver dysfunction. While the standard variables of acid-base equilibrium, such as pH and overall base excess, often fail to unmask the underlying cause of acid-base disorders, the physical-chemical acid-base model provides a more in-depth pathophysiological assessment for clinical judgement of acid-base disorders, in patients with liver diseases. Read More

Curr Heart Fail Rep 2017 Aug;14(4):311-320

Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, 5939 Harry Hines Blvd, MC 8516, Dallas, TX, 75390, USA.

Purpose Of Review: The physiologic determinants of each of the components of the basic metabolic profile in patients with heart failure will be explored. Additionally, the review will discuss the prognostic value of alterations in the basic metabolic profile as well as their effects on management.

Recent Findings: Abnormalities in the basic metabolic profile have significant correlation with clinical outcomes and can modify treatment in heart failure. Read More

Front Nutr 2017 13;4:26. Epub 2017 Jun 13.

Department of Veterinary Medicine and Surgery, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, United States.

During the periparturient period, subclinical hypocalcemia (total plasma Ca concentration <2.0 mmol/l) is a potential problem for the dairy cow; consequently, its prevention is essential for success of fertility and productive performance. Dietary cation-anion difference (DCAD) has been defined as the difference in milliequivalents of cations (Na, K) and anions (Cl, S) per kilogram of dry matter (DM) and has a direct impact on blood acid-base metabolism. Read More

Crit Care Resusc 2017 Jun;19(2):142-149

Department of Intensive Care, Austin Hospital, Melbourne, VIC, Australia.

Objective: To assess the physiological, biochemical and haemodynamic response to a single intravenous (IV) dose of frusemide in critically patients.

Design, Setting And Patients: A prospective observational study of 21 critically ill patients in a tertiary intensive care unit in Australia.

Interventions: We collected information on urine output (UO), fluid balance, serum and urinary electrolyte levels, serum biochemical levels and haemodynamics. Read More

Best Pract Res Clin Endocrinol Metab 2017 Mar 10;31(2):213-224. Epub 2017 May 10.

Northwestern University, Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism and Molecular Medicine, Feinberg School of Medicine, Tarry 15, 303 East Chicago Avenue, Chicago, IL 60611, USA. Electronic address:

Pendred syndrome is an autosomal recessive disorder that is classically defined by the combination of sensorineural deafness/hearing impairment, goiter, and an abnormal organification of iodide with or without hypothyroidism. The hallmark of the syndrome is the impaired hearing, which is associated with inner ear malformations such as an enlarged vestibular aqueduct (EVA). The thyroid phenotype is variable and may be modified by the nutritional iodine intake. Read More

Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2017 8;8:123. Epub 2017 Jun 8.

Division of Endocrinology, Department of Internal Medicine, Korea University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea.

Ectopic adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) syndrome is a challenging diagnosis only responsible for approximately 10% of Cushing syndrome cases. It has been associated with a variety of benign and malignant tumors including a carcinoid tumor accompanied by aspergilloma in our case that was significantly difficult to be detected. We report a patient over 70 years old with uncontrolled hypertension and hypokalemia presenting with generalized edema. Read More

Ann Am Thorac Soc 2017 Jul;14(7):1086-1093

University of Washington and Department of Veterans Affairs, Seattle, Washington.

Acetazolamide is a carbonic anhydrase (CA) inhibitor sometimes used as a respiratory stimulant for patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) with the goal of improving oxygenation, reducing carbon dioxide retention, and aiding liberation from mechanical ventilation and/or attempting to correct a metabolic alkalosis. However, the net effect of CA inhibition is multifactorial and complex, because CA is inhibited in many tissues that may negatively affect the patient with lung disease. The full impact of acetazolamide and other CA inhibitors depends critically on dosing, age, and pulmonary, renal, hepatic, hematological, and respiratory muscle function and reserves. Read More

J Educ Health Promot 2017 5;6:54. Epub 2017 Jun 5.

Department of Pediatric Pulmonology, Child Growth and Development Research Center, Faculty of Medicine, Research Institute for Primordial Prevention of Noncommunicable Disease, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran.

Background: Knowledge about cystic fibrosis (CF) in Iran is very limited. The objective of this study was to determine the prevalence of CF among a group of high-risk children with suggestive clinical features in the main referral hospital in Iran.

Materials And Methods: This study children consisted of 505 patients who had presented with one or more of the following symptoms: chronic or recurrent respiratory symptoms, gastrointestinal symptoms as rectal prolapse, steatorrhea, hepatobiliary disease as prolonged jaundice, failure to thrive, hyperglycemia and glycosuria, hypochloremic metabolic alkalosis, hypoprothrombinemia, anemia or edema, and positive family history of CF. Read More

Int Urol Nephrol 2017 Jun 12. Epub 2017 Jun 12.

Department of Medicine, Geffen School of Medicine, UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, USA.

Chronic hepatic patients, and particularly those suffering from cirrhosis, are predisposed to different sort of water, electrolyte, acid-base, and trace elements disorders due to their altered liver function, and also to their exposition to infectious, inflammatory, oncologic, and pharmacologic variables whose combination undermines their homeostatic capability. Hyponatremia, hypokalemia, hyperkalemia, hypocalcemia, metabolic acidosis, respiratory, and metabolic alkalosis are the main internal milieu alterations in this group. Read More

Am J Kidney Dis 2017 Sep 7;70(3):440-444. Epub 2017 Jun 7.

Section of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT.

Hypobicarbonatemia, or a reduced bicarbonate concentration in plasma, is a finding seen in 3 acid-base disorders: metabolic acidosis, chronic respiratory alkalosis and mixed metabolic acidosis and chronic respiratory alkalosis. Hypobicarbonatemia due to chronic respiratory alkalosis is often misdiagnosed as a metabolic acidosis and mistreated with the administration of alkali therapy. Proper diagnosis of the cause of hypobicarbonatemia requires integration of the laboratory values, arterial blood gas, and clinical history. Read More

Lab Anim 2017 Jan 1:23677217714013. Epub 2017 Jan 1.

Department of Veterinary Medicine, Federal University of Goiás, Brazil.

The use of sheep in experiments is widespread and is increasing worldwide, and so is the need to develop species-specific anaesthetic techniques to ensure animal safety. Previous studies have mentioned several protocols involving the administration of alpha-2 adrenergic agonists in sheep; however, assessment of the efficacy and safety of these infusion techniques is still relatively new. Thus, the aim of the present study is to assess the effectiveness of detomidine constant rate infusion (CRI) in sheep by measuring the cardiovascular and respiratory parameters, blood gas variables and sedation scores. Read More

J Surg Res 2017 May 30;212:229-237. Epub 2017 Jan 30.

Department of Pediatric Surgery, St. Mary's Hospital, St. Elisabeth Group, Ruhr-University of Bochum, Herne, Germany.

Background: This pilot study focuses on regional tissue oxygenation (rSO2) in patients with infantile hypertrophic pyloric stenosis in a perioperative setting. To investigate the influence of enhanced metabolic alkalosis (MA) on cerebral (c-rSO2) and renal (r-rSO2) tissue oxygenation, two-site near-infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) technology was applied.

Materials And Methods: Perioperative c-rSO2, r-rSO2, capillary blood gases, and electrolytes from 12 infants were retrospectively compared before and after correction of MA at admission (T1), before surgery (T2), and after surgery (T3). Read More

Int J Sport Nutr Exerc Metab 2017 May 22:1-25. Epub 2017 May 22.

2 Department of Life Sciences, University of Derby, Derby, United Kingdom.

This study evaluated the ingestion of sodium bicarbonate (NaHCO3) on post-exercise acid-base balance recovery kinetics and subsequent high-intensity cycling time to exhaustion. In a counterbalanced, crossover design, nine healthy and active males (age: 23±2 years, height: 179±5 cm, body mass: 74±9 kg, peak mean minute power (WPEAK) 256±45 W, peak oxygen uptake (V̇O2PEAK) 46±8 ml.kg(-1). Read More

Eur J Appl Physiol 2017 Aug 19;117(8):1573-1583. Epub 2017 May 19.

Faculty of Health and Sport Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba City, Ibaraki, 305-8574, Japan.

Purpose: To investigate the effect of voluntary hypocapnic hyperventilation or moderate hypoxia on metabolic and heart rate responses during high-intensity intermittent exercise.

Methods: Ten males performed three 30-s bouts of high-intensity cycling [Ex1 and Ex2: constant-workload at 80% of the power output in the Wingate anaerobic test (WAnT), Ex3: WAnT] interspaced with 4-min recovery periods under normoxic (Control), hypocapnic or hypoxic (2500 m) conditions. Hypocapnia was developed through voluntary hyperventilation for 20 min prior to Ex1 and during each recovery period. Read More

Zhonghua Wei Zhong Bing Ji Jiu Yi Xue 2017 May;29(5):436-441

Department of Nephrology, Shuyang People's Hospital, Suqian 223600, Jiangsu, China (Ma CY); Teaching Section of Mathematics, China Medical University, Shenyang 110000, Liaoning, China (Wang GJ). Corresponding author: Wang Guijie, Email:

Objective: To establish the standardization process of acid-base balance analysis, analyze cases of acid-base balance disorder with the aid of acid-base balance coordinate graph.

Methods: The acid-base balance theory were reviewed systematically on recent research progress, and the important concepts, definitions, formulas, parameters, regularity and inference in the analysis of acid-base balance were studied. The analysis of acid-base balance disordered processes and steps were figured. Read More

Case Rep Oncol 2017 Jan-Apr;10(1):321-324. Epub 2017 Apr 6.

aWalter Reed National Military Medical Center, Bethesda, MD, USA.

Carcinoid tumors are neuroendocrine tumors that mainly arise in the gastrointestinal tract, lungs, and bronchi. Bronchopulmonary carcinoids have been associated with Cushing syndrome, which results from ectopic adrenocorticotrophic hormone (ACTH) secretion. We report the case of a 65-year-old man, a colonel in the US Air Force, with metastatic bronchopulmonary carcinoid tumors treated on a clinical trial who was hospitalized for complaints of increasing thirst, polydipsia, polyuria, weakness, and visual changes. Read More

Dig Dis Sci 2017 Aug 13;62(8):1855-1871. Epub 2017 May 13.

Department of Internal Medicine, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición Salvador Zubirán, Tlalpan, 14080, Mexico City, Mexico.

Electrolyte and acid-base disturbances are frequent in patients with end-stage liver disease; the underlying physiopathological mechanisms are often complex and represent a diagnostic and therapeutic challenge to the physician. Usually, these disorders do not develop in compensated cirrhotic patients, but with the onset of the classic complications of cirrhosis such as ascites, renal failure, spontaneous bacterial peritonitis and variceal bleeding, multiple electrolyte, and acid-base disturbances emerge. Hyponatremia parallels ascites formation and is a well-known trigger of hepatic encephalopathy; its management in this particular population poses a risky challenge due to the high susceptibility of cirrhotic patients to osmotic demyelination. Read More

JFMS Open Rep 2017 Jan-Jun;3(1):2055116916686427. Epub 2017 Jan 1.

The Cat Clinic, Mt Gravatt, Australia.

Case Summary: An 18-month-old, female spayed, Australian Mist cat presented with a 24 h history of muscle tremors and inappetence progressing to collapse with generalised muscle fasciculations. The cat was diagnosed with a hypochloraemic metabolic alkalosis due to a duodenal foreign body found to be a trichobezoar at coeliotomy. The cat made a complete recovery after enterotomy to remove the trichobezoar, with cessation of neuromuscular clinical signs and normalisation of its electrolyte and acid-base imbalances. Read More

Zhonghua Er Ke Za Zhi 2017 May;55(5):334-337

Intensive Care Unit, the Children's Hospital, Chongqing Medical University; Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Child Development and Disorders; Key Laboratory of Pediatrics in Chongqing; Chongqing International Science and Technology Cooperation Center for Child Development and Disorders, Chongqing 400014, China.

Objective: To investigate the application of regional citrate anticoagulation with calcium hemofiltration basic solution in continuous hemofiltration in children. Method: The clinical data of 18 patients with citrate anticoagulation in continuous hemofiltration in children, excluding the hepatic failure and septic shock cases, were analyzed retrospectively, from September 2015 to August 2016 in Intensive Care Unit of the Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University.The commercial calcium hemofiltration basic solution was used as displacement liquid . Read More

Case Rep Crit Care 2017 29;2017:6835471. Epub 2017 Mar 29.

Department of Emergency Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada.

Salicylates are common substances for deliberate self-harm. Acute salicylate toxicity is classically associated with an initial respiratory alkalosis, followed by an anion gap metabolic acidosis. The respiratory alkalosis is achieved through hyperventilation, driven by direct stimulation on the respiratory centers in the medulla and considered as a compensatory mechanism to avoid acidemia. Read More

Med Sci Sports Exerc 2017 Sep;49(9):1899-1910

1Sports Science Research Group, Department of Physical Education and Sports Science, CAV, Federal University of Pernambuco, Recife, BRAZIL; 2Endurance Performance Research Group (GEDAE-USP), School of Physical Education and Sport, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, BRAZIL; 3Institute of Sport, Exercise and Active Living, College of Sport and Exercise Science, Victoria University, Victoria, AUSTRALIA; 4School of Medical and Health Sciences, Edith Cowan University, Joondalup, AUSTRALIA; and 5Human Performance Research Group, Academic Department of Physical Education, Technological Federal University of Parana, Curitiba, Parana, BRAZIL.

Purpose: This study aimed to determine the effect of preexercise metabolic acidosis and alkalosis on power output (PO) and aerobic and anaerobic energy expenditure during a 4-km cycling time trial (TT).

Methods: Eleven recreationally trained cyclists (V˙O2peak 54.1 ± 9. Read More

Kidney Res Clin Pract 2017 Mar 31;36(1):95-99. Epub 2017 Mar 31.

Department of Internal Medicine, Konyang University College of Medicine, Daejeon, Korea.

Gitelman syndrome is characterized by hypokalemia, metabolic alkalosis, hypocalciuria, and hypomagnesemia. The clinical course of Gitelman syndrome in pregnant women remains unclear, but it is thought to be benign. We report here the first Korean case of atypical eclampsia in a 31-year-old who was diagnosed with Gitelman syndrome incidentally during an antenatal screening test. Read More

Med Hypotheses 2017 Apr 1;101:23-27. Epub 2017 Feb 1.

The Children's Memorial Health Institute, Department of Pediatrics, Nutrition and Metabolic Diseases, Aleja Dzieci Polskich 20, 04-730 Warsaw, Poland. Electronic address:

Leigh syndrome (LS) is a neurogenetic disorder of children caused by mutations in at least 75 genes which impair mitochondrial bioenergetics. The changes have typical localization in basal ganglia and brainstem, and typical histological picture of spongiform appearance, vascular proliferation and gliosis. ATP deprivation, free radicals and lactate accumulation are suspected to be the causes. Read More

Semin Fetal Neonatal Med 2017 Aug 23;22(4):220-226. Epub 2017 Mar 23.

Departments of Pediatrics and Obstetrics, Gynecology and Women's Health, Albert Einstein College of Medicine and the Children's Hospital at Montefiore, Bronx, NY, USA. Electronic address:

Failure of the normal circulatory adaptation to extrauterine life results in persistent pulmonary hypertension of the newborn (PPHN). Although this condition is most often secondary to parenchymal lung disease or lung hypoplasia, it may also be idiopathic. PPHN is characterized by elevated pulmonary vascular resistance with resultant right-to-left shunting of blood and hypoxemia. Read More

Nefrologia 2017 Jul - Aug;37(4):423-428. Epub 2017 Mar 18.

Hôpital Européen Georges Pompidou, France.

Background: Gitelman's syndrome (GS) is an autosomal recessive disorder caused by mutations in the SLC12A3 gene. GS is characterized by hypokalaemic metabolic alkalosis, hypomagnesemia and hypocalciuria. Most of the reported patients of Roma ancestry are homozygous for an SLC12A3 intron 9 frameshifting mutation (c. Read More

J Coll Physicians Surg Pak 2017 Mar;27(3):S30-S32

Department of Chemical Pathology and Endocrinology, Armed Forces Institute of Pathology, Rawalpindi.

Gitelman syndrome (GS) is the most frequently inherited renal salt-wasting tubulointerstitial disease. It follows variable but usually asymptomatic benign course. We present a rare case of GS that remained clinical enigma. Read More

Ther Apher Dial 2017 Apr 13;21(2):157-165. Epub 2017 Mar 13.

The Regional Center of Excellence for Transplantation & Kidney Care at Erie County Medical Center, Buffalo, New York.

Fresenius Medical Care's NaturaLyte dialysate has been associated with increased risk of sudden cardiac death by causing metabolic alkalosis from its acetate content based on retrospective data using pre-dialysis bicarbonate levels only. The study objective was to measure inter/intra-dialytic changes in serum bicarbonate and degree of alkalosis conferred by varying concentrations of NaturaLyte bicarbonate dialysate. Thirty-nine hemodialysis patients were divided into four groups based on prescribed bicarbonate dialysate concentrations; Group 1 (N = 9): 30-32 mEq/L, Group 2 (N = 5): 33-34 mEq/L, Group 3 (N = 10): 35-36 mEq/L, Group 4 (N = 15): 37-40 mEq/L. Read More

Clin Exp Nephrol 2017 Mar 13. Epub 2017 Mar 13.

Division of Nephrology and Rheumatology, Department of Internal Medicine, Aichi Medical University School of Medicine, Nagakute, Japan.

Background: The Stewart model for analyzing acid-base disturbances emphasizes serum albumin levels, which are ignored in the traditional Boston model. We compared data derived using the Stewart model to those using the Boston model in patients with nephrotic syndrome.

Methods: Twenty-nine patients with nephrotic syndrome and six patients without urinary protein or acid-base disturbances provided blood and urine samples for analysis that included routine biochemical and arterial blood gas tests, plasma renin activity, and aldosterone. Read More

PLoS One 2017 13;12(3):e0173581. Epub 2017 Mar 13.

Pediatric Nephrology, Vall d'Hebron University Hospital, Universitat Autonoma, Barcelona, Spain.

Introduction: Type III Bartter syndrome (BS) is an autosomal recessive renal tubule disorder caused by loss-of-function mutations in the CLCNKB gene, which encodes the chloride channel protein ClC-Kb. In this study, we carried out a complete clinical and genetic characterization in a cohort of 30 patients, one of the largest series described. By comparing with other published populations, and considering that 80% of our patients presented the p. Read More

Pulm Pharmacol Ther 2017 Jun 7;44:30-37. Epub 2017 Mar 7.

Intensive Care Department, Hospital Sant Joan de Reus, Av. del Dr Josep Laporte, 2, 43204 Reus, Spain. Electronic address:

Background: Metabolic alkalosis (MA) inhibits respiratory drive and may delay weaning from mechanical ventilation (MV). MA is common in CO2-retainer patients that need MV. Acetazolamide (ACTZ) decreases serum bicarbonate concentration and stimulates respiratory drive. Read More