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Cureus 2021 May 16;13(5):e15052. Epub 2021 May 16.

Department of Ear, Nose and Throat - Head and Neck Surgery, Kathmandu Medical College Teaching Hospital, Kathmandu, NPL.

Introduction Acute mastoiditis (AM) is a common intra-temporal complication of acute otitis media (AOM) and is more commonly seen in children. Occasionally, it presents as the first sign of ear disease. This study aimed to evaluate the clinical course of AM and determine therapeutic options for pediatric patients presenting with AM. Read More

Turk Arch Pediatr 2021 1;56(3):236-244. Epub 2021 May 1.

Department of Child Health and Diseases, Department of Child Neurology, Ege University School of Medicine, İzmir, Turkey.

Objective: The study aimed to evaluate the patients with a diagnosis of cerebral sinovenous thrombosis in terms of clinical findings, etiology and underlying risk factors, imaging findings, treatment, and prognosis in the long term.

Materials And Methods: Medical records of 19 patients whose ages ranged between 0 days and 17 years with clinical and radiological cerebral sinovenous thrombosis in Ege University Department of Child Neurology were retrospectively evaluated.

Results: Nine of nineteen cases were female (47. Read More

Pediatr Infect Dis J 2021 Jul;40(7):612-616

From the Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel.

Background: Group A Streptococcus can cause serious and sometimes life-threatening disease in children. The past few years have witnessed a rise in invasive group A Streptococcus infection (iGASi) for unclear reasons. This study attempted to describe the epidemiology, the clinical and demographic characteristics and the outcomes associated with iGASi in hospitalized children in central Israel. Read More

Surg Neurol Int 2021 26;12:188. Epub 2021 Apr 26.

Department of Neurosurgery, AZ Klina, Brasschaat, Belgium.

Background: Brain abscess usually occurs secondary to trauma, through contiguous spread (e.g.; dental infections, [paranasal] sinusitis, otitis, and mastoiditis), after intracranial neurosurgical procedures, or through hematogenous spread in case of an arteriovenous (AV) shunt, for example; atrial septum defect. Read More

Int J Surg Case Rep 2021 May 26;83:106029. Epub 2021 May 26.

Department of Otorhinolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Padjadjaran - Dr. Hasan Sadikin General Hospital, Bandung, Indonesia.

Background: Tuberculosis of the ear and temporal bone is an extremely rare case.

Methods: This case series was reported using the 2020 PROCESS Guideline. The design of this study used a retrospective study during the 2017-2019 period. Read More

NASN Sch Nurse 2021 Jun 1:1942602X211019109. Epub 2021 Jun 1.

Professor, Departments of Emergency Medicine and Pediatrics, Penn State College of Medicine, Attending Pediatric Emergency Medicine physician, Penn State Hershey Medical Center, Hershey, PA.

School nurses may deal with various common infectious eye, ear, nose, and throat-related chief complaints in regular practice. Recognizing the signs and symptoms of severe infection is paramount to preventing life-threatening complications that can have both acute and long-term implications. Distinguishing urgent and emergent eye, ear, nose, and throat conditions to send to the emergency department is integral to reducing the morbidity associated with these conditions. Read More

J Pediatric Infect Dis Soc 2021 May 26. Epub 2021 May 26.

Department of Pediatrics, Division of Infectious Diseases, Le Bonheur Children's Hospital, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, Tennessee, USA.

Although Fusobacterium necrophorum is well described as an emerging pathogen of acute mastoiditis in young children, infection with other anaerobes can lead to similar severe sequelae including intracranial and extracranial suppurative thrombophlebitis and sepsis. We describe a patient whose unremarkable exposure history assumed increased significance upon obtaining the results of 16S next generation sequencing from a surgical specimen. The novel pathogen Bacteroides pyogenes is reviewed herein. Read More

Med J Malaysia 2021 May;76(3):438-440

Universiti Putra Malaysia, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Department of Paediatrics, Malaysia.

Venous thrombosis is a potentially life-threatening condition with varied aetiology. First described in 1912 as a complication of peritonsillar abscess, internal jugular vein (IJV) thrombosis is a rare entity in children with very few cases reported until now. Among the leading causes of this condition are prolonged use of IJV for venous access and central venous catheterisation, acute mastoiditis and Lemierre's syndrome. Read More

Case Rep Infect Dis 2021 13;2021:8845200. Epub 2021 Mar 13.

Ataşehir Memorial Hospital, Clinic of Pediatrics, Istanbul, Turkey.

Implementation of the type B (Hib) conjugate vaccine brought about a reduction in the number of cases and morbidity from type B but an increase in nontypeable strain infections. Nontypeable (NTHi) commonly colonizes children's upper respiratory tract and causes otitis media, sinusitis, and bronchitis. Invasive NTHi diseases, such as meningitis and septicemia, have rarely been reported. Read More

BMJ Case Rep 2021 Apr 27;14(4). Epub 2021 Apr 27.

Neurology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA.

The authors report a case of fungal otitis media complicated by extension of the infection into adjacent structures causing apical petrositis and subsequently involvement of the jugular foramen in a 71-year-old diabetic man. First described in 1907, Gradenigo's syndrome is a serious but rare clinical triad of acute otitis media, unilateral pain in the distribution of cranial nerve V (trigeminal) and ipsilateral cranial nerve VI (abducens) palsy that commonly presents without all three features and is therefore often missed. In this report, our patient was initially misdiagnosed as having a diabetic cranial neuropathy, and later he developed Vernet's syndrome. Read More

Int J Pediatr Otorhinolaryngol 2021 Jun 16;145:110714. Epub 2021 Apr 16.

Otorhinolaryngology Department. Niño Jesus University Children's Hospital, Madrid, Spain.

Background: Preliminary evidence suggests that children are just as likely to become infected with SARS-CoV-2 as adults but are less prone to developing severe clinical conditions. However, there are pediatric inflammatory conditions that have also been encountered. The aim of this report is to determine whether there is a relationship between COVID-19 and severe infections in the ear, nose, throat, and deep cervical area (ENT) in pediatric populations. Read More

Eur Arch Otorhinolaryngol 2021 Apr 21. Epub 2021 Apr 21.

Otolaryngology Unit, Department of Surgery, Azienda USL-IRCCS di Reggio Emilia, Reggio Emilia, Italy.

Purpose: The aim of this study is to provide a systematic review of the literature about the etiology, clinical and radiological presentation, surgical management, and outcomes of pneumolabyrinth (PNL).

Methods: A systematic review of the literature was performed including studies published up to September 2020 in electronic databases (PubMed/MEDLINE, EMBASE, Cochrane Library, and Scopus). The PRISMA standard was applied to identify English, Italian, or French-language studies mentioning PNL. Read More

Laryngoscope 2021 Apr 21. Epub 2021 Apr 21.

Department of ENT, Gloucestershire Royal Hospital, Gloucestershire Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Gloucester, UK.

Objectives/hypothesis: The increasing use of cross-sectional imaging has led to the predicament of incidental mastoid opacification (IMO). We investigated the prevalence of IMO and the clinical need for ENT assessment or intervention when identified.

Study Design: Systematic review and meta-analysis. Read More

Ear Nose Throat J 2021 Apr 18:1455613211006001. Epub 2021 Apr 18.

Carle Illinois College of Medicine, Champaign, IL, USA.

The aim of this report is to document a very rare case of mastoiditis with extension into the retromastoid soft tissue and surrounding muscle. is a dimorphic fungus of endemic areas which classically infiltrates the lungs; however, dissemination presenting as otomastoiditis is exceedingly rare. The patient was an immunocompetent 27-year-old male with no significant preexisting health conditions. Read More

Rheuma Plus 2021 Apr 8:1-3. Epub 2021 Apr 8.

Klinische Abteilung für Innere Medizin II, Rheumatologie, Universitätsklinikum St. Pölten, Dunant-Platz 1, 3100 Sankt Pölten, Österreich.

A 30-year-old woman presented with remitting upper airway infections. Over time she developed mastoiditis resistant to antibiotics, arthritis of her ankle as well as multilocular arthralgias and a livid discoloration of her fingertips. A computed tomography (CT) scan of her chest revealed a cavernous process and c‑ANCA (Anti Neutrophilen Cytoplasmatic Antibody) positivity led to the diagnosis granulomatosis with polyangiitis (formerly called Wegener's). Read More

Front Immunol 2021 23;12:620709. Epub 2021 Mar 23.

Department of Tranzo, Tilburg University, Tilburg, Netherlands.

Background: Diagnostic delay in common variable immunodeficiency disorders (CVID) is considerable. There is no generally accepted symptom-recognition framework for its early detection.

Objective: To systematically review all existing data on the clinical presentation of CVID. Read More

Ear Nose Throat J 2021 Apr 8:1455613211009150. Epub 2021 Apr 8.

Department of Otolaryngology, 220929Juntendo University, Tokyo, Japan.

This report aimed to introduce a very rare presentation of congenital aural fistula and its treatment. A 13-year-old girl presented with a mass on the right temporal region with protrusion of the helix. She noticed a mass a month previously, and the mass gradually swelled with pain. Read More

J Neuroophthalmol 2021 Apr 1. Epub 2021 Apr 1.

Departments of Ophthalmology and Visual Neurosciences (VS, MSL, CMM) and Radiology (MG), University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota.

Abstract: A 65-year-old man with end-stage renal disease on peritoneal dialysis was admitted for new onset binocular double vision, failure to thrive, and debilitating right-sided headaches. Medical history was significant for tympanomastoidectomy for polymicrobial mastoiditis and treatment with IV antibiotics. MRI brain without contrast was read by radiology initially as showing expected postsurgical changes; however, given patient's history of mastoiditis infection, there was a high clinical suspicion for Gradenigo syndrome. Read More

J Neurol Surg B Skull Base 2021 Apr 5;82(2):233-243. Epub 2020 Oct 5.

Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, United States.

 The role of anticoagulation (AC) in the management of otogenic cerebral venous sinus thrombosis (OCVST) remains controversial. Our study aims to better define when AC is used in OCVST.  MEDLINE, EMBASE, and The Cochrane Library were searched from inception to February 14, 2019 for English and English-translated articles. Read More

Arch Argent Pediatr 2021 04;119(2):e153-e157

División de Otorrinolaringología, Hospital General de Niños Pedro de Elizalde, Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires, Argentina.

Actinomycosis is an infection caused by a Gram-positive, filamentous anaerobic bacillus. Mainly belonging to the human commensal flora of the oropharynx, it normally colonizes the human digestive and genital tracts and the bronchial tree. It is slightly frequent in the temporal bone. Read More

Antibiotics (Basel) 2021 Feb 18;10(2). Epub 2021 Feb 18.

Julius Center for Health Sciences and Primary Care, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, Heidelberglaan 100, 3584 CX Utrecht, The Netherlands.

In 2020, the COVID-19 pandemic brought dramatic changes in the delivery of primary health care across the world, presumably changing the number of consultations for infectious diseases and antibiotic use. We aimed to assess the impact of the pandemic on infections and antibiotic prescribing in Dutch primary care. All patients included in the routine health care database of the Julius General Practitioners' Network were followed from March through May 2019 ( = 389,708) and March through May 2020 ( = 405,688). Read More

Cureus 2021 Jan 25;13(1):e12905. Epub 2021 Jan 25.

Otolaryngology - Head and Neck Surgery, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia Medical Centre, Kuala Lumpur, MYS.

Acute mastoiditis in a newborn complicated by the presence of facial nerve palsy is an alarming finding requiring rapid assessment and further investigation. Such an early presentation should point the clinician towards an underlying systemic pathology or congenital anatomical abnormality. Facial nerve involvement indicates severe infection and possible dehiscence of the facial canal. Read More

Undersea Hyperb Med 2021 First Quarter;48(1):97-102

Departments of Anesthesiology and Medicine, Center for Hyperbaric Medicine and Environmental Physiology, Duke University, North Carolina U.S.

The term "intracranial abscess" (ICA) includes cerebral abscess, subdural empyema, and epidural empyema, which share many diagnostic and therapeutic similarities and, frequently, very similar etiologies. Infection may occur and spread from a contiguous infection such as sinusitis, otitis, mastoiditis, or dental infection; hematogenous seeding; or cranial trauma. In view of the high morbidity and mortality of ICA and the fact that hyperbaric oxygen therapy (HBO2) is relatively non-invasive and carries a low complication rate, the risk-benefit ratio favors adjunct use of HBO2 therapy in selected patients with intracranial abscess. Read More

Isr Med Assoc J 2021 Feb;23(2):99-106

Pediatric Hematology Unit, Emek Medical Center, Afula, Israel.

Background: Otogenic cerebral sinus vein thrombosis (CSVT) is a rare but severe complication of otitis media in children. To date, the role of prothrombotic evaluation is still controversial.

Objectives: To report the clinical manifestations, prothrombotic evaluation, and current management of CSVT. Read More

Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 2021 Feb 16:194599821989633. Epub 2021 Feb 16.

Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Jacobs School of Medicine & Biomedical Sciences at the University at Buffalo, Buffalo, New York, USA.

Objective: A small proportion of children with otitis media develop acute mastoiditis, which has the potential to spread intracranially and result in significant morbidity and mortality. The aim of this study was to evaluate the incidence and management of complications related to pediatric acute mastoiditis using a national database.

Study Design: Retrospective review of 2016 Kids' Inpatient Database, part of the Healthcare Cost and Utilization Project. Read More

BMJ Case Rep 2021 Feb 9;14(2). Epub 2021 Feb 9.

Division of Neurology, Department of Pediatrics, University of Ottawa Faculty of Medicine, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada.

Cerebral vasculitis is a serious complication of bacterial meningitis that can cause significant morbidity and mortality due to stroke. Currently, there are no treatment guidelines or safety and efficacy studies on the management of cerebral vasculitis in this context. Herein, we report a case of a previously well 11-year-old girl who presented with acute otitis media that progressed to mastoiditis and fulminant meningitis. Read More

J Community Hosp Intern Med Perspect 2021 Jan 26;11(1):96-98. Epub 2021 Jan 26.

Tower Health System, Reading Hospital, Reading, PA, USA.

Purulent pericarditis is a rare bacterial illness in the post-antibiotic era that is defined as pericardial infection with gross or microscopic purulence in the pericardium. Common causes include nosocomial bloodstream infections, direct spread through thoracic surgery, or immunosuppression. We present a case of a 66-year-old male with a history of mantle cell lymphoma status post chemotherapy, completed about 4 years before presentation, in general, good health presented with acute typical chest pain associated with dyspnea on exertion. Read More

J Neuroinflammation 2021 Feb 2;18(1):39. Epub 2021 Feb 2.

Institute of Neuropathology, University Medical Center, Georg August University Göttingen, Robert-Koch-Straße 40, D-37075, Göttingen, Germany.

Background: Bacterial meningitis is a fatal disease with a mortality up to 30% and neurological sequelae in one fourth of survivors. Available vaccines do not fully protect against this lethal disease. Here, we report the protective effect of synthetic oligodeoxynucleotides containing unmethylated cytosine-guanine motifs (CpG ODN) against the most frequent form of bacterial meningitis caused by Streptococcus pneumoniae. Read More

Otol Neurotol 2021 06;42(5):733-739

Department of Head and Neck Surgery, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, California.

Objective: To describe demographics and to analyze temporal trends in the inpatient management of acute mastoiditis admissions.

Study Design: Cross-sectional analysis.

Setting: National Inpatient Sample, 2002-2014. Read More

Vestn Otorinolaringol 2020 ;85(6):90-99

Moscow Regional Research and Clinical Institute (MONIKI), Moskow, Russia.

Acute tonsillopharyngitis is one of the most frequent reasons for visiting a doctor and prescribing inappropriate antibiotic therapy (ABT). There are several reasons for this - from the difficulties of etiological diagnosis and the development of relapses and possible severe complications to the personal attitude of doctors and patients to the choice of treatment. At the same time, the issue of antibiotic resistance and other aspects associated with the prescription of ABT is one of the most important problems of modern healthcare worldwide. Read More