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Anaerobe 2019 Feb 14. Epub 2019 Feb 14.

Marmara University, School of Medicine, Department of Microbiology, Istanbul, Turkey.

We have reported a case of mastoiditis which progressed to meningitis in a 16-year old male patient. CSF (cerebrospinal fluid) anaerobic culture revealed four species of isolated anaerobic bacteria. This is the first case in the literature in which a patient survived childhood polymicrobial anaerobic meningitis diagnosed by MALDI-TOF MS (Matrix Assisted Laser Desorption Ionization - Time of Flight Mass Spectrometry) . Read More

Acta Otorhinolaryngol Ital 2019 Jan 31. Epub 2019 Jan 31.

Otorhinolaryngology and Otoneurosurgery Department, University Hospital of Parma, Italy.

The association between external auditory canal osteoma and external auditory canal cholesteatoma is rare, with only a few reports in the current literature. Intracranial complications are very rare in the external auditory canal cholesteatoma, especially with direct propagation through the internal auditory canal. A case of 27-year-old male presenting with external auditory canal osteoma with secondary external auditory canal cholesteatoma is described. Read More

Orv Hetil 2019 Jan;160(4):151-157

Klinikai Központ, Fül-Orr-Gégészeti és Fej-Nyaksebészeti Klinika, Pécsi Tudományegyetem, Általános Orvostudományi Kar Pécs, Munkácsy M. u. 2., 7621.

Wegener's granulomatosis - or, in other words, granulomatosis with polyangiitis - is an anti-neutrophil cytoplasmic antibody associated granuloma forming vasculitis, mainly affecting the respiratory tract and the renal system. Otologic manifestations of Wegener's disease can be otitis media with effusion or chronic silent mastoiditis with conductive hearing loss, but sensorineural hearing loss can also evolve. The diagnosis is based on the clinical appearance as well as the immunoserological and histopathological results. Read More

Rev Med Suisse 2019 Jan;15(N° 632-633):78-81

Service d'ORL et de chirurgie cervico-faciale, HUG, 1211 Genève 14.

The articles have been again selected among more than 15 000 abstracts and the review aims to be generalist. Interest of honey in head and neck pathologies, apnea syndrome, tonsillectomy and immunotherapy. In otology, middle ear infections and mastoiditis, cochlear implant in the elderly, deafness in children, auto-evaluation of audition and new perspectives regarding ciliar cell cultures. Read More

Clin Case Rep 2019 Jan 4;7(1):186-188. Epub 2018 Dec 4.

Pediatric resident PGY-2 Dayton Children's Hospital Dayton Ohio.

Otogenic cerebral sinovenous thrombosis (CSVT) is a rare complication of otitis media and associated with significant morbidity and mortality. Classic clinical signs of mastoiditis (pain, swelling, and erythema posterior to the pinna) are not always present at presentation. Treatment of otogenic CSVT consists of conservative surgery, antibiotics, and anticoagulation. Read More

BMC Infect Dis 2018 Dec 20;18(1):686. Epub 2018 Dec 20.

Semmelweis University, Institute of Medical Microbiology, Budapest, Hungary.

Background: Central nervous system (CNS) infections caused by Actinomyces spp. including brain abscess, actinomycoma, subdural empyema and epidural abscess are well described, however reports of Actinomyces-associated meningitis are scarcely reported.

Case Report: We present the case of a 43-year-old Hungarian male patient with poor socioeconomic status who developed acute bacterial meningitis caused by Actinomyces turicensis originating from the left side mastoiditis. Read More

Laryngoscope 2018 Dec 20. Epub 2018 Dec 20.

Department of Otolaryngology/Facial Plastic Surgery, Beaumont Health System, Farmington Hills, Michigan, U.S.A.

Objectives/hypothesis: To investigate whether radiologist-produced imaging reports containing the terms mastoiditis or mastoid opacification clinically correlate with physical examination findings of mastoiditis. Additionally, to investigate whether and how often otolaryngology was unnecessarily consulted and inappropriate antibiotic therapy was initiated.

Study Design: Retrospective chart review within a large community hospital setting. Read More

Iran J Otorhinolaryngol 2018 Nov;30(101):361-364

Department of Otorhinolaryngology, University Putra Malaysia (UPM), Selangor, Malaysia.

Introduction: Metastatic tumors of the temporal bone are extremely rare. Collet-Sicard syndrome is an uncommon condition characterized by unilateral palsy of the lower four cranial nerves. The clinical features of temporal bone metastasis are nonspecific and mimic infections such as chronic otitis media and mastoiditis. Read More

Int J Pediatr Otorhinolaryngol 2019 Jan 23;116:210. Epub 2018 Oct 23.

Paparella Ear, Head & Neck Institute, 701 25th Ave. S. Suite 200, Minneapolis, MN, 55454, USA.

Int J Pediatr Otorhinolaryngol 2019 Jan 22;116:209. Epub 2018 Oct 22.

Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Jan Kochanowski University, Kielce, Poland; Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Regional Hospital, Kielce, Poland. Electronic address:

J Pediatric Infect Dis Soc 2018 Nov 21. Epub 2018 Nov 21.

Respiratory Diseases Branch, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia.

Background: Few data on intracranial group A Streptococcus (GAS) infection in children are available. Here, we describe the demographic, clinical, and diagnostic characteristics of 91 children with intracranial GAS infection.

Methods: Cases of intracranial GAS infection in persons ≤18 years of age reported between 1997 and 2014 were identified by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention's population- and laboratory-based Active Bacterial Core surveillance (ABCs) system. Read More

Eur Arch Otorhinolaryngol 2018 Nov 12. Epub 2018 Nov 12.

Department of Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology, Evangelisches Krankenhaus Göttingen-Weende, An der Lutter 24, 37074, Göttingen, Germany.

Incidental findings are common on patients undergoing magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) of the brain. Fluid signal in the mastoid can be such an incidental finding on MRI of the brain. In only a small number of patients, this relates to inflammatory disease of the middle ear or mastoid. Read More

Case Rep Otolaryngol 2018 17;2018:7639784. Epub 2018 Oct 17.

Department of ENT, Zain and Al Sabah Hospitals, Kuwait City, Kuwait.

Lymphoma originating from the middle ear is rare. The diagnosis of lymphoma as with other cancers of the temporal bone is often made late, and this has a negative implication on the treatment and prognosis of the condition. The delay of diagnosis is mainly due to the similar presentation shared with other benign conditions of the middle ear. Read More

Scand J Rheumatol 2018 Nov 5:1-7. Epub 2018 Nov 5.

a Department of Nephrology and Rheumatology , Gunma University Graduate School of Medicine , Gunma , Japan.

Objective: We aimed to describe the clinical characteristics and treatment course of hypertrophic pachymeningitis (HPM) in patients with antineutrophil cytoplasmic antibody (ANCA)-associated vasculitis (AAV).

Methods: We retrospectively analysed 15 patients (11 men and four women). HPM was diagnosed based on thickening and enhancing of the brain and/or spinal dura mater on gadolinium-enhanced magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) T1 sequence. Read More

J Laryngol Otol 2018 Nov 5;132(11):1010-1012. Epub 2018 Nov 5.

Otolaryngology Department,Southend University Hospital NHS Foundation Trust,Westcliff-on-Sea,UK.

Objectives: To determine: (1) the incidence of incidental 'mastoiditis' reported on magnetic resonance imaging scans performed in patients with asymmetrical sensorineural hearing loss and/or unilateral tinnitus; (2) how many of those patients have actual otological pathology and/or require treatment; and (3) the financial implications of such a reporting practice.

Method: Retrospective case series.

Results: Between October 2015 and November 2016, 500 patients underwent magnetic resonance imaging of the internal auditory meatus to rule out cerebellopontine angle lesions. Read More

Am J Med 2019 Feb 25;132(2):e39-e40. Epub 2018 Oct 25.

Department of Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, MedStar Georgetown University Hospital, Washington, DC.

Med Clin North Am 2018 Nov 20;102(6):1109-1120. Epub 2018 Sep 20.

Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, University of California, San Francisco, 2233 Post Street, 3rd floor, San Francisco, CA 94115, USA.

Infections of the head and neck are common and appropriately managed by primary care providers in most cases. However, some infections are associated with significant morbidity and require urgent recognition and management by specialty services. These include deep neck space infections originating in the oral cavity, pharynx, and salivary glands, as well as complicated otologic and sinonasal infection. Read More

Ann R Coll Surg Engl 2019 Jan 16;101(1):e23-e25. Epub 2018 Oct 16.

Royal Devon and Exeter NHS Foundation Trust , UK.

We describe a rare case of cervical necrotising fasciitis caused by mastoiditis and Bezold's abscess. This case was complicated by a tracheostomy delaying wound healing. A novel strategy to repair the tracheotomy defect using Permacol™, an acellular porcine dermal substitute, and a local muscle flap not previously reported in the literature is described to allow the use of negative pressure wound therapy dressing. Read More

Br J Neurosurg 2018 Oct 8:1-5. Epub 2018 Oct 8.

d Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery , University of Bonn , Bonn , Germany.

Objective: Sarcoidosis is a multisystemic granulomatous disease of unknown cause which affects the lung or bilateral hilar lymphadenopathy in over 90% of the cases. Neurosarcoidosis (NS) is rare and accounts for approximately 5 - 15% of the cases. Involvement of all parts of the central and peripheral nervous system is possible with various clinical symptoms, e. Read More

Laryngoscope 2019 Mar 4;129(3):754-760. Epub 2018 Oct 4.

Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio.

Objective: There is no standard of care for treatment of pediatric acute mastoiditis (PAM). We systematically reviewed the English literature to evaluate the efficacy of PAM treatment options.

Methods: PubMed, Embase, MEDLINE, Cumulative Index to Nursing and Allied Health Literature, and the Cochrane Library were searched from inception to January 2016, along with manual bibliography searches, for studies describing surgical or medical therapy. Read More

J Cancer Res Ther 2018 Jul-Sep;14(5):1152-1153

Department of Neurology, Medeniyet University, Medical Faculty, Istanbul, Turkey.

The early diagnosis of very rare nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC) is so difficult, to surrounded by structures such as the orbital skull base. With the invasion of the disease, the symptoms are manifested in different ways so that it may be confusion and delay in diagnosis and treatment in this situation. Including otological symptoms (serous otitis media), Gradenigo's syndrome is a rare clinical condition. Read More

Pan Afr Med J 2018;30:34. Epub 2018 May 16.

Prosper-Hospital, Department of Oto-rhino-laryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Recklinghausen, Germany.

Pediatr Neurosurg 2018 24;53(5):317-321. Epub 2018 Aug 24.

Department of Neurosurgery, Children's Minnesota, St. Paul, Minnesota, USA.

Background: Rhabdomyosarcoma originating in the mastoid is rare and may be misdiagnosed as an infectious mastoiditis due to overlapping clinical and imaging features. We aimed to identify distinguishing characteristics to facilitate earlier diagnosis and treatment.

Method: Here we describe a case report and a systematic review of 23 reports describing previous cases of mastoid rhabdomyosarcoma. Read More

Otol Neurotol 2018 Sep;39(8):1005-1011

Department of Otolaryngology, Massachusetts Eye and Ear, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts.

Objective: Complications due to acute otitis media (AOM), while rare, are associated with significant morbidity and are not well characterized from an epidemiological perspective. We analyze the pattern of presentation and emergency department (ED) utilization in patients with AOM and associated complications.

Study Design: Retrospective analysis of the Nationwide Emergency Department Sample (NEDS) from 2009 to 2011. Read More

Acta Neurochir (Wien) 2018 Oct 1;160(10):2055-2062. Epub 2018 Aug 1.

Neurosurgical Department, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technische Universität München, Ismaninger Str. 22, 81675, Munich, Germany.

Background: Due to improved diagnostic methods, the incidence of brain abscess is still rising. Therefore, clear and evidence-based therapy for the patients who suffer from brain abscesses is necessary. Brain abscesses are potentially life-threatening conditions that possibly lead to permanent injuries even after sufficient healing has taken place. Read More

Braz J Otorhinolaryngol 2018 Jul 17. Epub 2018 Jul 17.

Nicolaus Copernicus University Hospital of Bydgoszcz, Department of Health Sciences, Department of Phoniatrics and Audiology, Bydgoszcz, Poland.

Introduction: Acute mastoiditis remains the most common complication of acute otitis media. It may rarely appear also in cochlear implant patients. However, the treatment recommendations for this disease are not precisely defined or employed, and in the current literature the differences regarding both the diagnosis and management are relatively substantial. Read More

Laryngorhinootologie 2018 Jul 9;97(7):497-508. Epub 2018 Jul 9.

A number of diseases of the middle ear are summed up under the term otitis media: acute otitis media, recurrent acute otitis media, otitis media with effusion, chronic suppurative otitis media and chronic otitis media epitympanalis (= cholesteatoma). Acute otitis media belongs to the most common pediatric diseases and is often caused by bacterial infection. Since the advent of pneumococcal vaccines the quantity of AOM caused by pneumococci has declined; vaccination against NTHi and Moraxella catarrhalis are being developed. Read More

Int J Pediatr Otorhinolaryngol 2018 Aug 6;111:142-148. Epub 2018 Jun 6.

Paparella Ear, Head & Neck Institute, 701 25th Ave. S. Suite 200, Minneapolis, MN, 55454, United States.

Objectives: Recurrent acute mastoiditis is repeatedly reported in the literature, but data to understand the pathogenesis, update treatment recommendations and inform future trials are sparse due to the infrequency of the disease.

Methods: A retrospective chart review from 2001 to 2016 was conducted including 73 children treated for acute mastoiditis. A follow-up survey was attempted for each patient. Read More

Eur Arch Otorhinolaryngol 2018 Aug 8;275(8):1971-1977. Epub 2018 Jun 8.

Audiology and Otosurgery Unit, Department of Surgery, Cochlear Implant Referral Center, "Bambino Gesù" Pediatric Hospital, Piazza Sant'Onofrio, 4, 00165, Rome, Italy.

Purpose: To describe the prevalent clinical, laboratory, and radiological features of otogenic lateral sinus thrombosis (OLST) in children; to identify clinical predictors of outcome; to propose a management algorithm derived from experience.

Methods: A retrospective review was conducted of the clinical records of patients with OLST, treated in a single tertiary care referral center for pediatric disease from 2006 to 2017. The inclusion criteria were pediatric age (0-16 years) and OLST diagnosis confirmed by a pre- and post-contrast CT or venography-MRI scan. Read More

Ital J Pediatr 2018 Jun 18;44(1):71. Epub 2018 Jun 18.

Pediatric Emergency Unit, Azienda Ospedaliera - Universitaria di Bologna, Policlinico Sant'Orsola - Malpighi, via Massarenti 10, 40100, Bologna, Italy.

Background: Acute mastoiditis is the main suppurative complication of acute otitis media. Its incidence ranges from 1.2 to 4. Read More

Case Rep Otolaryngol 2018 20;2018:8702532. Epub 2018 Mar 20.

Anesthesiology/Reanimation Clinic, University Clinical Center of Kosova, Prishtina, Kosovo.

Bezold's abscess is a very rare extracranial complication of acute mastoiditis. Lateral sinus thrombosis is another intracranial complication of acute mastoiditis that can occur, but there are only few reports of concomitant ispilateral Bezold's abscess and lateral sinus thrombosis with favorable outcome. We diagnosed and treated successfully a 14-year-old girl suffering from acute mastoiditis complicated with Bezold's abscess and lateral sinus thrombosis. Read More

Pediatr Infect Dis J 2018 Oct;37(10):1048-1053

The Faculty of Health Sciences, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva, Israel.

Background: The introduction of the pneumococcal conjugated vaccines (PCVs) resulted in a substantial reduction of invasive pneumococcal disease (IPD) rates. However, impact on nonsevere IPD (mostly occult bacteremia) has not yet been fully elucidated. We assessed severe and nonsevere IPD (SIPD and NSIPD, respectively) rate dynamics in children < 5 years in Israel before and after PCV7/PCV13 implementation. Read More

Pediatr Rev 2018 May;39(5):267-269

Landstuhl Regional Medical Center, Landstuhl, Germany.

Medicine (Baltimore) 2018 Apr;97(17):e0521

Division of Rheumatology, Department of Internal Medicine.

Rationale: Hypertrophic pachymeningitis (HP) is an uncommon, life-threatening disease that is seen in elderly patients with antineutrophil cytoplasmic antibody (ANCA) positivity. Proteinase-3 (PR3)-ANCA-positive HP has not been reported in adolescents. Here, we report the first case of adolescent PR3-ANCA-positive HP successfully treated with immunosuppressive therapy. Read More

Braz J Otorhinolaryngol 2018 Apr 14. Epub 2018 Apr 14.

Ondokuz Mayis University Faculty of Medicine, Department of Radiology, Samsun, Turkey.

Introduction: Otitis media, mastoiditis or the pressure effect of tumorous lesions such as cholesteatoma can be the cause of facial canal dehiscence and facial nerve paralysis. The most common segment involved in dehiscence is the tympanic segment and the second most common is the lateral aspect of the facial canal in the oval window area.

Objective: To determine the prevalence of the facial canal dehiscence and the relationship between the angle at the second genu of the facial nerve and facial canal dehiscence. Read More

Rev Esp Quimioter 2018 Jun 26;31(3):278-281. Epub 2018 Apr 26.

Mónica de Frutos, Servicio de Microbiología. Hospital Universitario Rio Hortega Calle Dulzaina, 2 47012 Valladolid, Spain.

Objective: Turicella otitidis is a gram-positive bacillus coryneforme described, after 16S RNA sequencing, in 1994 by Funke et al as a microorganism involved in otitis media, and it is in health conditions a habitual colonizer of the external auditory canal. Since its description, more than twenty years ago, few cases of otitis related to or directly attributed to this microorganism have been published.

Methods: Description of a case of mastoiditis that required surgery and other cases of otic pathology in which T. Read More

BMJ Case Rep 2018 Apr 21;2018. Epub 2018 Apr 21.

Department of Internal Medicine, Centro Hospitalar e Universitário de Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal.

Q fever is a zoonotic disease caused by that usually presents with non-specific or benign constitutional symptoms. Diagnosis is often challenging and, after acute Q fever, 1%-5% of patients can develop chronic disease. We present an 80-year-old male patient who was admitted due to a 3 months history of fever, productive cough, myalgia, weight loss, headache and hearing loss. Read More

Int J Pediatr Otorhinolaryngol 2018 May 1;108:132-136. Epub 2018 Mar 1.

Pediatric Otolaryngology, Division of Head and Neck Surgery and Communication Sciences, Department of Surgery, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA.

Objective: To examine preoperative risk factors, postoperative 30-day outcomes and adverse events of acute mastoiditis using a national pediatric surgical database.

Methods: We explored our objectives using a cross-sectional analysis of a hospital-based reporting system database. The American College of Surgeons National Surgical Quality Improvement Program (NSQIP) pediatric database was used to identify surgical encounters for the treatment of acute mastoiditis from 2012 to 2015. Read More

Pediatr Infect Dis J 2019 Jan;38(1):e14-e16

From the Office of Antibiotic Stewardship, Division of Healthcare Quality Promotion, National Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia.

Between 2000 and 2012, the national estimated incidence rate of pediatric mastoiditis, a rare but serious complication of acute otitis media, was highest in 2006 (2.7/100,000 population) and lowest in 2012 (1.8/100,000 population). Read More

Pediatr Infect Dis J 2019 Jan;38(1):12-15

Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel.

Background: Recent reports have reported an increase in the incidence of acute mastoiditis because of Fusobacterium necrophorum. However, the crude incidence and the specific clinical and laboratory characteristics of F. necrophorum mastoiditis in children have not been described. Read More

Am J Otolaryngol 2018 May - Jun;39(3):299-302. Epub 2018 Mar 7.

Department of Otolaryngology - Head and Neck Surgery, Soroka University Medical Center and the Faculty of Health Sciences, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva 8410501, Israel.

Purpose: Otogenic lateral sinus thrombosis (OLST) is an intracranial, potentially life-threatening complication of acute and chronic otitis media. Since congenital thrombophilic disorders are risk factors for cerebral venous thrombosis, OLST may be related to thrombophilia. The aim of our study was twofold: to evaluate whether patients who suffered from OLST in childhood also have thrombophilia, and whether these patients experienced thromboembolic episodes in future years. Read More

BMJ Case Rep 2018 Mar 9;2018. Epub 2018 Mar 9.

Department of ENT and Head and Neck Surgery, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India.

Tuberculosis involving mastoid and ear is an uncommon entity presenting with myriads of non-specific features and difficult to diagnose, being a paucibacillary condition. The involvement of otomastoid compartment is hypothesised to be of haematogenous origin. Rarely it can spread directly via tympanic membrane perforation or via reflux through eustachian tube. Read More

Laryngoscope 2018 Nov 9;128(11):2435-2436. Epub 2018 Mar 9.

Department of Otolaryngology, Freeman Hospital, Newcastle-upon-Tyne, United Kingdom.

Pediatr Infect Dis J 2018 Oct;37(10):967-970

Pediatric Infectious Disease Unit, Dana-Dwek Children's Hospital, Tel Aviv Sourasky Medical Center, Tel Aviv, Israel.

Background: Group A Streptococcus (GAS) is a rare cause of central nervous system infections.

Methods: We describe 3 new cases of GAS brain abscess in previously healthy children treated by us between 2015 and 2016 and review the 5 cases reported in the literature since 1988.

Results: All 8 children received early empiric antibiotic therapy and surgical intervention, and 5 made a full recovery. Read More

Kathmandu Univ Med J (KUMJ) 2017 Jan.-Mar.;15(57):94-98

Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Luzerner Kantonsspital, Luzern, Switzerland.

Granulomatosis with polyangitis is a rare granuloma forming necrotizing vasculitis, which involves mainly the respiratory tract and renal system. Otologic involvement may occur primarily as chronic serous otitis media and chronic silent mastoiditis with conductive hearing loss and may rarely lead to sensorineural hearing loss requiring cochlear implantation. This case describes a patient with granulomatous poylangitis with profound sensorineural hearing loss who underwent subtotal petrosectomy with cochlear implantation. Read More

Med Clin (Barc) 2018 Oct 15;151(7):292-293. Epub 2018 Feb 15.

Hospital Universitario Río Hortega. Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Valladolid, Valladolid, España.

Iran J Otorhinolaryngol 2017 Nov;29(95):327-331

Orthopedic Surgeon, Akhtar Hospital, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.

Introduction: Granulomatosis with polyangiitis (GPA; also known as Wegener's granulomatosis) is a primary systemic vasculitis involving the ear, nose and throat system (ENT) and lower respiratory tract. Because of the lack of knowledge regarding the clinical findings of GPA due to the limited number of studies, the current study was designed to investigate the prevalence and nature of the otology manifestations in the disease course.

Materials And Methods: In the current prospective study, patients with a diagnosis of GPA from 2012-2016 were included. Read More

Neuroophthalmology 2017 Oct 8;41(5):284-286. Epub 2017 May 8.

Illinois Eye and Ear Infirmary, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA.

A 60-year-old woman with history of multiple myeloma was in remission after stem cell transplant 6 years prior. She was undergoing work-up for headaches that were thought to be secondary to a right mastoiditis seen on magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). On routine eye exam, papilloedema was noted. Read More

World J Surg Oncol 2018 Jan 15;16(1). Epub 2018 Jan 15.

Department of Otolaryngology and Laryngological Oncology Faculty of Medicine, Collegium Medicum Nicolaus Copernicus University, Bydgoszcz, Poland.

Background: Fibrous dysplasia is a slowly progressive benign fibro-osseous disorder that involves one or multiple bones with a unilateral distribution in most cases. It is a lesion of unknown etiology, uncertain pathogenesis, and diverse histopathology. Temporal bone involvement is the least frequently reported type, especially in children. Read More