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Pril (Makedon Akad Nauk Umet Odd Med Nauki) 2018 Dec;39(2-3):127-130

Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Clinical Hospital, Tetovo, Republic of Macedonia.

Fibroepithelial stromal polyps of vulva are the type of mesenchymal lesion that typically occurs in women of reproductive period. They are common, usually small and hystologically benign. Larger lesions are rare and likely arise from proliferation of mesenchymal cells within the hormonally sensitive subepithelial stromal layer of the lower genital tract. Read More

Acta Cytol 2018 Dec 13;63(2):97-99. Epub 2018 Dec 13.

Molecular Oncology Research Center, Barretos Cancer Hospital, Barretos, Brazil,

Papillomaviruses (PVs) are a group of small DNA viruses that, with around 350 million years of evolution, acquired the capacity of infecting a broad range of vertebrates, including humans. To date, more than 300 PV types have been isolated. Viruses that have a long common evolutionary history with their host typically cause unapparent infections. Read More

Int J Urol 2019 Mar 3;26(3):353-357. Epub 2018 Dec 3.

Department of Urology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, the Netherlands.

Objective: To determine the incidence of penile intraepithelial neoplasia in the Netherlands using a nationwide histopathology registry and to discuss the nomenclature of premalignant penile lesions.

Methods: Data from patients in the Netherlands diagnosed with a premalignant penile lesion between January 1998 and December 2007 were collected from the nationwide histopathology registry (PALGA); this database covers all pathology reports of inhabitants in the Netherlands. The premalignant lesions included were erythroplasia of Queyrat; Bowen's disease; bowenoid papulosis; mild, moderate and severe dysplasia; and carcinoma in situ of the penis. Read More

Int J Gynecol Cancer 2018 11;28(9):1728-1736

Department of Plastic Surgery.

Objective: Resection of (pre) malignant lesions in the vulvoperineal area may result in large defects that cannot be closed primarily. The lotus petal flap technique is widely used for reconstruction. The aim of this study was to evaluate both quality of life (QoL) and sexual functioning of patients who underwent the lotus petal flap procedure, because no data are available on this topic. Read More

Ann Diagn Pathol 2018 Oct 30;36:38-43. Epub 2018 Jun 30.

Weill Cornell Medical College, Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, 1300 York Ave, New York, NY 10065, United States of America. Electronic address:

Low-grade endometrial stromal sarcoma (LGESS) is the second most common malignant mesenchymal tumor of the uterus. The most common location is the uterine corpus, but it can also primarily arise in a variety of extrauterine locations such as pelvis, ovary, abdominal cavity, vagina, and vulva. We are reporting a case of a 47-year-old female with no significant medical history who presented with multiple pulmonary nodules. Read More

J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol 2019 Jan 12;33(1):84-92. Epub 2018 Jul 12.

Dermatology Department, Centre Hospitalier de Lyon Sud, Hospices civils de Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Pierre Bénite, France.

Background: Vulvar melanosis can occasionally be clinically challenging by mimicking an early melanoma.

Objective: To report our experience of initial evaluation and follow-up in this peculiar subset of vulvar melanosis using reflectance confocal microscopy (RCM).

Methods: We retrospectively evaluated 18 consecutive cases referred for atypical vulvar pigmentation or for which melanoma was considered and that underwent both RCM examination and histopathological assessment. Read More

Open Access Maced J Med Sci 2018 Jan 13;6(1):110-111. Epub 2018 Jan 13.

"Onkoderma"- Policlinic for Dermatology and Dermatologic Surgery, Sofia, Bulgaria.

Condyloma acuminata represents an epidermal manifestation, associated with the epidermotropic human papillomavirus (HPV). They have been reported as the most common sexually transmitted disease, with prevalence exceeding 50%, increased up to 4 times, within the last two decades, as the most common side of affection are the penis, vulva, vagina, cervix, perineum, and perianal area, with increased prevalence in young, sexually active individuals. Increased attention should be focused on lesions, caused by types, with moderate (33, 35, 39, 40, 43, 45, 51-56, 58) or high risk potential (types 16, 18) for malignant transformation, leading to further development of cancers of anus, vagina, vulva and penis, as well as cancers of the head and neck. Read More

Rev Bras Ginecol Obstet 2018 Mar 23;40(3):163-167. Epub 2018 Feb 23.

Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade do Oeste Paulista, Presidente Prudente, São Paulo, Brazil.

Melanomas of the female genital tract may occur in the vulva, the vagina, the ovary or the cervix. Pregnancy has been considered an aggravating factor in the evolution and prognosis of melanoma. A 35-year-old female presented with vaginal bleeding 2 months after a term cesarean delivery. Read More

J Pediatr Adolesc Gynecol 2018 Jun 3;31(3):311-314. Epub 2018 Jan 3.

Department of Gynecology, Children's Hospital Boston, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts.

Background: Granular cell tumors (GCTs) are rare soft tissue lesions that can involve the female genital tract, including the vulva. Although malignant tumors are aggressive and uncommon, benign and atypical lesions still have associated risks, including recurrence and multisite development.

Cases: Four cases of pediatric vulvar GCT are presented, including 1 atypical and 3 benign tumors. Read More

Gynecol Oncol 2018 02 21;148(2):430-431. Epub 2017 Dec 21.

Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea. Electronic address:

Objective: Melanomas of the vulva and vagina are rare, and surgery is the gold standard of treatment [1, 2]. Since recent studies have reported pelvic exenteration by using robotic surgical system [3, 4], we showed the surgical procedures of robot-assisted anterior pelvic exenteration (rAPE) with ileal conduit urinary diversion for vulvovaginal malignant melanoma.

Methods: A 55-year-old woman who received vaginal wall resection due to vaginal malignant melanoma 8months before was referred. Read More

Eur J Nucl Med Mol Imaging 2018 04 21;45(4):622-629. Epub 2017 Nov 21.

Medical Faculty, Department of Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology and Neuroradiology, University Duisburg-Essen, D-45147, Essen, Germany.

Purpose: To evaluate the diagnostic performance of F-FDG PET/MRI for whole-body staging and potential changes in therapeutic management of women with suspected recurrent pelvic cancer in comparison with MRI alone.

Methods: Seventy-one consecutive women (54 ± 13 years, range: 25-80 years) with suspected recurrence of cervical (32), ovarian (26), endometrial (7), vulvar (4), and vaginal (2) cancer underwent PET/MRI including a diagnostic contrast-enhanced MRI protocol. PET/MRI and MRI datasets were separately evaluated regarding lesion count, localization, categorization (benign/malignant), and diagnostic confidence (3-point scale; 1-3) by two physicians. Read More

Histopathology 2018 Apr 26;72(5):749-759. Epub 2018 Jan 26.

Division of Women's & Perinatal Pathology, Department of Pathology, Harvard Medical School, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA.

Aims: Solitary fibrous tumour (SFT) is an uncommon spindle cell neoplasm of fibroblastic origin, first described as a tumour of the pleura and now well established at extrapleural sites. However, SFT in the female genital tract is rare and therefore not fully characterised. Here, we describe a series of 25 SFTs arising throughout the gynaecological tract, including the vulva (14 cases), vagina (one), cervix (one), uterus (six), ovary (two), and fallopian tube (one). Read More

Oncol Lett 2017 Oct 26;14(4):4282-4286. Epub 2017 Jul 26.

Department of Radiation-Oncology, Tumor Hospital of Jilin, Changchun, Jilin 130000, P.R. China.

Pulmonary large-cell neuroendocrine carcinoma (LCNEC) is a rare and malignant form of lung cancer with a poor prognosis for patients. The common sites of metastases are the liver, adrenal glands, bone and brain. LCNEC rarely metastasizes to the small intestine, ovaries, tonsils, mandible, vulva or spine. Read More

Front Biosci (Elite Ed) 2018 Jan 1;10:15-73. Epub 2018 Jan 1.

Molecular Oncology Laboratory, Department of Zoology, University of Delhi, Delhi 110007, India.

Human papillomavirus (HPV) infection is linked to development of cancer of cervix, vagina, vulva, penis, ano-genital and non-genital oro-pharyngeal sites. HPV being a sexually transmitted virus infects both genders equally but with higher chances of pathological outcome in women. In the absence of organized screening programs, women report HPV-infected lesions at relatively advanced stages where they are subjected to standard treatments that are not HPV-specific. Read More

Int J Gynecol Pathol 2018 Nov;37(6):554-558

Department of Pathology and Microbiology (Y.A.T.), University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska; Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine (Y.A.T., W.D.L., S.E.S.), The Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown University and Women & Infants Hospital, Providence, Rhode Island.

Nodular hyperplasia (NH) of the Bartholin gland is an exceedingly rare benign solid lesion of the female genital tract that can mimic the Bartholin gland cyst clinically. The histologic criteria for NH were established in 1998 by Koenig and Tavassoli. In this case series, we describe 4 cases of NH from Women and Infants Hospital in Rhode Island. Read More

Int Sch Res Notices 2017 25;2017:2414569. Epub 2017 Jul 25.

Department of Dermatology, Bispebjerg Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark.

Correct and rapid diagnosis of skin tumours often requires biopsy and histopathological examination to differentiate benign lesions such as seborrhoeic keratoses or melanocytic naevi from premalignant and malignant lesions such as malignant melanoma. Particularly, to the untrained eye, any benign skin tumour-pigmented or nonpigmented-is easily mistaken for a malignant lesion. Qualified clinical evaluation is paramount in order to reduce the frequency of unwarranted skin biopsies. Read More

Obstet Gynecol Clin North Am 2017 Sep;44(3):339-352

Bethesda Dermpath Laboratory, 1730 Elton Road, Suite 11, Silver Spring, MD 20903, USA; Anne Arundel Dermatology, Towson, MD 21204, USA; Pathology, Johns Hopkins University, 4940 Bayview Medical Center, Eastern Avenue, Baltimore, MD 21224, USA. Electronic address:

Cutaneous vulvar neoplasms are commonly encountered at gynecology visits, with 2% of women having a benign vulvar melanocytic nevus and 10% to 12% of nevi being vulvar. High-grade squamous intraepithelial lesions (vulvar intraepithelial neoplasia 2 or 3) occurs in 5 per 100,000 women, with increasing incidence in the past 30 years. The recognition of these lesions and differentiation between benign, premalignant, and malignant stages are crucial for adequate diagnosis, clinical monitoring, and treatment. Read More

Curr Urol Rep 2017 Aug;18(8):62

Virginia Mason Medical Center, Seattle, WA, USA.

Purpose Of Review: Genital dermatology represents a challenge to many providers. Though dermatologic lesions involving the genitalia may present to any of a number of practices, ranging from primary care to urology, gynecology, and dermatology, few training programs provide significant training regarding the diagnosis and management of genital dermatologic lesions. The purpose of this review is to provide urologists with an overview of common genital dermatological lesions that may be encountered in a clinic. Read More

Adv Anat Pathol 2017 Jul;24(4):201-214

Departments of *Pathology †Obstetrics and Gynecology, Hospital Clínic ‡Faculty of Medicine, University of Barcelona §ISGlobal, Barcelona Centre for International Health Research (CRESIB), Barcelona, Spain.

Human papillomavirus (HPV) is involved in one of the at least 2 pathways leading to vulvar squamous cell carcinoma (VSCC). Inactivation of p53 and retinoblastoma by the viral products E6 and E7 is involved in malignant transformation. The percentage of HPV-positive VSCCs ranges from 18% to 75%, depending on the geographical area. Read More

Ann Plast Surg 2017 Aug;79(2):186-191

From the *Division of Plastic Surgery, San Gerardo Hospital; and †Gynecologic Oncology Unit, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Milano-Bicocca, Monza, Italy.

Vulvoperineal defects after demolitive surgery for preneoplastic or malignant vulvar lesions require a reconstruction to restore good sexual functions and to offer a satisfactory cosmetic result. Several techniques of reconstruction have been described in the past, leading to a more conservative and localized treatment. This study retrospectively reviewed patients with primary or recurrent vulvar malignancies that had undergone vulvoperineal reconstruction between 2010 and 2016 using the V-Y advancement flap and the 2 variant of the lotus petal flap (LPF) in terms of surgical outcome and postoperative complications. Read More

Pathophysiology 2017 Sep 23;24(3):161-167. Epub 2017 Apr 23.

Department of Pathology, North Hospital, University Hospital of St-Etienne, France.

Introduction: Vascular lesions of the female genital tract are extremely rare and their nomenclature does not widely follow the International Society for the Study of Vascular Anomalies (ISSVA) classification.

Aim Of The Study: To describe the clinicopathologic characteristics of vascular lesions of the female genital tract and to apply the ISSVA classification.

Material And Methods: 19 vascular lesions were diagnosed during a 20 year period. Read More

Am J Dermatopathol 2017 May;39(5):358-362

*Department of Pathology, Clinical Research and Practical Center for Specialized Oncological Care, Saint Petersburg, Russia; †Department of Pathology, Medical Faculty, Saint-Petersburg State University, Saint-Petersburg, Russia; ‡Department of Pathology, Saint-Petersburg Medico-Social Institute, Saint Petersburg, Russia; Departments of §Pathology, and ¶Tumor Growth Biology, Petrov's Research Institute of Oncology, Saint Petersburg, Russia; ‖Department of Medical Genetics, Saint Petersburg Pediatric Medical University, Saint Petersburg, Russia; **Sikl's Department of Pathology, Medical Faculty in Pilsen, Charles University in Prague, Pilsen, Czech Republic; and ††Bioptical Laboratory, Pilsen, Czech Republic.

Anogenital mammary-like glands (AGMLGs) are nowadays considered a normal component of the anogenital area. Lesions involving AGMLGs are histopathologically very similar to their mammary counterparts, but the information on molecular biological mechanisms in these vulvar/perianal tumors is scarce. Mutations in the PI3K-AKT cascade have been found in hidradenoma papilliferum. Read More

Case Rep Obstet Gynecol 2017 18;2017:5656340. Epub 2017 Jan 18.

Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Wakayama Medical University, Wakayama, Japan.

Malignant melanoma (MM) in the female genital tract accounts for less than 2% of all melanomas, and the vast majority associated occur in the vulva and vagina. Primary MM of the uterine cervix is extremely rare and its prognosis is very poor. We report a case of primary MM of the cervix with dissemination throughout the vaginal wall. Read More

Eur J Gynaecol Oncol 2017 ;38(2):308-310

Plasmablastic lymphoma is highly malignant and invasive. It is most commonly found in gastrointestinal tract and is strongly asso- ciated with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). The authors report a case of a 37-year-old HIV-positive African American woman with a vulvar mass diagnosed as plasmablastic lymphoma. Read More

PLoS One 2016 1;11(12):e0167386. Epub 2016 Dec 1.

Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany.

Introduction: Vaginal intraepithelial neoplasia (VAIN) is a pre-malignant lesion, potentially leading to vaginal cancer. It is a rare disease, representing less than 1% of all intraepithelial neoplasia of the female genital tract. Similar to cervical intraepithelial neoplasia (CIN), there are three different grades of VAIN. Read More

Ceska Gynekol Fall 2016;81(5):369-375

Objective: Overview of current data on HPV infection.

Design: Review article.

Setting: Clinic of Gynecology and Obstetrics, University Hospital in Ostrava, Clinic of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University Hospital in Hradec Králové, Clinic of Gynecology and Obstetrics, General University Hospital in Prague. Read More

Ceska Gynekol Summer 2016;81(3):172-176

This review article discribes the genesis and development of vulvar squamous precancerous lesions terminology and discusses the consensus of the International Society for the Study of Vulvovaginal Disease, the American Society for Colposcopy and Cervical Pathology, College of American Pathologists and the World Health Organization on the current terminology. The article describes the different types of vulvar squamous precancerous lesions, according to their etiology, incidence and malignant potential. Read More

Rev Bras Ginecol Obstet 2016 Sep 27;38(9):471-476. Epub 2016 Oct 27.

Gynecology and Obstetrics Department, Ribeirão Preto Faculty of Medicine, USP, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil.

The Buschke-Loewenstein tumor is characterized by excessive growth of verrucous lesions on the genitals and/or perianal region. It is considered benign despite the high rate of recurrence and the possibility of malignant transformation. It is commonly associated with subtypes 6 and 11 of the human papillomavirus (HPV), and host's immunity plays an important role in the development of the disease. Read More

Indian J Pathol Microbiol 2016 Jul-Sep;59(3):389-91

Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Bezmialem Vakif University, Istanbul, Turkey.

Granular cell tumors (GCTs) are rare and approximately half of the all lesions arise from head and neck, especially from the tongue. However, they are rarely seen in the vulva. They can occur in patients of any age, but peak age incidence is in the fourth to sixth decades. Read More

Eur J Gynaecol Oncol 2016 08;37(4):578-580

Amelanotic malignant melanoma of the vulva is extremely rare. The authors describe here a case of amelanotic malignant melanoma of the vulva, occurring in a 71-year-old woman without any clinical symptoms. The woman had a small nodular lesion in the left labia majora. Read More

Isr Med Assoc J 2016 May;18(5):286-9

Background: Vulvar and vaginal malignant and premalignant lesions are uncommon and are clinically heterogeneous diseases with two pathways of carcinogenesis: human papillomavirus (HPV) induced or non-HPV induced.

Objectives: To evaluate the demographic and clinical characteristics associated with vulvar or vaginal cancer and vulvar and vaginal intraepithelial neoplasia 3 (VIN3, VAIN3).

Methods: We conducted a retrospective chart review of 148 women with vulvar and vaginal malignancy and pre-malignancy for the period October 2004 to October 2012, and identified 59 and 19 patients with vulvar and vaginal cancer respectively, and 57 and 13 patients with VIN3 and VAIN3 respectively

Results: The median age of vulvar cancer patients was 30 years older than that of VIN3 patients. Read More

Int J Mol Sci 2016 Jul 8;17(7). Epub 2016 Jul 8.

Adelaide Proteomics Centre, School of Biological Sciences, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide 5005, Australia.

Vulvar cancer is the fourth most common gynecological cancer worldwide. However, limited studies have been completed on the molecular characterization of vulvar squamous cell carcinoma resulting in a poor understanding of the disease initiation and progression. Analysis and early detection of the precursor lesion of HPV-independent vulvar squamous cell carcinoma (VSCC), differentiated vulvar intraepithelial neoplasia (dVIN), is of great importance given dVIN lesions have a high level of malignant potential. Read More

J Pediatr Adolesc Gynecol 2016 Dec 27;29(6):558-561. Epub 2016 May 27.

Obstetrics and Gynecology, Pediatric Gynecology, University of Calgary, The Alberta Children's Hospital, Calgary, Alberta, Canada.

Study Objective: Clitoral cysts in the pediatric population are rare conditions that require careful evaluation. In this review of the literature we discuss the evaluation of clitoral abnormalities in the pediatric population, the development of clitoral cysts, and how to differentiate benign from malignant tumors. In addition, a summary of relevant cases of clitoral tumors in the literature are discussed. Read More

J Pediatr Adolesc Gynecol 2016 Oct 13;29(5):e79-e81. Epub 2016 May 13.

Chief of Pediatric Surgery, Department of Pediatric Surgery, Emergency Children's Hospital, Cluj-Napoca, Romania.

Background: Supernumerary breast or polymastia is a well documented anomaly of the breast, and commonly presents along the embryonic milk line extending between the axilla and groin. However, cases of polymastia have been recorded in the face, vulva, and perineum. The clinical significance of these anomalies include their susceptibility to inflammatory and malignant changes, and their association with other congenital anomalies of the urinary and cardiovascular systems. Read More

Urol Ann 2016 Apr-Jun;8(2):163-7

Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada; Department of Laboratory Medicine, Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute, St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto, ON, Canada.

Introduction: Previous publications have shown an increased incidence of various malignancies amongst renal transplant populations. The objective of this study was to analyze the rate and types of malignancies occurring in the St. Michael's Hospital renal transplant population and to determine whether our results were comparable to those previously published. Read More

Pathology 2016 Jun 23;48(4):291-302. Epub 2016 Apr 23.

Department of Pathology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA; Marie-Josee and Henry R. Kravis Center for Molecular Oncology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA. Electronic address:

Growing evidence has established two major types of vulvar intraepithelial neoplasia (VIN), which correspond to two distinct oncogenic pathways to vulvar squamous cell carcinoma (VSCC). While the incidence of VSCC has remained relatively stable over the last three decades, the incidence of VIN has increased. VIN of usual type (uVIN) is human papillomavirus (HPV)-driven, affects younger women and is a multicentric disease. Read More

Zh Mikrobiol Epidemiol Immunobiol 2016 Jan-Feb(1):71-8

Papillomaviruses are a large and diverse group of viruses. It includes approximately 200 fully described types that have been detected in humans. Human papilloma viruses (HPV) are etiologic agents during various, benign and malignant lesions of mucous membrane and skin epithelium. Read More

Dermatol Online J 2016 Jan 15;22(1). Epub 2016 Jan 15.

University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston.

Extramammary Paget disease (EMPD) is a rare malignant neoplasm of apocrine sweat glands that is morphologically and histologically identical to Paget disease of the breast. The primary lesion is usually a solitary, well-demarcated, erythematous, scaly plaque that may contain crust, erosions, or ulcerations. The vulva is the most common site, but any area containing apocrine sweat glands may be involved. Read More

Obstet Gynecol 2016 Feb;127(2):264-8

Departments of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Galilee Medical Center and Bar-Ilan University Faculty of Medicine, Nahariya, Israel, Chivasso Civic Hospital, Chivasso, and University of Turin, Turin, Italy, University of Michigan Health System, Ann Arbor, Michigan, and University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa; Jean Hailes Medical Center for Women, Monash, Australia; and Piedmont Pathology Associates, Hickory, North Carolina.

Objectives: The impact of terminology for vulvar intraepithelial lesions has been significant over the years, because it has affected diagnosis, treatment, and research. The introduction of the Lower Anogenital Squamous Terminology (LAST) in 2012 raised 2 concerns in relation to vulvar lesions: firstly, the absence of reference to "differentiated vulvar intraepithelial neoplasia" (differentiated VIN) could lead to its being overlooked by health care providers, despite its malignant potential. Secondly, including the term "low-grade squamous intraepithelial lesion" (LSIL) in LAST recreated the potential for overdiagnosis and overtreatment for benign, self-limiting lesions. Read More

Asian Pac J Cancer Prev 2016 ;17(2):713-7

Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Faculty of Medicine Vajira Hospital, Navamindradhiraj University, Bangkok, Thailand E-mail :

Background: To evaluate the prevalence and features of other gynecologic or surgical lesions in endometrial cancer (EMC) patients.

Materials And Methods: Clinico-pathological data of EMC patients who were treated in the institution from 1995 to 2012 were collected. Data collected were age, stage of disease according to the FIGO 2009 criteria (FIGO), histopathology, tumor grade, adjuvant therapy, other gynecologic or surgical lesions, follow-up period, and living status. Read More

J Low Genit Tract Dis 2016 Jan;20(1):11-4

From the 1Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Galilee Medical Center and Bar-Ilan University Faculty of Medicine, Nahariya, Israel; 2Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Chivasso Civic Hospital, Chivasso, Turin, Italy; 3Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Michigan Health System, Ann Arbor, MI; 4Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA; 5Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Turin, Turin, Italy; 6Jean Hailes Medical Center for Women, Monash, Australia; and 7Piedmont Pathology Associates, Hickory, NC.

Objectives: The impact of terminology for vulvar intraepithelial lesions has been significant over the years, because it has affected diagnosis, treatment, and research. The introduction of the Lower Anogenital Squamous Terminology (LAST) in 2012 raised 2 concerns in relation to vulvar lesions: firstly, the absence of reference to "differentiated vulvar intraepithelial neoplasia" (differentiated VIN) could lead to its being overlooked by health care providers, despite its malignant potential. Secondly, including the term "low-grade squamous intraepithelial lesion" (LSIL) in LAST recreated the potential for overdiagnosis and overtreatment for benign, self-limiting lesions. Read More

Semin Cutan Med Surg 2015 Dec;34(4):199-205

Piedmont Pathology Associates, Hickory, North Carolina, USA.

In recent years, there have been many changes in the classification scheme for squamous lesions of the vulva; this is primarily due to the assimilation of new scientific information into the diagnostic terminology. For example, over the past 75 years we have realized that precancerous and cancerous lesions of the vulva may be induced by a variety of preconditions, which are typically divided into human papillomavirus (HPV) and non-HPV precursor lesions. The latter include several dermatoses, especially lichen sclerosus and lichen planus. Read More

Adv Anat Pathol 2016 Jan;23(1):58-69

Department of Pathology, Belfast Health and Social Care Trust, Belfast, Northern Ireland, UK.

Most adenocarcinomas in the lower female genital tract (cervix, vagina, vulva) arise in the cervix and are associated with high-risk human papillomavirus (HPV) infection. However, there is an emerging spectrum of non-HPV-related cervical adenocarcinomas, the most common of which is so-called gastric type. In this review, the concept of gastric-type cervical adenocarcinomas and their possible precursor lesions is covered, the precursor lesions still being poorly understood. Read More

FP Essent 2015 Nov;438:31-43; quiz 44-8

Fort Lincoln Family Medicine Center, 4151 Bladensburg Road, Colmar Manor, MD 20722.

Vulvar cancer is uncommon, accounting for 0.3% of all new US cancer diagnoses. The majority of cases are squamous cell carcinoma. Read More

Indian J Pathol Microbiol 2015 Jul-Sep;58(3):341-4

Department of Surgical Pathology, Tata Memorial Centre, Parel, Mumbai, Maharashtra, India.

Primary vulvar Ewing sarcoma (ES)/PNET is an uncommonly documented tumor, especially with molecular results. A 10-year-old girl presented with left vulvar swelling, a year ago. Her abdominopelvic ultrasound revealed a 12 cm × 8 cm sized, mixed echogenic blood-filled lesion in the left vulva; radiologically considered as a hematoma. Read More

Oncoimmunology 2015 Jun 19;4(6):e1008334. Epub 2015 Mar 19.

Laboratory of Experimental Pathology; GIGA-Cancer; University of Liège ; Liège, Belgium.

The progression of genital human papillomavirus (HPV) infections into preneoplastic lesions suggests that infected/malignant cells are not adequately recognized by the immune system. In this study, we demonstrated that cervical/vulvar cancer cells secrete factor(s) that affect both the maturation and function of dendritic cells (DC) leading to a tolerogenic profile. Indeed, DC cocultured with cancer cell lines display both a partially mature phenotype after lipopolysaccharide (LPS) maturation and an altered secretory profile (IL-10 and IL-12p70). Read More

Clin Obstet Gynecol 2015 Sep;58(3):526-35

Department of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine, Rutgers-New Jersey Medical School, Newark, New Jersey.

A variety of mass lesions may affect the vulva. These may be non-neoplastic, or represent benign or malignant neoplasms. A review of benign mass lesions and neoplasms of the vulva is presented. Read More

Curr Epidemiol Rep 2015 Jun 26;2(2):101-109. Epub 2015 Mar 26.

Division of Infectious Diseases, University of California, San Francisco, 513 Parnassus Ave, Med Sci Room 420E, Box 0654, San Francisco, CA 94143, Telephone: 415-476-1574, ,

HPV persistence is necessary for the development of anogenital cancer. Studies show that cervical and anal HPV infections in women and in men who have sex with men are common. Clearance of HPV infection is similarly common; few individuals show persistence unless they are HIV-infected. Read More

Akush Ginekol (Sofiia) 2015 ;54(2):56-60

Malignant melanoma of the vulva is a rare disease with aggressive behavior and poor prognosis. It consist < 5% of all cases of melanoma in females, as the ratio of its manifestation, compared with the cutaneous melanoma is 1:71. Higher risk of developing melanoma of the vulva is established in white women, as the peak of the incidence is between 60 and 70 years of age. Read More

Akush Ginekol (Sofiia) 2015 ;54(1):48-52

Due to the increased vascularity as well as the unique anatomical structure, vascular lesions, which occur in the female reproductive system are common observed and diverse by their morphology. The majority of them are benign, including vascular malformations, lesions due to vascular hyperplasia, tumors with significant vascular component and others. Malignant vascular tumors are rare in the area of the vulva accounting about 1% of all vulvar lesions with vascular origin. Read More