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BMC Ophthalmol 2022 Mar 24;22(1):132. Epub 2022 Mar 24.

Department of Ophthalmology, Hospital das Clínicas, University of São Paulo Medical School, São Paulo, Brazil.

Background: Full-thickness idiopathic macular hole (IMH) usually causes serious visual deformities and visual acuity loss. Pseudophakic cystic macular edema, also known as Irvine-Gass syndrome, is another entity that causes visual disturbances, and occurs mainly after cataract extraction. We present a case report of a patient that was diagnosed with a full-thickness macular hole that spontaneously closed after the resolution of an Irvine-Gass syndrome, which occurred after an uneventful cataract extraction. Read More

BMC Ophthalmol 2021 Nov 5;21(1):387. Epub 2021 Nov 5.

Ophthalmology department, Bellvitge University Hospital, Carrer de la Feixa Llarga, s/n, 08907. Hospitalet de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain.

Background: The purpose of this study is to assess the effectiveness of topical nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) and corticosteroids (intravitreal dexamethasone and peribulbar triamcinolone) in treating pseudophakic macular edema (PME).

Methods: Retrospective study of 33 eyes. Variables included best corrected visual acuity (BCVA; logMAR scale) and central retinal thickness (CRT) and central choroidal thickness (CCT) assessed with swept-source OCT. Read More

J Clin Med 2021 Sep 25;10(19). Epub 2021 Sep 25.

Dobry Wzrok Ophthalmological Clinic, Kliniczna 1B/2, 80-402 Gdansk, Poland.

Irvine-Gass syndrome (IGS) remains one of the most common complications following uneventful cataract surgery. In most cases, macular edema (ME) in IGS is benign, self-limiting, and resolves spontaneously without visual impairment; however, persistent edema and refractory cases may occur and potentially deteriorate visual function. Despite the relatively high prevalence of IGS, no solid management guidelines exist. Read More

Indian J Ophthalmol 2021 Sep;69(9):2355-2360

Department of Refractive Surgeries, Narayana Nethralaya, Bangalore, Karnataka, India.

Purpose: The aim of this study was to evaluate the efficacy of topical interferon (IFN) therapy in pseudophakic cystoid macular edema (P-CME).

Methods: This is a prospective, interventional case series of patients with P-CME. Patients presenting with P-CME were given the option of topical IFN therapy against conventional treatment with oral, topical, intravitreal, and periocular steroid therapy and antivascular growth factors. Read More

Int Med Case Rep J 2021 26;14:127-132. Epub 2021 Feb 26.

Serviço de Oftalmologia, Centro Hospitalar e Universitário do Porto, Porto, Portugal.

Background: Cystoid macular edema (CME) due to Irvine-Gass syndrome (IGS) is one of the common causes of painless visual impairment post-cataract extraction. The treatment of recurrent cases remains unstandardized.

Objective: To evaluate the effectiveness and safety of fluocinolone acetonide intravitreal implant (0. Read More

Int J Ophthalmol 2020 18;13(10):1586-1591. Epub 2020 Oct 18.

Department of Ophthalmology, Izmir Katip Çelebi University Atatürk Educating and Research Hospital, Izmir 35620, Turkey.

Aim: To compare the efficacy of bevacizumab, ranibizumab, and aflibercept in pseudophakic cystoid macular edema (CME) patients with Irvine-Gass syndrome (IGS).

Methods: This study is designed as retrospective consecutive case series. Those who developed postoperative pseudophakic CME that refractory to topical treatment and were treated with anti-vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) agents included in the study. Read More

Am J Ophthalmol Case Rep 2020 Dec 20;20:100881. Epub 2020 Aug 20.

Byers Eye Institute, Stanford University, Palo Alto, CA, USA.

Purpose: To describe the clinical course of a patient with refractory pseudophakic cystoid macular edema treated with interleukin-6 receptor antagonist tocilizumab.

Observations: An 80-year-old Caucasian man with past ocular history significant for glaucoma (right eye) and iritis presented with cystoid macular edema (CME) in the right eye (OD). His ocular surgery history was significant for cataract extraction with posterior chamber intraocular lenses in 1999 and YAG laser capsulotomy in 2014 in both eyes (OU). Read More

Can J Ophthalmol 2020 08 7;55(4):301-309. Epub 2020 Apr 7.

Stein Eye Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA; Greater Los Angeles VA Healthcare Center, Los Angeles, CA. Electronic address:

Objective: The central bouquet (CB) of the fovea comprises a dense array of cone photoreceptors intertwined with Müller cells. The aim of this investigation was to study visual outcomes and structural alterations in the foveal CB associated with cystoid macular edema (CME) of different etiologies.

Design: Retrospective case series. Read More

Can J Ophthalmol 2019 10 25;54(5):540-547. Epub 2019 Jan 25.

Department of Ophthalmology & Visual Sciences, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, B.C.

Objective: To analyze the functional and morphological effects of the intravitreal dexamethasone implant (Ozurdex, Allergan) on patients with macular edema secondary to retinal vein occlusion (RVO), diabetic retinopathy (DME), posterior noninfectious uveitis (NIU), or pseudophakic Irvine-Gass syndrome (IGS).

Methods: 144 charts were retrospectively reviewed; 100 eyes met inclusion criteria for analysis: at least one intravitreal dexamethasone implant injection, refractory to antivascular endothelial growth factor, and had ≥6 months of follow-up postinsertion. The primary outcome was the efficacy of the dexamethasone implant in reducing macular edema as measured by reduction in central retinal thickness (CRT). Read More

Ocul Immunol Inflamm 2019 14;27(8):1235-1241. Epub 2019 Aug 14.

Retina Department, Okmeydanı Education and Research Hospital, University of Health Sciences, Istanbul, Turkey.

: To evaluate the efficacy and safety of posterior 40 mg subtenon triamcinolone acetonide (PST) injection in treating Irvine-Gass syndrome.: The retrospective study included 21 patients (mean age: 76 ± 8.2) with a treatment-naïve eye subjected to topical anesthesia and injection of 40 mg/ml triamcinolone via a blunt tip SubTenon cannula through a single inferonasal peritomy. Read More

Ocul Immunol Inflamm 2020 15;28(2):315-321. Epub 2019 Apr 15.

Centre for Ophthalmology, University Hospital Tuebingen, Tuebingen, Germany.

: To assess the efficacy and safety of systemic interferon alpha-2a (IFN) for refractory pseudophakic cystoid macular edema (PCME).: Retrospective observational study. The primary outcome was the decrease of central retinal thickness (CRT). Read More

Int J Ophthalmol 2019 18;12(2):258-267. Epub 2019 Feb 18.

Department of Opthalmology, Trakya University, Faculty of Medicine, Edirne 22030, Turkey.

Aim: To compare safety and efficacy of intravitreal dexamethasone (IVD) implant with topical nepafenac (TN) 0.1% in previously untreated Irvine-Gass syndrome (IGS) in clinical practice.

Methods: This was a retrospective study of 62 eyes with IGS after phacoemulsification with posterior chamber intraocular lens (IOL) implantation. Read More

Eur J Ophthalmol 2018 Mar 11;28(2):234-240. Epub 2017 Jan 11.

1 Department of Ophthalmology, Centre Hospitalier Intercommunal de Creteil University Paris Est Creteil, Creteil - France.

Purpose: To compare the optical coherence tomography angiography (OCT-A) findings of the superficial capillary plexus (SCP) and deep capillary plexus (DCP) in eyes with pseudophakic cystoid macular edema (PCME) with those of fluorescein angiography (FA) and spectral-domain optical coherence tomography (SD-OCT) and to compare PCME vascular density values of the SCP and DCP with those of healthy eyes.

Methods: In this retrospective observational study, 13 eyes (12 patients) with PCME underwent comprehensive ophthalmologic examinations including visual acuity, FA, SD-OCT, and OCT-A. The vascular density of the SCP and DCP were measured using AngioAnalytics software in all PCME eyes and compared with 46 healthy eyes of 25 subjects. Read More

Retin Cases Brief Rep 2018 Winter;12(1):59-62

Department of Ophthalmology, China Medical University Hospital, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan.

Background/purpose: To present the patient treated for pseudophakic cystoid macular edema with intravitreal aflibercept.

Methods: Interventional case report.

Case: An 83-year-old woman presented with decreased vision 1 month after uneventful cataract surgery. Read More

Eur J Ophthalmol 2016 Apr 12;26(3):e52-4. Epub 2016 Apr 12.

Department of Ophthalmology, Faculty of Medicine University Vita-Salute San Raffaele in Milan and University Hospital San Raffaele in Milan, Milan - Italy.

Purpose: Intravitreal implantation of dexamethasone implant (Ozurdex®) is being widely used for the treatment of macular edema (ME) after branch or central retinal vein occlusion, diabetic ME, and persistent ME associated with uveitis or Irvine-Gass syndrome. We describe a complication: migration of the dexamethasone implant into the anterior chamber through basal iridectomy (Ando) in a pseudophakic patient with development of corneal edema and secondary high intraocular pressure.

Methods: This is a case report of migration of Ozurdex® through basal iridectomy in a pseudophakic patient with iris claw lens. Read More

J Cataract Refract Surg 2015 Sep;41(9):1954-61

From the Department of Ophthalmology (Mayer, Kurz, Wolf, Kook, Kreutzer, Kampik, Priglinger, Haritoglou), Ludwig-Maximilians-University, and Herzog Carl Theodor Eye Clinic (Haritoglou), Munich, Germany; the Department of Ophthalmology (Kreutzer, Priglinger), Allgemeines Krankenhaus Linz, Linz, Austria.

Purpose: To investigate the effectiveness and safety of a dexamethasone implant (Ozurdex) to treat pseudophakic macular edema (Irvine-Gass syndrome).

Setting: Department of Ophthalmology, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, Munich, Germany.

Design: Prospective nonrandomized study. Read More

Case Rep Ophthalmol 2015 Jan-Apr;6(1):143-8. Epub 2015 Apr 30.

Parke Street Specialist Centre, Katoomba, N.S.W., Australia.

Purpose: To report a case of acute bilateral Irvine-Gass syndrome.

Methods: This is an observational case report.

Results: An 82-year-old man with no significant ocular history developed postsurgical pseudophakic cystoid macular edema (CME; Irvine-Gass syndrome) on consecutive phacoemulsification cataract surgeries. Read More

Graefes Arch Clin Exp Ophthalmol 2016 Jan 12;254(1):43-51. Epub 2015 Apr 12.

Division of Retina and Vitreous, Ophthalmic Consultants of Long Island, 2000 North Village Avenue, suite 402, Rockville Centre, NY, 11570, USA.

Purpose: To describe the relationship between pseudophakic cystoid macular edema (CME) progression and retinal structural changes observed by spectral-domain optical coherence tomography (SD-OCT) and fluorescein angiography.

Methods: Retrospective, consecutive, longitudinal imaging analysis of patients with acute pseudophakic cystoid macular edema. Two observers at two study centers evaluated all images and categorized the macular structural features based on the retinal layer involved with cystic changes and/or subretinal fluid. Read More

Arch Soc Esp Oftalmol 2015 Jul 25;90(7):303-7. Epub 2015 Mar 25.

Servicio de Oftalmología, Hospital Universitario de La Ribera, Alzira, Valencia, España.

Objective: To evaluate the efficacy of intravitreal dexamethasone implant on the treatment of pseudophakic macular edema (PME).

Material And Methods: A retrospective, observational, descriptive study was conducted on 4 patients who received an intravitreal injection of dexamethasone implant due to PME in the period from 1st January 2013 to 31st December 2013 in the Hospital Universitario de La Ribera (Alzira, Valencia, Spain). A complete ophthalmic examination was performed on these patients. Read More

J Fr Ophtalmol 2015 Feb 13;38(2):126-33. Epub 2015 Jan 13.

Centre hospitalier national ophtalmologique des Quinze-Vingts, 28, rue de Charenton, 75012 Paris, France.

Introduction: The intravitreal dexamethasone implant has shown efficacy in the treatment of macular edema (ME) arising after retinal venous occlusions (central or branch), and in the treatment of non-infectious uveitis. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the efficacy of this implant in the treatment of other diffuse macular edemas with an inflammatory mechanism.

Materials And Methods: We carried out a retrospective cohort study over 2 years: from January 2012 to December 2013, including all patients who received at least one injection of intravitreal dexamethasone implant, excluding venous occlusions and non-infectious uveitis. Read More

Case Rep Ophthalmol 2014 May 4;5(2):243-8. Epub 2014 Aug 4.

Ophthalmology Unit, NESMOS Department, S. Andrea Hospital, Faculty of Medicine and Psychology, 'Sapienza' University of Rome, Rome, Italy.

Purpose: To evaluate the efficacy of 2 dexamethasone intravitreal implants and 1 ranibizumab intravitreal injection after a bilateral postoperative complication of cataract surgery as pseudophakic cystoid macular edema.

Patients And Methods: A 70-year-old male patient with systemic hypertension developed a progressive cystoid macular edema (CME) in both eyes starting between 10 and 20 days after cataract surgery. Two intravitreal dexamethasone implants and 1 ranibizumab injection were administered; first in the right eye (RE) and then in the left eye (LE). Read More

Ocul Immunol Inflamm 2015 Jun 28;23(3):225-31. Epub 2014 Mar 28.

2nd Eye Clinic, "Ophthalmiatrion Athinon" Specialized Eye Hospital , Athens , Greece.

Purpose: The purpose of our study was to evaluate the potential efficacy and safety of intravitreal ranibizumab in patients with pseudophakic cystoid macular edema (CME).

Methods: This retrospective study comprised 7 eyes with CME treated with intravitreal ranibizumab. Patients were examined at 1 week and 1 month after injection and monthly thereafter. Read More

Clin Ophthalmol 2013 15;7:1437-9. Epub 2013 Jul 15.

1st Department of Ophthalmology, University of Athens, Athens, Greece.

Background: Macular edema (ME) is caused by abnormal retinal capillary permeability and has also been described as a postoperative complication of cataract surgery (Irvine-Gass syndrome).

Objective: To present a patient with Irvine-Gass syndrome in the right eye complicated with a macular hole (MH) in the same eye and possible associations between these two entities.

Case Report: A 72-year-old male with a history of uneventful bilateral cataract surgery was followed-up with biomicroscopy and optical coherence tomography (OCT). Read More

Clin Ophthalmol 2013 13;7:1171-4. Epub 2013 Jun 13.

Department of Ophthalmology, Copenhagen University Hospital Roskilde, Roskilde, Denmark ; Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark.

Background: Refractory pseudophakic cystoid macular edema (PCME) following cataract surgery has long posed a challenge to clinicians, but intravitreal injections with a sustained delivery 0.7 mg dexamethasone implant has emerged as a promising therapy for this condition.

Objective: To present a case of longstanding and refractory PCME with complete remission through 189 days of follow-up after two successive injections with intravitreal dexamethasone implants. Read More

J Ocul Pharmacol Ther 2012 Dec 25;28(6):636-9. Epub 2012 Jun 25.

Department of Ophthalmology, Ankara University Faculty of Medicine, Ankara, Turkey.

Purpose: To evaluate the functional and anatomical outcome after intravitreal ranibizumab injection in 2 patients with cystoid macular edema (CME) related to Irvine-Gass syndrome.

Methods: Two patients with pseudophakic CME refractory to current standard topical treatment were enrolled in this study. Intravitreal (0. Read More

Ocul Immunol Inflamm 2011 Jun;19(3):216-8

Centre for Ophthalmology, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany.

Purpose: To describe treatment of chronic Irvine-Gass syndrome (CME) with interferon (IFN) alpha.

Methods: Interventional retrospective case series. IFN alpha-2a was administered at a dose of 3 million IU/day subcutaneously for 4 weeks, and was tapered thereafter. Read More

J Cataract Refract Surg 2008 Jan;34(1):70-5

University Eye Clinic Tuebingen, Centre of Ophthalmology, Eberhard-Karls University, Tuebingen, Germany.

Purpose: To describe the efficacy of intravitreal bevacizumab (Avastin) in patients with cystoid macular edema (CME) after cataract surgery (Irvine-Gass syndrome).

Methods: This retrospective case series comprised 16 eyes of 16 patients with CME after cataract surgery refractory to current standard treatment who received an injection of 1.25 mg intravitreal Avastin. Read More

Ocul Immunol Inflamm 2005 Jul-Aug;13(4):295-300

Department of Ophthalmology, National Taiwan University Hospital (NTUH), Taipei, Taiwan.

Purpose: To investigate clinical findings and ocular characteristics of sterile endophthalmitis following intravitreal injection (IVI) of triamcinolone for the treatment of macular edema.

Methods: IVI is an institutional practice at our hospital. From March 2002 to January 2003, a total of 21 IVIs of triamcinolone acetonide were performed on 19 patients with macular edema secondary to various retinal disorders. Read More