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J Pharm Sci 2018 09 24;107(9):2411-2419. Epub 2018 May 24.

Department of Biochemistry and Tissue Biology, Institute of Biology, University of Campinas, Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil. Electronic address:

Administration of local anesthetics is one of the most effective pain control techniques for postoperative analgesia. However, anesthetic agents easily diffuse into the injection site, limiting the time of anesthesia. One approach to prolong analgesia is to entrap local anesthetic agents in nanostructured carriers (e. Read More

Pediatr Emerg Care 2013 Feb;29(2):245-65

Department of Anesthesiology & Pain Medicine, Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, OH 43205, USA.

Objective: The objective of this review was to provide a general descriptive account of the physical properties, end-organ effects, therapeutic applications, and delivery techniques of nitrous oxide (N2O) as used in the arena of procedural sedation.

Data Source: A computerized bibliographic search regarding the applications of nitrous for provision of sedation and analgesia during procedures with an emphasis on the pediatric population was performed.

Results: The end-organ effects of N2O have been well described in the operating room setting. Read More

Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2011 Nov 9(11):CD008580. Epub 2011 Nov 9.

University Clinical Department ofGynecology and Perinatology, University Clinical Center Maribor, Maribor, Slovenia.

Background: Besides risks of miscarriage, pregnant women undergoing amniocentesis or chorionic villus sampling (CVS) are also concerned about pain associated with these procedures. Currently, approaches to analgesia can be categorised in two broad categories - non-pharmacological and pharmacological agents.

Objectives: To evaluate whether different methods of analgesia have any impact on pain reduction during amniocentesis or chorionic villus sampling (CVS). Read More

Aesthetic Plast Surg 2006 Jan-Feb;30(1):59-64

Ataturk Training and Research Hospital, Izmir, Turkey.

Injection of botulinum toxin is a painful procedure, limiting the number of patients treated. This study was designed to establish whether infiltration of local anesthetics plays a role in the effectiveness of botulinum toxin. For the study, 24 New Zealand white rabbits were divided into three groups. Read More

Ann Plast Surg 2005 Sep;55(3):258-61

Department of Surgery, Thraki Medical Centre, Democritus University of Thrace, 7 P. Kirillou Street, 68100 Alex/polis, Greece.

A prospective double-blind study was conducted to compare the analgesic properties of levobupivacaine and ropivacaine in a bilaterally symmetrical mastopexy model. Both of these 2 long-acting local anesthetic amides are associated with lower cardiac and central nervous system toxicity than racemic bupivacaine, a widely used agent for long-lasting perioperative analgesia in esthetic procedures. In this study, each of the 18 patients undergoing bilateral mastopexy under conscious sedation received preoperative infiltration with levobupivacaine in 1 breast and equal volume of ropivacaine in the other. Read More

Cornea 2004 Jul;23(5):527-9

Department of Ophthalmology, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan, ROC.

Objective: To describe the clinical course and treatment of toxic keratopathy associated with abuse of topical anesthetic at a very low concentration, 0.05%.

Method: Case report. Read More

Braz Dent J 2003 29;14(3):215-9. Epub 2004 Mar 29.

Department of Stomatology, Faculty of Dentistry, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil.

The purpose of this study was to evaluate cardiovascular parameters during dental procedures: systolic, diastolic, and mean blood pressures, and heart rate. Nineteen healthy normotensive patients (18-56 years of age) received restorative treatment on three maxillary molars. The patients were continuously monitored by a non-invasive automatic monitor for blood pressure and heart rate during the pre-, trans-, and post-operative periods at the following stages: 15 min prior to anesthesia; during topical anesthesia; during infiltrative anesthesia; for 5 minutes immediately after; during cavity preparation; during restorative procedure; for 10 min after completion. Read More

Am Fam Physician 2002 Jul;66(1):91-4

Department of Family and Preventive Medicine, University of California, San Diego, School of Medicine, La Jolla 92023-0807, USA.

The use of effective analgesia is vital for any office procedure in which pain may be inflicted. The ideal anesthetic achieves 100 percent analgesia in a short period of time, works on intact or nonintact skin without systemic side effects, and invokes neither pain nor toxicity. Because no single agent meets all of these criteria, the physician must choose from the available armamentarium based on the anesthetic properties that are most desired. Read More

Braz Dent J 1997 ;8(2):85-90

Departamento de Stomatologia, Faculdade de Odontologia, Universidade de São Paulo, Brasil.

We studied possible cardiovascular effects (systolic, diastolic, mean arterial blood pressures, and heart rate) caused by intraoral infiltrative administration of 2% mepivacaine HCl with 1:20,000 levonordefrin in dogs (Canis familiaris), using a Beckman electrophysiograph. Doses used were 0.514 and 1. Read More

J Cataract Refract Surg 1996 Oct;22(8):1037-44

York Finch General Hospital, Toronto, Canada.

Purpose: To compare the pharmacotherapeutic practices of high-volume photorefractive keratectomy (PRK) surgeons with suggested practices gleaned from the current literature.

Setting: York Finch Eye Associates, Toronto, Canada.

Methods: Seventy-five ophthalmic surgeons believed by the authors to do a high-volume of PRKs were surveyed over the summer of 1994 about their pharmacotherapeutic practices. Read More

Aesthetic Plast Surg 1995 Jan-Feb;19(1):37-9

Centro de Cirugia Estetica, Córdoba, Argentina.

Breast augmentations using a transaxillary subpectoral approach are usually performed under general anesthesia. This article describes a technique that uses local infiltrative anesthesia in breast augmentation, adenomastectomies with immediate breast reconstruction, and when placing breast expansors. Large anesthetic solutions with vasoconstrictor and long-acting effects are prepared. Read More

Anesthesiology 1991 Dec;75(6):950-60

Department of Anesthesiology, Catharina Hospital, Eindhoven, The Netherlands.

An aqueous suspension of n-butyl-p-aminobenzoate (BAB), a highly lipid-soluble congener of benzocaine, was applied epidurally in terminally ill cancer patients with intractable pain. The suspension consisted of 10% BAB and 0.025% of the nonionic surfactant polysorbate 80 in 0. Read More