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Plast Reconstr Surg 2004 Oct;114(5):1292-7

California Pacific Medical Center and the Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, University of California, San Francisco, USA.

Intraoperative grid pattern markings have been used in the performance of liposuction. Grid pattern markings include series of longitudinal and transverse lines to delineate various anatomical boundaries and landmarks, including the midline, lateral line, and medial line. The markings are superimposed on the customary preoperative markings and divide broad or circumferential body surfaces into smaller subunits for liposuction. Read More

Plast Reconstr Surg 2000 Sep;106(3):713-8; discussion 719-20

Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, College of Medicine, Hanyang University, Seoul, Korea.

In general, Oriental women have shorter legs and thicker calves than Caucasian women. Moreover, the thicker their calves, the shorter their legs appear to be. As a result, they might be reluctant to adopt certain fashion styles (shorter skirts) or they may feel conspicuous in beachwear. Read More

Dermatol Clin 1999 Oct;17(4):865-79, vii-viii

Department of Dermatology, University of Colorado Health Sciences Center, Lake Loveland Dermatology, USA.

Lipodystrophy of the knees, calves, ankles, and neck are somewhat unique in comparison to other sites because they are more difficult to camouflage. The calves and ankles, in particular, are less dependent on body weight and more resistant to diet and exercise. Calf and ankle lipodystrophy is usually present from early adolescence. Read More

Plast Reconstr Surg 1999 Sep;104(3):823-31; discussion 832-3

Achieving a predictable, aesthetic result in liposuction contouring of the lower leg is now possible. The evolution of the technique has brought about preoperative, intraoperative, and postoperative advances. This article describes in detail these advances and their rationale. Read More

Plast Reconstr Surg 1998 Nov;102(6):2230-6

Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, St. Markus-Hospital, Frankfurt, Germany.

In some patients, oversized calves lead to mental distress and avoidance of certain social activities. They hide their legs in pants and seek medical advice. If the thickness of the subcutaneous fat is normal and cannot be diminished by liposuction, the oversized calves are caused by pure muscle hypertrophy. Read More

Dermatol Surg 1997 Dec;23(12):1161-8

Plast Reconstr Surg 1996 Oct;98(5):880-3

Southwest Texas State University, Austin, USA.

Aesthetic Plast Surg 1994 ;18(2):165-74

Circumferential intermediate lipoplasty of the thighs and lower legs is an expansion of the traditional lipoplasty technique. Rather than limiting the correction to defined bulges, the goal is to thin the thigh or the calves and ankles circumferentially. This procedure is not indicated for all patients. Read More

Plast Reconstr Surg 1991 Mar;87(3):585

Plast Reconstr Surg 1990 Jul;86(1):84-93; discussion 94-6

The author details his experience over the past 6 years with 53 patients who had lipoplasty of the calves and ankles. The patient selection and diagnosis are critical. Determining whether the problem is localized or circumferential (generalized) influences the approach. Read More

Aesthetic Plast Surg 1990 ;14(4):259-69

Tokyo Seven Bell Clinic, Japan.

Calf and ankle liposuction was performed on 110 patients for a total of 166 cases. Only 84% of these patients were satisfied with the results compared with 98% of those who underwent liposuction in other parts of the body. The author presents statistics and explains the criteria used to select patients for treatment. Read More

Clin Plast Surg 1989 Apr;16(2):365-8

Clinical Institute in Surgery, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, New York.