16,917 results match your criteria Lichen Spinulosus
Clin Exp Dermatol 2018 Dec 14. Epub 2018 Dec 14.
Laboratory of Investigation in Medicine, LIM-56, Department of Dermatology, Tropical Medicine Institute of São Paulo, University of São Paulo Medical School, São Paulo, Brazil.
Background: Lichen planus (LP) is an inflammatory skin disease with unknown aetiology. Activation by pathogen-associated molecular patterns or environmental stimuli may activate some components of inflammasomes that contribute to the inflammatory process in LP lesions.
Aim: To characterize the inflammasomes in skin lesions and peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) of patients with LP under Toll-like receptor (TLR) activation. Read More
Colloids Surf B Biointerfaces 2019 Jan 26;173:869-875. Epub 2018 Oct 26.
Institute of Botany, Jagiellonian University, ul. Kopernika 27, 31-501 Kraków, Poland; Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Polish Academy of Sciences, ul. Pawińskiego 5a, 02-106 Warsaw, Poland.
The studies of low-temperature immobilization of bound water in Antarctic lichenized fungus Turgidosculum complicatulum were performed using H NMR and DSC over a wide range of thallus hydration. H NMR free induction decays were decomposed into a solid component well described by the Gaussian function and two exponentially decaying components coming from a tightly bound water and from a loosely bound water fraction. H NMR spectra revealed one averaged mobile proton signal component. Read More
Natl J Maxillofac Surg 2018 Jul-Dec;9(2):184-190
Department of Oral Medicine and Radiology, Pacific Dental College, Udaipur, Rajasthan, India.
Introduction: Oral leukoplakia, oral submucous fibrosis, and oral lichen planus are the precancerous or potentially malignant lesions and conditions whereas oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) is a cancerous or malignant lesion of the oral cavity. They have characteristic clinical and histopathological features. These diseases not only originate from epithelium but also associated with chronic inflammation juxta-epithellialy. Read More
Sci Total Environ 2018 Nov 28. Epub 2018 Nov 28.
Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Gdansk University of Technology, 11/12 Narutowicza St., Gdansk 80-233, Poland. Electronic address:
The Arctic hosts a set of unique ecosystems, characterised by extreme environmental conditions and undergoing a rapid change resulting from the average temperature rising. We present a study on an aquatic ecosystem of the Revelva catchment (Spitsbergen), based on samples collected from the lake, river and their tributaries, in the summer of 2016. The landscape variety of the study site and the seasonal change in the hydrological regime modify the availability of nutrients. Read More
Cesk Slov Oftalmol 2018 ;74(1):9-14
Purpose: The objective of the study is to evaluate of primary open-angle glaucoma (POAG) with the use of EX-PRESS drainage implant. Evaluated was the decrease of intraocular pressure (IOP), visus stabilization, perimeter Humphrey - related finding (T 30-2), Heidelberg Retina Tomograph (HRT) and possibility of reducing the local drug therapy.
Patients And Methods: Retrospective data analysis was performed in 40 eyes with POAG in 28 subjects (14 female- and 14 male patients) average-aged 69. Read More
JAMA Dermatol 2018 Dec 12. Epub 2018 Dec 12.
Department of Dermatology, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, New York.
JAAD Case Rep 2018 Nov 14;4(10):1068-1071. Epub 2018 Nov 14.
Department of Dermatology University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California.
Arch Dis Child 2018 Dec 7. Epub 2018 Dec 7.
Alder Hey Children's NHS Foundation Trust, Liverpool, UK.
J Am Acad Dermatol 2018 Dec 7. Epub 2018 Dec 7.
Dermatology Service, Department of Medicine, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York, USA. Electronic address:
Background: There is lack of uniformity in reflectance confocal microscopy (RCM) terminology for non-melanocytic lesions (NMLs).
Objective: To review published RCM terms for NMLs and identify likely-synonymous terms.
Methods: Systematic review of original research articles adhering to PRISMA guidelines was conducted until August 19, 2017. Read More
Nitric Oxide 2018 Dec 7;83:11-18. Epub 2018 Dec 7.
Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche, Biologiche, Farmaceutiche ed Ambientali, University of Messina, Polo Annunziata, viale Annunziata, 98168, Messina, Italy; Chromaleont s.r.l., c/o Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche, Biologiche, Farmaceutiche ed Ambientali, University of Messina, Polo Annunziata, Viale Annunziata, 98168, Messina, Italy; Unit of Food Science and Nutrition, Department of Medicine, University Campus Bio-Medico of Rome, via Alvaro del Portillo 21, 00128, Rome, Italy.
Metabolic responses of epiphytic lichen Ramalina farinacea to cadmium (Cd) and/or nitric oxide (NO) scavenger (cPTIO) were studied. Accumulation of Cd and other metallic nutrients was not affected by cPTIO while total and absorbed amounts differed. Cd-induced NO formation was suppressed by cPTIO but ROS signal was synergistically enhanced, confirming that NO is essential to keep ROS under control. Read More
Cytokine 2018 Dec 6. Epub 2018 Dec 6.
Division of Rheumatology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA. Electronic address:
Type I interferons (IFNs) are an immunomodulatory class of cytokines that serve to protect against viral and bacterial infection. In addition, mounting evidence suggests IFNs, particularly type I but also IFNγ, are important to the pathogenesis of autoimmune and inflammatory skin diseases, such as cutaneous lupus erythematosus (CLE). Understanding the role of IFNs is relevant to anti-viral responses in the skin, skin biology, and therapeutics for these IFN-related conditions. Read More
Oral Dis 2018 Dec 6. Epub 2018 Dec 6.
Oral and Dental Disease Research Center, School of Dentistry, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran.
Objectives: Galectin-3, a member of beta-galactoside-binding proteins, can be found in cytoplasm and nucleus as well as extracellularly in various tissues and involved in many physiological and pathological processes. We aimed to measure the serum levels of galectin-3 in oral lichen planus (OLP) disease and compare the result with that observed in healthy ones.
Materials And Methods: In this cross-sectional study, the serum levels of galectin-3 were measured in 56 healthy individuals and 53 pathologically proven OLP patients including those with atrophic/erosive (33 cases) or reticular (20 cases) lesions, using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Read More
Acta Derm Venereol 2018 Dec 6. Epub 2018 Dec 6.
Department of Dermatology, Turku University Hospital, PO Box 52, FIN-20521 Turku, Finland.
J Microbiol Biotechnol 2018 Nov 16. Epub 2018 Nov 16.
Korean Lichen Research Institute, Sunchon National University, Suncheon, Republic of Korea.
Lichens are generally known as self-sufficient symbiotic life-form between fungus and algae/cyanobacteria, also provide shelter for a wide range of beneficial bacteria. Besides, bacterial derived biodegradable polyhydroxyalkanoate (PHA) is currently grabbing the attention of many researchers as a promising alternative of non-degradable plastics. This study was conducted to develop a new method of PHA production using unexplored lichen-associated bacteria, which can simultaneously degrade two ubiquitous industrial toxins, anthracene and naphthalene. Read More
Br J Dermatol 2018 Dec;179(6):e231
Dermatology Unit, University of Campania, Nuovo Policlinico (Edificio 9C), Via Pansini 5, 80131, Naples, Italy.
Int J Dent Hyg 2018 Dec 2. Epub 2018 Dec 2.
Department of Surgical Sciences, C.I.R. Dental School, University of Turin, Turin, Italy.
Objectives: The aim of this randomized, parallel-design, clinical trial was to investigate the effectiveness of an intensive plaque control program with sonic versus manual toothbrushing on clinical outcomes and gingival crevicular fluid (GCF) levels of matrix metalloproteinases (MMP) in desquamative gingivitis (DG) patients.
Methods: A total of 32 patients affected by DG secondary to oral lichen planus (OLP) were consecutively recruited and randomly assigned to a test (n = 16) and control (n = 16) group. Both groups were enrolled in an intensive control program comprising supragingival scaling and polishing, and brush-specific instructions for a period of 8 weeks. Read More
Exp Dermatol 2018 Dec 2. Epub 2018 Dec 2.
Centro Oncologico ad Alta Tecnologia Diagnostica, Azienda Unità Sanitaria Locale - IRCCS, Reggio Emilia, Italy.
Melanomas and nevi displaying regression features can be difficult to differentiate. To describe reflectance confocal microscopy features in benign and malignant pigmented skin lesions characterized by regression features in dermoscopy. Methods: Observational retrospective study. Read More
Indian Dermatol Online J 2018 Nov-Dec;9(6):479-480
DNB, Consultant, Rita Skin Foundation, Kolkata, West Bengal, India.
Urol Case Rep 2019 Mar 15;23:1-2. Epub 2018 Nov 15.
Medical University of Innsbruck, Department of Urology, Anichstrasse 35, Innsbruck, Austria.
Front Microbiol 2018 16;9:2770. Epub 2018 Nov 16.
Department of Biology, Duke University, Durham, NC, United States.
Species circumscription is key to the characterization of patterns of specificity in symbiotic systems at a macroevolutionary scale. Here, a worldwide phylogenetic framework was used to assess the biodiversity and symbiotic patterns of association among partners in trimembered lichens from the genus , section . We sequenced six loci of the main fungal partner and performed species discovery and validation analyses to establish putative species boundaries. Read More
Med Sci Monit 2018 Dec 2;24:8716-8721. Epub 2018 Dec 2.
Department of Dermatology, Affiliated Hospital of Hebei University of Engineering, Handan, Hebei, China (mainland).
BACKGROUND Lichen planus (LP) is a common chronic superficial skin lesion that causes chronic or sub-acute inflammatory disorders. LP can affect the oral cavity, skin, mucous membrane, and other body parts, and features include repeat attacks and long duration, leading to lower quality of life. This study aimed to analyze the changes of immunologic function before and after treatment of LP. Read More
An Pediatr (Barc) 2018 Nov 28. Epub 2018 Nov 28.
Servicio de Dermatología Médico-Quirúrgica y Venereología, Hospital Clínico San Cecilio, Granada, España.
Br J Dermatol 2018 Dec 4. Epub 2018 Dec 4.
Department of Clinical Medicine and Surgery, Section of Dermatology, University of Naples Federico II, Via Pansini 5, Napoli, Italy.
We read with great interest the article by J. W. Frew regarding Notch Dysregulation as an Epiphenomenon in Inflammatory Skin Diseases. Read More
Medicina (Kaunas) 2018 Dec 3;54(6). Epub 2018 Dec 3.
Oral and Dental Sciences Research Laboratory, School of Dentistry, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah 6713954658, Iran.
Immunoglobulins (IgA, IgG, and IgM) are significant anti-inflammatory factors. The meta-analysis aimed to assess the serum and salivary levels of Igs as more important immunoglobulins in patients affected by oral lichen planus (OLP) compared to the healthy controls. Four databases, including PubMed/Medline, Scopus, Web of Science, and Cochrane Library as well as Iranian databases were checked up to January 2018 without language restriction. Read More
Int J Surg Case Rep 2018 Nov 27;54:7-9. Epub 2018 Nov 27.
Department of Plastic Surgery and Breast Surgery, Zealand University Hospital, Roskilde, Denmark.
Introduction: Verrucous carcinoma is an uncommon variant of low-grade squamous cell malignancy with a low malignant potential but a high risk of recurrence.
Presentation Of Case: We report a case of a Human Papilloma Virus negative local verrucous carcinoma in the perianal area of a 45-year old otherwise healthy female. The tumor presented clinically as a persistent genital wart not responding to usual dermatologic local therapy. Read More
Arch Dermatol Res 2018 Dec 3. Epub 2018 Dec 3.
Department of Dermatology, Kyorin University School of Medicine, 6-20-2, Shinkawa Mitaka, Tokyo, 181-8611, Japan.
No previous studies have convincingly linked sweating disturbance with the subsequent development of lichen planus (LP). Therefore, we investigated whether sweating disturbance could be specifically detected in LP lesions and how it could trigger lesion development. We utilized the impression mold technique (IMT), which allows accurate quantification of individual sweat glands/ducts actively delivering sweat in a well-defined location, to evaluate sweating disturbance in LP lesions. Read More
Front Microbiol 2018 19;9:2775. Epub 2018 Nov 19.
Winogradsky Institute of Microbiology, Research Center of Biotechnology of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia.
Members of the are among the most efficient colonizers of acidic terrestrial habitats but the key traits underlying their environmental fitness remain to be understood. We analyzed indigenous assemblages of in a lichen-covered acidic (pH 4.1) soil of forested tundra dominated by uncultivated members of subdivision 1. Read More
Food Technol Biotechnol 2018 Sep;56(3):421-430
Department for Biology and Ecology, Faculty of Science, Radoja Domanovića 12, RS-34000 Kragujevac, Serbia.
The aim of this study is to investigate cytotoxic, proapoptotic, antimigratory and pro-antioxidant effects of methanol, acetone and ethyl acetate extracts of lichens and on colorectal cancer (HCT-116 and SW-480) cell lines. We compared the cytotoxic effects on colorectal cancer cells with the effects obtained from normal human fibroblast (MRC-5) cell line. Tetrazolium (MTT) test evaluated the cytotoxic effects, Transwell assay evaluated cell migration, acridine orange/ethidium bromide (AO/EB) fluorescent method followed the apoptosis, while prooxidant/antioxidant effects were determined spectrophotometrically through concentration of redox parameters. Read More
J Contemp Dent Pract 2018 Oct 1;19(10):1204-1213. Epub 2018 Oct 1.
Department of Oral Surgery, Maxillofacial and Diagnostic Science, College of Dentistry, Qassim University, KSA.
Aim: The current study will attempt to throw light on the role of desmoglein 1 and desmoglein 3 in the pathogenesis of erosive lichen planus and their response to topical application of tacrolimus.
Materials And Methods: Twenty patients with erosive oral lichen planus received tacrolimus ointment three times daily for eight weeks. Assessments using the clinical score and a visual analog scale were recorded at each visit. Read More
BMC Oral Health 2018 Nov 29;18(1):197. Epub 2018 Nov 29.
Key Laboratory of Oral Medicine, Guangzhou Institute of Oral Disease, Stomatology Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, 510140, China.
Background: Oral lichen planus (OLP) is a chronic inflammatory oral mucosal disease in which comprehensive inflammation-related cytokines are involved. These cytokines are commonly produced by immune cells and specific nonimmune cells including keratinocytes, endothelial cells and fibroblasts. This raises the question of whether fibroblasts in OLP lesions contribute to the inflammatory process upon inflammatory simulation. Read More
Int Urogynecol J 2018 Nov 28. Epub 2018 Nov 28.
Department of Urogynaecology, KK Women's and Children's Hospital, 100, Bukit Timah Road, Singapore, 229899, Singapore.
Labial adhesion is defined as complete or partial fusion of the labia minora in the midline through flimsy or dense adhesions. It may be congenital or acquired. Acquired cases are mainly seen in oestrogen deficiency states in prepubertal girls and postmenopausal women. Read More
JAMA Dermatol 2018 Nov 28. Epub 2018 Nov 28.
Department of Dermatology, University of California, Irvine.
Importance: Dermatology is encountering increasing rates of autoimmune disease manifesting in primary skin conditions that are difficult to treat without a risk of immunosuppression. Naltrexone is an orally active opioid antagonist that influences a variety of systemic pathways, including the immune system, in low doses of 1.5 to 4. Read More
J Pediatr Urol 2018 Mar 29. Epub 2018 Mar 29.
Alder Hey Children's Hospital, Liverpool, UK. Electronic address:
Introduction: Circumcision has long been the mainstay of management for genitourinary lichen sclerosus et atrophicus (LS); however, there has been growing interest in surgical techniques that preserve the foreskin.
Objective: The aim of this study was to assess population-based surgical management of LS in England and determine surgical outcomes.
Study Design: Cases of LS treated in English NHS trusts (2002-2011) were extracted from the Hospital Episode Statistics (HES) Database. Read More
Biochemistry (Mosc) 2018 Nov;83(11):1350-1357
Göring Consulting, Berlin, 12555, Germany.
The review discusses the data on vitamin D accumulation in animals, plants, and other organisms. 7-Dehydrocholesterol (7-DHC) and ergosterol are considered to be the only true precursors of vitamin D, although even vitamin D (ergocalciferol) is not fully comparable to vitamin D (cholecalciferol) in regard to their functions. These precursors are converted by UV radiation into the corresponding D vitamins. Read More
PeerJ 2018 16;6:e5904. Epub 2018 Nov 16.
Freie Universität Berlin, Department of Biodiversity/Theoretical Ecology, Institute of Biology, Berlin, Germany.
Background: Biocrusts, communities dominated by mosses, lichens, cyanobacteria, and other microorganisms, largely affect the carbon cycle of drylands. As poikilohydric organisms, their activity time is often limited to short hydration events. The photosynthetic and respiratory response of biocrusts to hydration events is not only determined by the overall amount of available water, but also by the frequency and size of individual rainfall pulses. Read More
Dermatol Pract Concept 2018 Oct 31;8(4):299-302. Epub 2018 Oct 31.
Department of Skin & VD, Patna Medical College and Hospital, Patna, Bihar, India.
Background: Diagnosing and differentiating pityriasis rubra pilaris (PRP) from other disorders can be a challenging task. Although histopathology remains the gold standard, it may not be feasible at times, especially in children. Being noninvasive, dermoscopy can be of great diagnostic importance in such a scenario. Read More
Dermatol Pract Concept 2018 Oct 31;8(4):283-291. Epub 2018 Oct 31.
Postgraduate Department of Dermatology, STD & Leprosy, Government Medical College, Srinagar, University of Kashmir, Jammu & Kashmir, India.
Background: Nail disorders comprise approximately 10% of all dermatological conditions. Because diagnosis is not always possible by clinical means alone, additional diagnostic procedures may be required at times. Dermoscopy of nails (onychoscopy) has shown promising results in diagnosing various nail disorders and also avoids time-consuming investigations such as culture and biopsy. Read More
Molecules 2018 Nov 25;23(12). Epub 2018 Nov 25.
Laboratory of Microbial Ecology, Department of Ecological Sciences, Faculty of Sciences, Universidad de Chile, Santiago 7800003, Chile.
Lichens have been extensively studied and described; however, recent evidence suggests that members of the bacterial community associated with them could contribute new functions to the symbiotic interaction. In this work, we compare the nitrogen-fixing guild associated with bipartite terricolous lichens with different types of photobiont: cyanolichens and chlorolichens. Since cyanobacteria contribute nitrogen to the symbiosis, we propose that chlorolichens have more diverse bacteria with the ability to fix nitrogen compared to cyanolichens. Read More
Molecules 2018 Nov 23;23(12). Epub 2018 Nov 23.
Department of Pharmacy, and Research Institute of Life Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sunchon National University, Suncheon 57922, Korea.
One hundred and seventy seven acetone extracts of lichen and 258 ethyl acetate extracts of cultured lichen-forming fungi (LFF) were screened for antimicrobial activity against and using a disk diffusion method. Divaricatic acid was isolated from and identified by LC-MS, ¹H-, C- and DEPT-NMR. Purified divaricatic acid was effective against Gram + bacteria, such as , , , and , with the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) values ranging from 7. Read More
Carbohydr Res 2018 Nov 16;472:58-64. Epub 2018 Nov 16.
Glycomics and Glycan Bioengineering Research Center (GGBRC), College of Food Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, 1 Weigang, Nanjing, 210095, China. Electronic address:
PNGases are crucial targets and valuable tools in analyzing asparagine-linked carbohydrate moieties (N-glycans) of glycoproteins. Activity tests of PNGases have been little improved since their discovery four decades ago, and still rely on observing deglycosylation patterns of glycoproteins or glycopeptides using SDS-PAGE or HPLC analysis. These techniques cannot be easily adapted for automated sampling and high-throughput procedures. Read More
FEMS Microbiol Ecol 2019 Feb;95(2)
Winogradsky Institute of Microbiology, Research Center of Biotechnology of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow 119071, Leninsky prospect 33-2, Russia.
Members of the phylum Planctomycetes are common inhabitants of boreal Sphagnum peat bogs and lichen-dominated tundra wetlands. These bacteria colonize both oxic and anoxic peat layers and reach the population size of 107 cells per gram of wet peat. The 16S rRNA gene sequences from planctomycetes comprise 5%-22% of total 16S rRNA gene reads retrieved from peat samples. Read More
PhytoKeys 2018 2(110):39-50. Epub 2018 Nov 2.
School of Life Science and Technology, Harbin Institute of Technology, 2 Yikuang Street, Nangang Distinct, Harbin, 150080, China Harbin Institute of Technology Harbin China.
A single-celled green alga Shunan Cao & Qiming Zhou, , isolated from a specimen of Antarctic lichen (Vahl) Gray, is described and illustrated based on a comprehensive investigation of morphology, ultrastructure, ecology and phylogeny. The cells of are ovoid to long ellipsoidal and measured 3-5 µm × 6-12 µm. The new species has distinct ITS rDNA and SSU rDNA sequences and differs from the phylogenetic closely related species , and in cell size, distribution and habitat. Read More
J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol 2018 Nov 25. Epub 2018 Nov 25.
Dermatology, Department of Specialized, Diagnostic and Experimental Medicine, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy.
Background: Frontal fibrosing alopecia (FFA) is increasing in prevalence worldwide and several series from different countries have been published, in order to detect possible causes of the disease outbreak.
Objective: To analyze the epidemiological, clinical and trichoscopic features of FFA seen in an Italian Dermatology Unit.
Methods: Clinical, trichoscopy, histopathology and medical details of all patients were compared with literature and general population data. Read More
Br J Dermatol 2018 Nov 25. Epub 2018 Nov 25.
Centre of Evidence Based Dermatology, University of Nottingham, UK.
Lichen sclerosus (LS) is a chronic, inflammatory genital skin condition affecting men, women and children. Long-term complications include loss of normal anatomy from scarring, and malignant transformation. Uncertainties exist about the cause, diagnosis and management of LS. Read More
Arch Oral Biol 2018 Nov 17;98:115-121. Epub 2018 Nov 17.
Department of Oral Medicine, School of Stomatology, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China. Electronic address:
Objective: The aim of the present study was to investigate the correlation between IL-25 expression and disease severity, and the potential immunoregulatory role of IL-25 expression in oral lichen planus (OLP).
Materials And Methods: The oral mucosal tissue samples obtained from OLP patients and healthy controls (HCs) were analyzed for IL-25 expression by real-time quantitative PCR (qPCR) and immunohistochemistry. Recombinant IL-25 was used to stimulate OLP patient-derived CD4 + T cells, and then IL-4 secretion and mRNA expression were evaluated by ELISA and qPCR, respectively. Read More
J Dermatol 2018 Nov 23. Epub 2018 Nov 23.
State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, Department of Oral Medicine, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China.
Inflammation 2018 Nov 22. Epub 2018 Nov 22.
Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 210029, China.
The etiology of oral lichen planus (OLP) is still not clear. The purpose of this study was to explore the role of CXC chemokine receptor 3(CXCR3) and its ligand CXC motif chemokine 10(CXCL10) in the pathogenesis of OLP. We examined the expression of CXCR3 and CXCL10 in OLP patients and healthy controls by quantitative real-time PCR, Western blotting, ELISAs, and immunohistochemistry, respectively. Read More
Dermatology 2018 Nov 22:1-8. Epub 2018 Nov 22.
Background: Various facial and extrafacial lesions have been reported in frontal fibrosing alopecia (FFA). Facial papules have been associated with worse prognosis.
Objectives: We sought to detect the prevalence of facial and extrafacial lesions and to analyze their relation to demographic and clinical variables in a large and ethnically diverse series of patients with FFA. Read More
Oral Dis 2018 Nov 20. Epub 2018 Nov 20.
Department of Dermatology, Medical University of Warsaw, Poland.
Chronic ulcerative stomatitis (CUS) is an immune-mediated disorder characterized by oral erosions and ulcers usually refractory to conventional treatments. The disease often involves middle-aged and older women with painful lesions sometimes resembling those of erosive oral lichen planus (OLP). The most affected sites are the buccal mucosa, the gingiva and the tongue, but the skin is involved in 22. Read More