Search Our Scientific Publications & Authors

Orbit 2020 May 27:1-6. Epub 2020 May 27.

Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Louisville , Louisville, Kentucky, USA.

Purpose: To compare the efficacy of the vertical lid split (VLS) to the standard lateral canthotomy and cantholysis (LC/C) for orbital compartment syndrome (OCS) in the cadaveric model.

Methods: Simulated OCS was achieved in seven fresh frozen cadaveric orbits. Orbital pressure (OP) was monitored in one control orbit and six interventional orbits. Read More

World Neurosurg 2020 Apr 25. Epub 2020 Apr 25.

Clinical Teaching Fellow, Division of Neurosurgery, Department of Surgery, Uniformed University of the Health Sciences, 4301 Jones Bridge Road, Bethesda, Maryland 20814.

A 76-year-old male whose brain MRI demonstrated an anterior right frontal broad dural based homogenously enhancing mass measuring 6.0x3.1x6. Read More

Am J Emerg Med 2019 Dec 9. Epub 2019 Dec 9.

Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Iowa, Carver College of Medicine, United States of America. Electronic address:

Orbit 2020 Jan 7:1-4. Epub 2020 Jan 7.

Department of Pathology, Kasturba Medical College, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, India.

Perineurioma is a rare benign soft tissue tumor arising from the peripheral nerve sheath. To date only two cases of orbital perineurioma have been reported in literature.A 45-year-old, with no comorbidities, presented with protrusion of the right eye since one-year. Read More

Clin Ophthalmol 2019 7;13:2189-2194. Epub 2019 Nov 7.

Oxford Eye Hospital, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford, UK.

Orbital compartment syndrome (OCS) is a potentially blinding condition characterized by a rapid increase in intra-orbital pressure. OCS is most commonly seen in the context of intra-orbital hemorrhage secondary to either trauma or surgery. A review of the literature indicates that better visual outcomes are achieved when interventions occur within the first 2 hrs. Read More

Int Forum Allergy Rhinol 2020 Mar 27;10(3):412-418. Epub 2019 Nov 27.

Department of Otolaryngology-Head & Neck Surgery, Western University, London, ON, Canada.

Background: Retrobulbar hematoma (RH) is a rare but devastating complication of sinus surgery. It is treated initially with a lateral canthotomy and cantholysis at the bedside. Due to the high stakes and urgency of this complication, teaching this in the clinical setting is difficult. Read More

Ophthalmic Plast Reconstr Surg 2019 Nov/Dec;35(6):586-589

Ruiz Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, McGovern Medical School, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston (UTHealth).

Purpose: Evaluate visual outcomes in relation to time from injury to intervention in patients who undergo lateral canthotomy with cantholysis (LCC) for retrobulbar hemorrhage (RBH).

Methods: Retrospective study of patients with orbital compartment syndrome (OCS) secondary to RBH who underwent LCC. OCS due to RBH was defined by a combination of decreased vision, proptosis, resistance to retropulsion, increased intraocular pressure, and relative afferent pupillary defect. Read More

Nepal J Ophthalmol 2019 Jan;11(21):91-97

Vasan Eye Care, Lakshmipuram, India.

Orbital compartment syndrome is a rare presentation of orbital trauma and is an ophthalmic emergency. Delay in clinical diagnosis and subsequent surgical intervention will lead to loss of vision in nick of time. We presented a case series of orbital compartment syndrome secondary to trauma who presented to the emergency department of Tribhuvan University Teaching Hospital during the devastating earthquake in April 2015. Read More

Cureus 2019 Jul 1;11(7):e5057. Epub 2019 Jul 1.

Emergency Medicine, Mercer University School of Medicine, Macon, USA.

In the following case presentation, a young man who incurred orbital compartment syndrome (OCS) from physical trauma significantly improved from timely lateral canthotomy. Lateral canthotomy is recommended to be performed as soon as possible to avoid permanent vision loss, which is the most feared complication associated with orbital compartment syndrome. This procedure completely restored vision in the patient and permitted prompt discharge. Read More

Graefes Arch Clin Exp Ophthalmol 2019 Nov 5;257(11):2541-2545. Epub 2019 Sep 5.

Department of Ophthalmology, San Antonio Military Medical Center, 3551 Roger Brooke Drive, San Antonio, TX, 78234, USA.

Background: Orbital roof fractures are a significant cause of morbidity in trauma and are associated with a spectrum of orbital and ocular injuries. This study aims to characterize orbital roof fracture patterns and quantify the rate of acute intervention as compared with non-roof involving orbital wall fractures.

Methods: This study is a retrospective analysis of 340 orbital wall fractures diagnosed by CT imaging from August 2015 to October 2016. Read More

Klin Monbl Augenheilkd 2019 Aug 15. Epub 2019 Aug 15.

Zentrum für Augenheilkunde, Universität zu Köln, Medizinische Fakultät und Uniklinik Köln, Köln.

Retrobulbar haematoma (RBH) is a rare complication that may affect vision after a trauma or a surgical procedure. The diagnosis must be made promptly, as only early surgical intervention can adequately prevent irreversible visual impairment. Because of the bony orbital walls, there is hardly any room for the increasing intraorbital volume due to the retrobulbar haemorrhage. Read More

Acta Neurochir (Wien) 2019 09 29;161(9):1919-1929. Epub 2019 Jun 29.

Department of Neurological Surgery, Tri-Service General Hospital, National Defense Medical Center, No. 325, Section 2, Cheng-Kung Road, Neihu, 114, Taipei, Taiwan, Republic of China.

Background: Endoscopic transorbital approach (eTOA) has been announced as an alternative minimally invasive surgery to skull base. Owing to the inferior orbital fissure (IOF) connecting the orbit with surrounding pterygopalatine fossa (PPF), infratemporal fossa (ITF), and temporal fossa, the idea of eTOA to anterolateral skull base through IOF is postulated. The aim of this study is to access its practical feasibility. Read More

Int Med Case Rep J 2019 30;12:125-134. Epub 2019 Apr 30.

Oculoplastic and Reconstruction Division, Department of Ophthalmology, Phramongkutklao Hospital, Phramongkutklao College of Medicine, Bangkok, Thailand.

Orbital cellulitis is an infection of the ocular adnexal and orbital tissues behind the orbital septum. The complications are poor prognosis. This paper is to describe some severe rare complications of orbital cellulitis. Read More

Orbit 2020 Apr 20;39(2):87-92. Epub 2019 May 20.

Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Montefiore Medical Center, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, USA.

: To evaluate a human cadaveric model in improving knowledge and comfort of ophthalmology residents performing a lateral canthotomy/cantholysis.: A prospective study was conducted in ophthalmology residents, who participated in a workshop including an interactive lecture followed by hands-on training on a human cadaver. The lecture consisted of the indications and techniques of lateral canthotomy/cantholysis, along with video-demonstration of proper technique. Read More

Br J Oral Maxillofac Surg 2019 06 17;57(5):488-490. Epub 2019 Apr 17.

Adnexal Department, Moorfields at St Georges Hospital, Tooting, London, United Kingdom.

Aesthetic Plast Surg 2019 06 21;43(3):686-694. Epub 2019 Mar 21.

Center for Maxillofacial Surgery, ID Hospital, 142, Dosan-daero, Gangnam-gu, Seoul, 06039, Korea.

Background: Although reduction malarplasty is a well-accepted procedure for Asians with prominent cheek bones, some patients are not fully satisfied with the outcomes and request further surgery. This is because much attention on the contouring procedure has focused on the position of the zygomatic body and arch. As a result, periorbital appearance including the axis of the lateral canthal angle and the protrusion of the inferolateral orbital rim are often overlooked or ignored. Read More

Mil Med 2019 03;184(Suppl 1):342-346

University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, 13001 E. 17th Pl, Aurora, CO.

Research Objective: Military personnel are at greater risks of head and facial traumas and permanent blindness from orbital compartment syndrome in modern warfare. Rapid treatment must be implemented with a low-risk surgical remedy: lateral canthotomy and cantholysis (LCC). Traditional training of LCC is primarily performed using an animal tissue trainer (ATT); however, limitations to these types of trainers exist. Read More

Mil Med 2019 03;184(Suppl 1):335-341

Sonalysts, Inc., 215 Parkway North, Waterford, CT.

Over the past 15 years of conflict, eye injuries have ocurred at a steady rate of 5-10% of combat casualties, attributed to the enemy's use of improvised explosive devices. Many of these injuries result in a compartment syndrome of the orbit, easily decompressed through the use of a simple procedure called a Lateral Canthotomy and Cantholysis (LCC). Current training curricula at the U. Read More

J Craniofac Surg 2019 Sep;30(6):e527-e528

Ghazi Al Hariri Tertiary Referral Hospital, Medical City.

To get access into the orbital floor 3 paths are commonly used which are transconjunctival, subciliary and subtarsal approaches. Each one of these approaches has its advantages and disadvantages. The study assessed the outcomes of the transconjunctival retroseptal approach, which reflects our experience in this type of surgery. Read More

Acta Neurochir (Wien) 2019 04 13;161(4):831-839. Epub 2019 Feb 13.

Department of Neurological Surgery, National Defense Medical Center, Tri-Service General Hospital, No 325, Section 2, Cheng-Kung Road, Neihu, 114, Taipei, Taiwan, Republic of China.

Background: Endoscopic transorbital approach is a novel development of minimally invasive skull base surgery. Recently, anatomical studies have started to discuss the expanded utilization of endoscopic transorbital route for intracranial intradural lesions. The goal of this cadaveric study is to assess the feasibility of endoscopic transorbital transtentorial approach for exposure of middle incisural space. Read More

J Emerg Med 2019 Mar 21;56(3):294-297. Epub 2019 Jan 21.

Department of Emergency Medicine, Colchester Hospital University Foundation Trust, Colchester, United Kingdom.

Background: Ocular compartment syndrome (OCS) is a serious ophthalmological emergency that should be diagnosed and treated immediately to prevent permanent loss of vision. It is usually caused by a retro-orbital bleed that will subsequently increase intra-orbital pressure and threaten the patient's vision. Lateral canthotomy and cantholysis is a minor bedside procedure using simple equipment that is readily available in emergency departments, and the aim of such a procedure is to free the eye globe from its lateral attachment to the bony orbital wall and allow more eye protrusion and hence reduce intra-orbital pressure and save the patient's sight. Read More

Emerg Med J 2019 Apr 10;36(4):245-247. Epub 2019 Jan 10.

Emergency Department, Birmingham Children's Hospital, Birmingham, UK.

Introduction: Acute retrobulbar haemorrhage (RBH) with orbital compartment syndrome is a sight-threatening ophthalmic emergency requiring treatment with lateral canthotomy and cantholysis (LC/C). However, such cases may present to non-ophthalmic emergency departments (ED) out-of-hours, when specialist intervention is not readily available. We completed a survey of ED physicians to explore experiences of RBH and confidence in undertaking LC/C. Read More

Open Vet J 2018 22;8(4):445-451. Epub 2018 Nov 22.

Department of Clinical Sciences, Companion and Equine Animals, Ophthalmology, University of Liège, Quartier Vallée 2, Avenue de Cureghem 3, 4000 Liège, Belgium.

Orbital compartment syndrome (OCS) is described in humans as an acute rise in intraorbital pressure following a severe and rapidly evolving orbital affection. It includes orbital oedema, haemorrhage or infection causing a marked reduction in local blood perfusion, and severely affecting the orbital neurovascular structures. If not promptly recognised and treated, it results in irreversible blindness. Read More

J Craniofac Surg 2019 Jan;30(1):231-234

Department of Oculoplastic, Orbital and Lacrimal Surgery, Aichi Medical University Hospital, Nagakute, Japan.

Purpose: To describe the clinical course of patients with traumatic orbital compartment syndrome who underwent bony orbital decompression due to persistently abnormal pupillary light reflex after lateral canthotomy and cantholysis.

Methods: Four consecutive patients were retrospectively reviewed. The authors performed bony orbital decompression as there was no improvement in the pupillary light reflex and a tight orbit persisted even after lateral canthotomy and cantholysis. Read More

Am J Emerg Med 2019 02 7;37(2):378.e7-378.e9. Epub 2018 Nov 7.

Department of Emergency Medicine, Tri-Service General Hospital, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan. Electronic address:

A ruptured cavernous carotid aneurysm (CCA) with carotid cavernous fistula can appear as a benign headache but progress to a swollen and bloodshot eye overnight. A 66-year-old woman visited emergency department with sudden onset of pain behind her left forehead and vomiting. She was treated for a migraine-like headache and discharged. Read More

J Emerg Med 2019 Jan 30;56(1):46-52. Epub 2018 Oct 30.

New York University School of Medicine, New York, New York.

Background: The treatment of orbital compartment syndrome has a rich history rooted in surgery and emergency medicine. It is a rare but acute and vision-threatening condition that most commonly occurs secondary to facial trauma or as a postoperative complication, and was first recognized in 1950. Surgical techniques and medical management were developed and refined soon afterwards to eventually become the modern-day treatment, lateral canthotomy, and inferior cantholysis. Read More

J Craniomaxillofac Surg 2018 Oct 11;46(10):1726-1730. Epub 2018 Aug 11.

Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery of the Hospital Clínico Mutual de Seguridad, Chile.

The purpose of the study was to analyze and describe the retrocaruncular approach to access medial orbital wall. A retrospective analysis was performed in patients referred for the treatment of orbital fractures between January 1st 2011 and July 31st 2017. The study included patients over 18 years old with isolated fractures of the medial orbital wall or combined with the orbital floor who underwent a transconjunctival approach with retrocaruncular extension and lateral canthotomy, and with a minimum follow-up of 6 months. Read More

Ophthalmic Plast Reconstr Surg 2019 Jan/Feb;35(1):1-6

Ophthalmic Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery Service, Department of Ophthalmology of the Massachusetts Eye and Ear Infirmary, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, U.S.A.

Purpose: The objective of this study was to report a case of persistent and likely self-induced orbital emphysema (OE) following functional endoscopic sinus surgery with dislodgement of a previously placed orbital floor implant and to review the literature surrounding etiologies, pathophysiology, and management of OE.

Methods: Case report and review of the literature.

Results And Discussion: While blunt trauma resulting in disruption of the medial orbital wall is the most common cause of OE, there are an additional 25 underlying etiologies reported in the current literature. Read More

Arch Plast Surg 2018 Jul 15;45(4):325-332. Epub 2018 Jul 15.

Department of Anatomy, Chungnam National University College of Medicine, Daejeon, Korea.

Background: Zygomaticomaxillary complex (ZMC) fractures mostly occur in the form of tripod fractures. The surgical field is accessed using a combination of three classic approaches. However, the subciliary incision may have unfavorable aesthetic results. Read More

Ophthalmic Plast Reconstr Surg 2019 Jan/Feb;35(1):62-66

Retina Group of Washington DC, Greenbelt, Maryland, U.S.A.

Purpose: To describe outcomes and associated ocular injuries of lateral canthotomy and cantholysis (LCC) as performed in combat ocular trauma.

Methods: Data from the Walter Reed Ocular Trauma Database of patients requiring LCC during Operations Iraqi Freedom and Enduring Freedom was reviewed as a retrospective cohort. Primary outcome measures included final visual acuity (VA) and Ocular Trauma Score. Read More

J Stomatol Oral Maxillofac Surg 2018 Dec 21;119(6):489-492. Epub 2018 May 21.

Oral and Maxillofacial surgery department, North hospital, assistance publique hôpitaux de Marseille, chemin des Bourrely, 13915 Marseille cedex 20, France.

Introduction: Orbital haematomas threaten the visual prognosis, but no treatment guidelines have been proposed. Antithrombotics could affect their prognosis and treatment. This study aimed to evaluate the effect of antithrombotics in the management of orbital haematomas and to suggest a standardised protocol. Read More

Orbit 2019 Apr 4;38(2):162-165. Epub 2018 May 4.

a Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences , University of Louisville , Louisville , Kentucky , USA.

Subperiosteal extension of a subgaleal hematoma (SGH) to the orbit is a reported, but rare complication of trauma. This report details a 13-year-old African-American male who originally presented to the emergency department after trauma with headache and was found on CT imaging to have a contained subgaleal hemorrhage. He presented 2 days later with increased pain and proptosis of the left eye with findings of decreased visual acuity, elevated intraocular pressure, proptosis, and complete external ophthalmoplegia. Read More

Ophthalmic Plast Reconstr Surg 2018 Sep/Oct;34(5):428-431

Cole Eye Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland.

Purpose: The authors assess the effectiveness of a modified paracanthal or "one-snip" procedure compared with the traditional lateral canthotomy and inferior cantholysis in the reduction of intraocular pressure (IOP) and proptosis in a human cadaveric model of retrobulbar hemorrhage.

Methods: This study comprised a comparative interventional study in a cadaveric model of retrobulbar hemorrhage. Six orbits of 3 fresh cadavers were included in the study. Read More

Air Med J 2018 Jan - Feb;37(1):7-11

J R Army Med Corps 2018 May 10;164(2):133-138. Epub 2018 Jan 10.

Academic Department of Military Surgery and Trauma, Royal Centre for Defence Medicine, Birmingham, UK.

Introduction: The evolution of medical practice is resulting in increasing subspecialisation, with head, face and neck (HFN) trauma in a civilian environment usually managed by a combination of surgical specialties working as a team. However, the full combination of HFN specialties commonly available in the NHS may not be available in future UK military-led operations, necessitating the identification of a group of skill sets that could be delivered by one or more deployed surgeons.

Method: A systematic review was undertaken to identify those surgical procedures performed to treat acute military head, face, neck and eye trauma. Read More

Orbit 2018 Oct 8;37(5):361-363. Epub 2018 Jan 8.

b Department of Ophthalmology , Alice Springs Hospital , Alice Springs , Australia.

A 39-year-old male developed bilateral periorbital oedema and tense orbits in keeping with orbital compartment syndrome (OCS) shortly after presenting to the emergency department for uncontrollable epistaxis. Bilateral lateral canthotomy and inferior cantholysis was performed within 30 minutes of onset, with the left side further decompressed via superior cantholysis. Computed tomography demonstrated bilateral proptosis and optic nerve stretch, but no intraorbital haemorrhage or haematoma. Read More

Medicine (Baltimore) 2017 Dec;96(49):e9096

Department of Ophthalmology, Tri-Service General Hospital, Taipei City, Taiwan (R.O.C.).

Rationale: Orbital compartment syndrome (OCS) is a rare occurrence after transvenous embolization of indirect carotid-cavernous fistula (CCF). A lateral canthotomy and cantholysis are the most commonly performed surgical interventions. In our case, as the acute OCS occurred immediately after an uneventful transvenous embolization, an orbital floor orbitectomy was performed. Read More

Br J Oral Maxillofac Surg 2018 01 29;56(1):29-33. Epub 2017 Nov 29.

Dept of Preventive & Social Medicine, Armed Forces Medical College, Pune, India.

We designed a retrospective study to evaluate the efficacy of retroseptal transconjunctival approaches in the management of fractures of the zygomaticomaxillary complex (ZMC). The patients were from a single institution, and had had three-point fixation of fractures of the ZMC between 2008 and 2016. A total of 77 patients (56 men and 21 women with a mean (range) age of 28 (18-54) years), were divided into two groups. Read More

World Neurosurg 2018 Jan 4;109:218-221. Epub 2017 Oct 4.

Department of Neurosurgery, Hospital Sírio Libanês, São Paulo, Brazil.

Introduction: Orbital compartment syndrome (OCS) is a rare condition characterized by increased intraorbital pressure and hypoperfusion of critical neural structures. It is usually associated with external ophthalmoplegia. We report a case of postoperative OCS following a frontotemporal craniotomy and review pertinent literature. Read More

Orv Hetil 2017 Sep;158(36):1410-1420

Fül-Orr-Gége és Szájsebészeti Osztály, Szent János Kórház és Észak-budai Egyesített Kórházak Budapest, Diós árok 1-3., 1125.

Introduction: Although orbital compartment syndrome is a rare condition, it is still the most common cause of blindness following simple or complicated facial fractures. Its pathomechanism is similar to the compartment syndrome in the limb. Little extra fluid (blood, oedema, brain, foreign body) in a non-space yielding space results with increasingly higher pressures within a short period of time. Read More

Eye (Lond) 2018 02 1;32(2):333-337. Epub 2017 Sep 1.

Orbital Service, Moorfields Eye Hospital, NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK.

PurposeThe lateral compartment of the orbit can readily be accessed through a horizontal lateral canthotomy without the need to swing the lid or remove bone. In this paper the technique, accessible orbital territory, and duration of surgery are presented.Patients and methodsRetrospective, non-interventional descriptive case series for patients who underwent a lateral canthotomy to access pathology within the lateral orbit. Read More

Emergencias 2017 Abr;29(2):122-125

Servicio de Oftalmología Hospital Universitario Miguel Servet, Zaragoza, España.

Objectives: Orbital emphysema, or the presence of air in orbital tissues, is normally associated with an injury although it can arise when a Valsalva maneuver causes an increase in upper airway pressure. This potential complication of an orbital wall fracture, usually in the ethmoid bone, occurs in 50% of such cases. On fracture, air passes from the nasal fossa, sinuses, or subcutaneous tissue. Read More

Curr Opin Ophthalmol 2017 Sep;28(5):470-476

Institute of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Rutgers New Jersey Medical School, Newark, New Jersey, USA.

Purpose Of Review: The current study reviews the recent literature on pediatric orbital blowout fractures and provides guidelines on their management.

Recent Findings: The most common problem among patients requiring surgical revision of a previously repaired orbital floor fracture is an improperly placed orbital floor implant, usually erroneously placed under the posterior bony ledge. Although the transconjunctival incision can be combined with a lateral canthotomy and cantholysis, excellent surgical exposure can be obtained without the need for these latter relaxing maneuvers. Read More

Craniomaxillofac Trauma Reconstr 2017 Sep 16;10(3):239-243. Epub 2016 Sep 16.

Department of Ophthalmology, Norfolk and Norwich University Hospital, Norwich, United Kingdom.

Periorbital injury can present with various permutations of bone trauma, soft-tissue edema, and hematomas that might involve proptosis and restricted motility. We report a case of a 32-year-old patient who sustained a traumatic orbital compartment syndrome simultaneously with a large, significantly displaced, orbital-floor blow-out fracture. Clinical signs consistent with both conditions were elicited. Read More

Ophthalmic Plast Reconstr Surg 2017 Jul/Aug;33(4):313

Oral Maxillofac Surg 2017 Jun 18;21(2):187-192. Epub 2017 Mar 18.

Ahrar Hospital, Zagazig, Egypt.

Introduction: Although some studies addressed the differences between subciliary and transconjunctival approaches, no previous prospective comparative study on displaced zygomaticomaxillary complex (ZMC) fracture that repaired by three-point internal fixation using also upper gingivolabial incision and upper eye lid incision. So, the effect of these incisions on the comparison was not investigated.

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to compare transconjunctival and subciliary approaches for open reduction and internal rigid fixation (OR/IF) of ZMC fractures. Read More

J Craniofac Surg 2017 Jun;28(4):963-966

*Department of Ophthalmology, Dongguk University Ilsan Hospital, Goyang †Department of Ophthalmology, Guro Hospital, Korea University College of Medicine, Seoul ‡Department of Ophthalmology, Cheonan Chungmu Hospital, Cheonan §Department of Ophthalmology, KEPCO Medical Center, Seoul, Korea.

Purpose: To demonstrate the effectiveness of the endoscopic transcaruncular and transconjunctival approach in the repair of combined medial and inferior orbital wall fractures.

Methods: A retrospective chart review was conducted on 160 patients with combined medial and inferior orbital wall fractures. All patients underwent surgery via an endoscopic transcaruncular and transconjunctival approach without lateral canthotomy, performed by a single surgeon. Read More

J Craniofac Surg 2017 Mar;28(2):391-393

*Stockholms Craniofacial Center, Department of Reconstructive Plastic Surgery, Karolinska University Hospital †Department of Molecular Medicine and Surgery, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm ‡Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Örebro University Hospital, Örebro, Sweden.

Background: Facial fractures may lead to sequelae due to the trauma but also as a result of surgery. Complications to lower eyelid incisions include ectropion, scleral show, entropion, canthal malposition, and lid edema. The aim of this study was to compare the occurrence of such complications depending on whether a subciliary or transconjunctival incision was used for surgical access. Read More