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Clin Exp Dermatol 2022 Jan 27;47(1):80-85. Epub 2021 Aug 27.

Section of Dermatology and Venereology, Department of Medicine, University of Verona, Verona, Italy.

Background: Acquired perforating dermatoses (APDs) are characterized by transepidermal elimination of skin materials. Altered glycation of dermal components may be involved in pathogenesis.

Aim: To assess whether patients affected by APDs have increased levels of cutaneous advanced glycation end-products (AGEs). Read More

J Fam Pract 2021 03;70(2):97-99

Carolina University Brody School of Medicine, Greenville, NC, USA. Email:

The location of the patient's lesions, as well as her underlying conditions, pointed to the diagnosis. Read More

Skinmed 2020 1;18(5):301-303. Epub 2020 Oct 1.

Department of Pathology, Immunology and Laboratory Medicine, Rutgers - New Jersey Medical School, Newark, NJ.

Eur J Dermatol 2020 Apr;30(2):216-217

Dermatology Department, University Hospital Fattouma Bourguiba, Monastir, Tunisia.

An Bras Dermatol 2020 Mar - Apr;95(2):244-246. Epub 2020 Feb 12.

Department of Dermatology, Dokuz Eylul Universitesi, Balcova, Izmir, Turkey.

The clinical diagnosis of Kyrle's disease may sometimes be challenging, due to the clinical similarity of lesions to other pruritic dermatosis. Although the dermoscopy is being increasingly used in daily practice, there is insufficient data in literature describing the dermoscopic patterns of Kyrle's disease, since only one report has been published to date. Herein we report our dermoscopic observation with additional diagnostic tips in a case who was diagnosed with Kyrle's disease histopathologically. Read More

J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol 2020 Aug 4;34(8):e395-e397. Epub 2020 Mar 4.

Dermatology Unit, University of Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli", Naples, Italy.

J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol 2020 Jul 5;34(7):1457-1463. Epub 2020 Feb 5.

The Department of Dermatology and Cutaneous Surgery, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, USA.

Kyrle's disease (KD) is a cutaneous disease that develops in individuals with underlying systemic disease, particularly chronic renal failure and diabetes mellitus (DM), and is associated with a high burden of disease linked to itch. The intensely pruritic, hyperkeratotic papulonodular rash seen in KD dramatically impairs patients' quality of life and increases their risk of mortality. Unfortunately, no guidelines or evidence-based regimens have been specifically developed for KD, making the treatment of this disease particularly challenging for physicians. Read More

J Dermatol 2019 08 25;46(8):e298-e299. Epub 2019 Feb 25.

Institute of Dermatology, "Santa Maria della Misericordia" University Hospital, Udine, Italy.

Indian J Pathol Microbiol 2018 Jul-Sep;61(3):414-417

Postgraduate Program in Public Health; School of Medicine, Health Sciences Center, University of Fortaleza, Fortaleza, Ceara, Brazil.

Kyrle's disease (KD) is a rare skin pathology characterized by transepidermal elimination of abnormal keratin. The aim of this article is to report a rare case of KD associated with diabetes mellitus, chronic kidney disease, and HIV. A 51-year-old male patient complained of diarrhea for 8 months. Read More

J Dermatolog Treat 2018 Sep 10;29(6):630-632. Epub 2018 Jan 10.

a Section of Dermatology, Department of Medicine , University of Verona , Verona , Italy.

Background: Kyrle's disease (KD) is a primary perforating dermatosis that affects more commonly 30-50 year old females, and clinically characterized by pruritic hyperkeratotic and ulcerated nodules, papules and plaques, localized on extensor surface of upper and lower limbs, and on the trunk.

Objective: To determine the effectiveness of the treatment with oral isotretinoin in KD.

Methods: We present the case of a 63-year-old woman with hyperkeratotic, erythematous-brown nodules and plaques localized on arms and legs, intensely itching; some lesions were ulcerated and discharging. Read More

BMJ Case Rep 2017 Nov 1;2017. Epub 2017 Nov 1.

Endocrinology, Diabetes and Bariatric Medicine, Narayana Health City, Bengaluru, Karnataka, India.

An Bras Dermatol 2016 Sep-Oct;91(5 suppl 1):10-13

Universidade Federal do Estado do Rio de Janeiro (UNIRIO) - Rio de Janeiro (RJ), Brazil.

Perforating dermatoses are a group of skin diseases characterized by transepidermal elimination of dermal material. The disease is divided into two groups: the primary group and the secondary group. The classical or primary perforating dermatoses are subdivided into four types according to the eliminated dermal materials: Kyrle disease, perforating reactive collagenosis, elastosis perforans serpiginosa, and perforating folliculitis. Read More

J Dermatol 2017 May 18;44(5):e81-e82. Epub 2016 Dec 18.

Department of Dermatology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Yamanashi, Yamanashi, Japan.

J Assoc Physicians India 2016 07;64(7):81-82

Professor, P.G. Department of Medicine, S.N. Medical College, Agra, Uttar Pradesh.

Kyrle's disease is a rare skin disorder which is characterized by hyperkeratotic papules and nodules with a central keratotic plug mostly located in lower limbs. Exact etiology of Kyrle's disease is unknown, but its association has been reported sparsely with renal disorders, uremic patients on dialysis, diabetes mellitus, liver disease and paraneoplastic syndromes, tuberculosis and some fungal diseases. We report Kyrle's disease in a middle aged female suffering from diabetes mellitus with diabetic nephropathy on hemodialysis. Read More

J Am Acad Dermatol 2016 Sep;75(3):e99-e101

Dermatology Unit, Second University of Naples, Naples, Italy.

J Dermatol 2017 Jun 23;44(6):721-722. Epub 2016 Jul 23.

Department of Dermatology, Hirosaki University School of Medicine, Aomori, Japan.

Rom J Intern Med 2016 Jan-Mar;54(1):66-9

Acquired perforating disorders are a group of uncommon skin conditions characterized by transepidermal extrusion of altered dermal material, most often associated with diabetes mellitus and chronic kidney failure. Delusional parasitosis is a primary psychiatric disorder in which affected patients have fixed, false beliefs that their skin is infested by parasites, in the absence of any evidence supporting their statements. A 69 year old malepatient addressed the Dermatology Department for a skin eruption consisting of multiple umbilicated keratotic papules with a generalized distribution. Read More

Case Rep Dermatol 2016 Jan-Apr;8(1):5-9. Epub 2016 Jan 20.

Dermatology Department, University Hospital, Sana'a University, Sana'a, Yemen.

Kyrle disease (KD) and Flegel disease (FD) are rare variants of primary perforating dermatoses, characterized by transepidermal elimination of abnormal endogenous materials. We describe a 6-year-old Yemeni girl with a 2-year history of generalized asymptomatic, small, reddish-brown keratotic papules with a lenticular central keratotic plug. Although these features are synonymous with FD, the histology of a punch biopsy was consistent with KD. Read More

J Am Podiatr Med Assoc 2015 Sep;105(5):451-5

We report two cases of biopsy-confirmed Kyrle disease. Kyrle disease is one of the perforating dermatoses associated with diabetic patients undergoing renal dialysis. In this report, we describe the clinical and histopathologic features, the differential diagnoses, and successful treatment of this unusual disorder. Read More

Cleve Clin J Med 2015 Apr;82(4):216

Department of Dermatology, Division of Dermatopathology and Cutaneous Immunopathology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA. E-mail:

J BUON 2014 Jan-Mar;19(1):317-8

Dept. of Dermatology, "A. Sygros" Hospital, Athens, Greece.

Eur J Dermatol 2013 Nov-Dec;23(6):864-71

Dermatology Clinic.

Background: Acquired perforating dermatosis (APD) is a rare group of skin disorders characterized by transepidermal elimination of dermal tissue material. There are only a few studies of APD.

Objective: We aimed to review the clinicopathologic features of patients with APD and evaluate the outcomes of treatments. Read More

Indian J Pathol Microbiol 2013 Oct-Dec;56(4):355-8

Department of pathology, K. J. Somaiya Medical College and Research Centre, Mumbai, Maharashtra, India.

Background: Perforating disorders of the skin, is an often overlooked entity characterized by transepidermal elimination of material from the upper dermis and are classified histopathologically according to the type of epidermal disruption and the nature of the eliminated material. They include Kyrle's disease, perforating folliculitis, reactive perforating collagenosis, and elastosis perforans serpiginosa.

Aim: The aim of this study was to delineate the clinical and histopathological features of perforating disorders of the skin. Read More

BMJ Case Rep 2014 Jan 15;2014. Epub 2014 Jan 15.

Konya Training and Research Hospital, Konya, Turkey.

Kyrle's disease (KD) is a dermatosis which was first described by Kyrle as "hyperkeratosis follicularis et parafollicularis in cutem penetrans" in 1916. Perforating dermatoses are a heterogeneous disorder group characterised by transepithelial elimination. KD has been seen in association with multiple disorders, including diabetes mellitus, renal and liver diseases, congestive heart failure, hyperlipidaemia, infective diseases and abnormal metabolism of vitamin A. Read More

Int J Dermatol 2011 Sep;50(9):1170-2

Case Rep Dermatol 2011 Sep 29;3(3):209-11. Epub 2011 Sep 29.

Department of Dermatology, University Hospital Regensburg, Regensburg.

A 59-year-old man with chronic renal failure and diabetes mellitus presented with pruritic crusted lesions which histologically were perforating disorders, showing features of both Kyrle disease and acquired perforating collagenosis. The mechanisms of transepidermal elimination and the classification of perforating disorders are briefly discussed. Additionally, we question the concept of perforation, as epidermal damage and exposure of subepidermal substances may artificially present as perforation. Read More

Int J Dermatol 2007 Dec;46(12):1298-301

Department of Dermatology and Venereology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India.

Cutaneous tuberculosis shows wide clinical variation depending upon the virulence of the organism and host immunity. Tuberculids are difficult to diagnose since the organism often cannot be identified or isolated by microscopy, culture or polymerase chain reaction. The diagnosis rests primarily on the identification of a tuberculous focus elsewhere in the body and response to antitubercular therapy. Read More