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Shoulder Elbow 2023 Aug 4;15(4):436-441. Epub 2022 May 4.

Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Allegheny General Hospital, Allegheny Health Network, 320 E North Avenue, Pittsburgh, PA 15212.

Background: The anconeus is a small muscle located on the posterior elbow originating on the lateral epicondyle and inserting onto the proximal-lateral ulna that functions as an elbow extensor as well as dynamic stabilizer. The blood supply is tri-fold: medial/middle collateral artery (MCA), recurrent posterior interosseous artery (RPIA), and less commonly found, the posterior branch of the radial collateral artery. The anconeus has become a popular option for local soft tissue coverage about the elbow (distal triceps, olecranon, proximal forearm). Read More

J Hand Surg Glob Online 2023 Jul 7;5(4):498-502. Epub 2023 Apr 7.

Institute for Public Health, National Institute of Health, Ministry of Health, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.

Purpose: The lacertus fibrosus or bicipital aponeurosis is a sheet of ligamentous tissue just distal to the elbow joint and can be a compression point for the median nerve. Essentially, lacertus syndrome is a subset of pronator syndrome and an uncommon diagnosis by itself. Surgical release of the lacertus consists of a small 2-cm incision that can be performed under local anesthesia. Read More

Cureus 2023 Apr 17;15(4):e37735. Epub 2023 Apr 17.

Anatomy, University of Medicine and Health Science, Basseterre, KNA.

The Palmaris longus (PL) is a fusiform muscle that is part of the superficial flexors on the anterior compartment of the forearm. It originates from the common flexor tendon at the medial epicondyle of the humerus and inserts at the flexor retinaculum. The Palmaris longus has been reported to present in multiple variations. Read More

Orthop Surg 2023 Aug 13;15(8):2110-2115. Epub 2023 Apr 13.

Ym Orthpaedic Hospital, Gwangju, South Korea.

Objective: Lateral and medial epicondylitis are relatively common diseases, but they do not improve quickly and are known to reduce patients' quality of life. Much research has been done on Platelet-Rich Plasma (PRP) as a treatment for lateral epicondylitis, but research on medial epicondylitis is lacking. The purpose of this study is to compare: (i) the pain intensity; and (ii) the functional outcome between the simultaneous treatment of medial and lateral epicondylitis and the treatment of only lateral or medial epicondylitis using PRP. Read More

J Clin Med 2022 Dec 23;12(1). Epub 2022 Dec 23.

Department of Plastic and General Surgery, Turku University Hospital, University of Turku, 20500 Turku, Finland.

Background: Platelet-rich plasma (PRP) injections may alleviate symptoms of chronic medial or lateral epicondylitis. Methods: We retrospectively analyzed a total of 55 patients with chronic ME or LE who had undergone at least 6 months of any conservative treatment before intervention. The patients were divided into two groups: the PRP group (n = 25), who received a single injection of autologous PRP to the medial or lateral epicondyle, and the PT group (n = 30), who continued with PT and pain medication. Read More

Orthop Traumatol Surg Res 2022 Dec 27:103537. Epub 2022 Dec 27.

Institut européen de la main, 9, rue Edward-Steichen, L2540 Luxembourg, Luxembourg; Medical Training Center, 9, rue Edward-Steichen, L2540 Luxembourg, Luxembourg. Electronic address:

Objective: The present anatomic study aimed to assess the feasibility of an osteocutaneous free flap harvested from the proximal ulna for reconstruction after complex hand trauma.

Method: Nineteen upper limb specimens free of scarring in the elbow region were injected in the brachial artery. After S-shaped incision centered on the medial epicondyle, a systematic approach to the epitrochlear-olecranal groove exposed the superior ulnar collateral artery and ulnar nerve. Read More

Cureus 2022 Aug 25;14(8):e28378. Epub 2022 Aug 25.

Department of Surgery, College of Medicine, Najran University, Najran, SAU.

To synthesize the available information on the effectiveness of platelet-rich plasma (PRP) injections against surgery as therapy strategies for medial epicondylitis (ME). We searched the Embase, MEDLINE, and Cochrane Library databases with the relevant keywords to identify the studies comparing the efficiency of PRP injections and ME surgery. We excluded non-English articles, case reports, and conference abstracts. Read More

Harefuah 2022 Aug;161(8):515-519

Kaplan Medical Center, Rehovot. Hand and Microsurgery Unit - affiliated to the Hebrew University.

Medial epicondylitis, which is also called "Golfer's Elbow" is a pathology which typically presents as medial elbow pain. It affects 1% of the general population, yet affects 3.8% to 8. Read More

Orthopedics 2023 25;46(2):e81-e88. Epub 2022 Jul 25.

Medial elbow pain is a common presentation that can be a challenge to appropriately treat for the orthopedic surgeon. Causes include medial epicondylitis, ulnar neuritis, ulnar collateral ligament injury, flexor pronator strain, or snapping medial triceps. A good outcome is typically achieved with adequate treatment of tendon degeneration at the common flexor tendon origin. Read More

Arch Phys Med Rehabil 2022 Nov 9;103(11):2085-2091. Epub 2022 Jun 9.

University of Health Sciences, Ankara Training and Research Hospital, Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Ankara.

Objective: To compare perineural dextrose injection efficacy in the treatment of ulnar neuropathy at the elbow with a control group.

Design: Prospective double-blind randomized control study.

Setting: Training and research hospital. Read More

Prim Care 2022 Mar 5;49(1):119-130. Epub 2022 Jan 5.

Department of Family and Community Medicine, University of Kentucky, 2195 Harrodsburg Road, Suite 125, Lexington, KY 40504, USA.

Olecranon bursitis, greater trochanteric bursitis, medial epicondylosis, and lateral epicondylosis are common diagnoses encountered in primary care and sports medicine clinics. This section explores the anatomy, clinical presentation, evaluation, procedural techniques, and management to effectively treat these common conditions. Read More

J Neurosurg 2022 May 8;136(5):1424-1433. Epub 2021 Oct 8.

4Department of Anatomy, Federal University of Santa Catarina, Florianópolisz, Santa Catarina, Brazil.

Objective: The authors sought to describe the anatomy of the radial nerve and its branches when exposed through an axillary anterior arm approach.

Methods: Bilateral upper limbs of 10 fresh cadavers were dissected after dyed latex was injected into the axillary artery.

Results: Via the anterior arm approach, all triceps muscle heads could be dissected and individualized. Read More

J Shoulder Elbow Surg 2022 Feb 2;31(2):375-381. Epub 2021 Oct 2.

Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Veterans Health Service Medical Center, Gangdong-gu, Republic of Korea. Electronic address:

Background: Although most radiologic findings of medial epicondylitis (ME) are normal, up to 25% show calcification, and little is known about the clinical relevance of soft-tissue calcification in ME. The purposes of this study were to reveal the characteristics of calcification in ME and to identify their clinical relevance.

Methods: This study included 187 patients (222 elbows) with a diagnosis of ME. Read More

Surg Radiol Anat 2021 Dec 11;43(12):2025-2030. Epub 2021 Aug 11.

Division in Anatomy and Developmental Biology, Department of Oral Biology, Human Identification Research Institute, BK21 FOUR Project, Yonsei University College of Dentistry, 50-1 Yonsei-ro, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul, 03722, Republic of Korea.

Purpose: This study aimed to detect the idyllic locations for botulinum neurotoxin injection by analyzing the intramuscular neural distributions of the sartorius muscles.

Methods: An altered Sihler's staining was conducted on sartorius muscles (15 specimens). The nerve entry points and intramuscular arborization areas were measured as a percentage of the total distance from the most prominent point of the anterior superior iliac spine (0%) to the medial femoral epicondyle (100%). Read More

Arthroplast Today 2021 Aug 12;10:82-86. Epub 2021 Jul 12.

Department of Orthopaedics and Musculoskeletal Medicine, University of Otago, Christchurch, New Zealand.

Background: Postoperative analgesia after knee arthroplasty forms a basis for an optimal range of motion after surgery. Femoral nerve blocks are established as a sensory nerve blockade but at the expense of quadriceps weakness delaying postoperative mobilization. The adductor canal block (ACB) similarly provides sensory blockade but preserves quadriceps function. Read More

J Emerg Med 2021 Oct 25;61(4):416-419. Epub 2021 Jun 25.

Department of Emergency Medicine, UC San Diego Health, San Diego California and †Center for Pain Medicine, Department of Anesthesiology, UC San Diego Health, La Jolla, California.

Ultrasound-guided genicular nerve blocks (GNBs) in the emergency department (ED) have easily identifiable anatomic targets and offer an opportunity to provide safe, effective, motor-sparing analgesia for acute knee pain. Case Report A 68-year-old woman presented with acute, 8/10 right knee pain due to an isolated right lateral tibial plateau fracture. After informed consent and with the ultrasound in the sagittal plane, the superior lateral (SLGN), superior medial (SMGN), and inferior medial (IMGN) genicular nerves were identified at the junction of their respective femoral or tibial epicondyle and femoral or tibial epiphysis. Read More

Folia Morphol (Warsz) 2022 12;81(1):227-233. Epub 2021 Feb 12.

Department of Normal and Clinical Anatomy, Chair of Anatomy and Histology, Medical University of Lodz, Poland.

Background: This report presents a series of cases representing variant origin and course of the ulnar artery, namely the superficial ulnar artery (SUA), observed during the review of collection of historical specimens prepared in the 19th century by the prominent Polish anatomist Ludwik Karol Teichmann and his collaborators, exhibited in the Anatomy Museum of Jagiellonian University Medical College.

Results: Three distinct variants of the SUA were found on anatomical specimens of the upper limb with arteries injected by using Teichmann's method. In case no. Read More

J Plast Surg Hand Surg 2021 Aug 25;55(4):255-259. Epub 2021 Jan 25.

Plastic surgery Unit, Microsurgery and Hand Surgery Unit, ASST Settelaghi Varese, Varese, Italy.

Degloving injuries of the fingers represent a reconstructive challenge. Even if poorly described in literature, the proximal ulnar perforator flap (PUPF), based on perforator of the anterior ulnar recurrent artery or directly on a perforator branch of the ulnar artery, meets the requested criteria for the ideal coverage. We performed a cadaveric study in order to clarify the anatomical basis and vascularization of the PUPF flap. Read More

JSES Int 2020 Dec 6;4(4):1002-1005. Epub 2020 Oct 6.

Department of Orthopedic Surgery, NYU Langone Orthopedic Hospital, New York, NY, USA.

Ann Anat 2020 Sep 11;231:151529. Epub 2020 May 11.

Department of Anatomy, Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, 563099, People's Republic of China. Electronic address:

Purpose: To identify the body surface position and depth of the center of the intramuscular nerves dense region (CINDR) of the medial femoral muscles.

Methods: Utilizing twelve Chinese adult cadavers (six men and six women), with an age range from 35 to 75 (66.5±5. Read More

Orthop J Sports Med 2020 Mar 25;8(3):2325967120908952. Epub 2020 Mar 25.

Department of Orthopaedics, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, Louisiana, USA.

Background: Medial epicondylitis (ME) is characterized as an overuse injury resulting in pathological alterations of the common flexor tendon at the elbow. Platelet-rich plasma (PRP) has recently become of interest in the treatment of musculoskeletal conditions as an alternative to operative management.

Purpose: To compare the outcomes of recalcitrant type 1 ME after treatment with either PRP or surgery. Read More

Bone Joint J 2020 Apr;102-B(4):530-538

Westchester Medical Center, New York Medical College, Valhalla, New York, USA.

Aims: Dual plating of distal femoral fractures with medial and lateral implants has been performed to improve construct mechanics and alignment, in cases where isolated lateral plating would be insufficient. This may potentially compromise vascularity, paradoxically impairing healing. This study investigates effects of single versus dual plating on distal femoral vascularity. Read More

Orthop J Sports Med 2019 Dec 23;7(12):2325967119885608. Epub 2019 Dec 23.

Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, Louisiana, USA.

Background: Various techniques have been described for surgical treatment of recalcitrant medial epicondylitis (ME). No single technique has yet to be proven the most effective.

Purpose: To evaluate the clinical outcomes of a double-row repair for ME. Read More

Patient Saf Surg 2019 14;13:35. Epub 2019 Nov 14.

Surgical Oncology Unit, Department of Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, Suez Canal University hospital, Circular Road, Ismailia, 411522 Egypt.

Background: Breast cancer, with an incidence of 32%, is the most frequent cancer among Egyptian women. The frequency of arm lymphedema after axillary surgery for breast cancer ranges from 7 to 77%. Axillary reverse mapping is a technique aimed to distinguish and conserve upper-limb lymphatics and lymph nodes during the course of axillary surgery and could help to prevent arm lymphedema. Read More

Am J Sports Med 2019 Apr 21;47(5):1117-1123. Epub 2019 Mar 21.

The Steadman Clinic, Vail, Colorado, USA.

Background: The vascular supply of the ulnar collateral ligament (UCL) is unknown. Previous studies reported varying success in return-to-play rates after nonoperative management of partial UCL tears and suggested a varying healing capacity as possibly related to the location of the UCL injury.

Purpose: To analyze the macroscopic vascular anatomy of the UCL of the elbow. Read More

J Shoulder Elbow Surg 2019 Jan;28(1):112-119

Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA. Electronic address:

Background: Medial epicondylitis and lateral epicondylitis are among the most common elbow pathologies affecting people aged between 40 and 50 years. Although epicondylitis is often a self-limiting condition that improves with conservative treatment, the condition can be difficult to eradicate. The purpose of this study was to compare the effectiveness of platelet-rich plasma (PRP) injections and ultrasound-guided percutaneous tenotomy (Tenex) for the treatment of medial or lateral epicondylitis. Read More

J Orthop 2018 Mar 2;15(1):107-110. Epub 2018 Feb 2.

Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, United States.

Despite advances elucidating the causes of lateral and medial epicondylitis, the standard of care remains conservative management with NSAIDs, physical therapy, bracing, and rest. Scar tissue formation provoked by conservative management creates a tendon lacking the biomechanical properties and mechanical strength of normal tendon. The following review analyzes novel therapies to regenerate tendon and regain function in patients with epicondylitis. Read More

Clin Orthop Relat Res 2018 Jan;476(1):30-36

J. J. Kavolus, D. E. Attarian, P. F. Lachiewicz Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA D. Sia, H. G. Potter, Department of Radiology and Imaging, MRI Research, Hospital for Special Surgery, New York, NY, USA.

Background: Surgeon-performed periarticular injections and anesthesiologist-performed femoral nerve or adductor canal blocks with local anesthetic are in common use as part of multimodal pain management regimens for patients undergoing TKA. However, femoral nerve blocks risk causing quadriceps weakness and falls, and anesthesiologist-performed adductor canal blocks are costly in time and resources and may be unreliable. We investigated the feasibility of a surgeon-performed saphenous nerve ("adductor canal") block from within the knee at the time of TKA. Read More

Mol Med Rep 2018 Mar 19;17(3):3758-3762. Epub 2017 Dec 19.

Department of Convergence Korean Medical Science, Graduate School, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 02447, Republic of Korea.

Cynanchum wilfordii Hemsley has been used for the treatment of musculoskeletal diseases in traditional Republic of Korean medicine. The present study investigated the effects of C. wilfordii water extract (CW) on postmenopausal osteoporosis. Read More