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Behav Brain Res 2020 May 16:112624. Epub 2020 May 16.

Laboratorio Integrativo para el Estudio de Sustancias Inhalables Adictivas, Dirección de Investigaciones en Neurociencias, Instituto Nacional de Psiquiatría Ramón de la Fuente Muñiz, Ciudad de México, Mexico.

It has been reported that environmental stimuli can positively influence addictive responses and the pharmacological effects of drugs of abuse. In this work, we evaluated the ability of environmental enrichment (EE) to attenuate addictive behaviours in mice after repeated exposure to toluene. We also analysed the role of D1 receptors (D1R) in animals chronically exposed to toluene and in those housed under EE. Read More

Psychiatry Res 2020 Jun 9;288:112944. Epub 2020 Apr 9.

Servicio de Psiquiatría, Complejo Asistencial Universitario de Salamanca. Instituto de Biomedicina de Salamanca. Área de Psiquiatría, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Salamanca. España.

The objective of this study was to explore the prevalence of substance-induced neurocognitive disorder (NCD) in a sample of polysubstance users, adding both objective- and subjective cognitive impairment.

Method: We collected cross-sectional data from 33 community-based residential facilities in Mexico City. Montreal Cognitive Assessment was used for measurement of objective cognitive impairment, and a DSM-5-based interview for subjective impairment. Read More

Prev Med 2020 Jun 1;135:106074. Epub 2020 Apr 1.

National Institute on Drug Abuse, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA.

We examined whether tobacco susceptibility at Wave (W) 1 (2013-2014) predicts the onset of tobacco and other substances at W2 (2014-2015) among 5325 U.S. youth (12-17 years) never substance users at W1 in the Population Assessment of Tobacco and Health (PATH) Study. Read More

Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 2020 May 29;395:114980. Epub 2020 Mar 29.

Departamento de Farmacobiología. Cinvestav, Sede Sur, Ciudad de México, Mexico.

Toluene can be intentionally misused by adolescents to experience psychoactive effects. Toluene has a complex mechanism of action and broad behavioral effects, among which memory impairment is reported consistently. We have previously reported that repeated toluene inhalation (8000 ppm) increases layer 5 prelimbic pyramidal cells' excitability in the medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC) of adolescent rats. Read More

Health Policy 2020 May 19;124(5):568-574. Epub 2020 Mar 19.

"Carlo F. Dondena" Centre for Research on Social Dynamics and Public Policies, Bocconi University, Via Roentgen, 1, 20136, Milan, Italy; Department of Public Health and Policy, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, 15-17 Tavistock Place, London, WC1H 9SH, United Kingdom. Electronic address:

Despite the growing evidence of health-responses to macroeconomic fluctuations, little research has been carried out on the economic reflexes of licit and illicit drug-consumption, especially among teenagers. This paper uses data on adolescents between 15 and 17 years old from 25 European countries to test, if and how, the substance-use pattern has changed during the Great Recession. The data come from two cross-sectional waves (2007 and 2011) of the European School Survey Project on Alcohol and Other Drugs (ESPAD) (n = 137,989 individuals). Read More

J Clin Med 2020 Mar 12;9(3). Epub 2020 Mar 12.

IINFACTS-Institute of Research and Advanced Training in Health Sciences and Technologies, Department of Sciences, University Institute of Health Sciences (IUCS), CESPU, CRL, 4585-116 Gandra, Portugal.

About one-third of adult life is spent in the workplace. The use of psychoactive substances is a major preventable cause of morbidity and mortality. The consumption of psychoactive substances during or outside working hours greatly increases the frequency and severity of labor accidents, as well as the workers' poor general state of health and productivity, implying higher costs for enterprises. Read More

Addiction 2020 Mar 9. Epub 2020 Mar 9.

Centre for Research on Child and Adolescent Mental Health, Karlstad University, Karlstad, Sweden.

Aims: To characterize changes in patterns of adolescent substance use in Sweden between 1988 and 2011, and to assess whether sex and psychosomatic problems were associated with substance use and whether these associations changed over time.

Design: Secondary analysis of repeated cross-sectional survey data. Survey data were collected eight times and analyzed as four cohorts (1988-91, 1995-98, 2002-05 and 2008-11). Read More

Curr Opin Rheumatol 2020 May;32(3):279-288

Division of Rheumatology, Inflammation, and Immunity, Brigham and Women's Hospital.

Purpose Of Review: The current review summarizes the current evidence on inhalants other than personal cigarette smoking and risk for developing rheumatoid arthritis (RA).

Recent Findings: Personal cigarette smoking has been implicated as an environmental risk factor for seropositive RA, perhaps by inducing autoimmunity at pulmonary mucosa. Since many patients with RA are nonsmokers, other inhalants are being investigated as potential RA risk factors. Read More

Addict Behav 2020 Jul 20;106:106321. Epub 2020 Jan 20.

Institute for Social Science Research, University of Queensland, 80 Meiers Road, Indooroopilly, Qld 4068, Australia.

Background: While recent decades have witnessed an increase in the use of illicit drugs in Australia, the extent to which the types of drugs used has changed over a generation of young women has not been documented.

Methods: Data are from a prospective birth cohort study. Mothers were recruited in early pregnancy (1981-83) and then they and their child were followed up, with mothers interviewed 27 years (2008-2011), and daughters 30 years (2010-14), after the birth. Read More

J Gambl Stud 2020 Feb 21. Epub 2020 Feb 21.

Department of Psychiatry, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, 06510, USA.

The study systematically examined the link between history of gambling, and substance-use and violence-related measures in male and female adolescents, and compared association differences between genders in representative youth risk behavior surveillance data. An anonymous survey was administered to 2425 9th- to 12th-grade students in the state of Connecticut to assess risk behaviors that impact health. Reported past-12-months gambling was the independent variable of interest. Read More

Yakugaku Zasshi 2020 ;140(2):173-178

Department of Drug Dependence Research, National Institute of Mental Health, National Center of Neurology and Psychiatry.

This study aimed to review the current state and trends in cannabis use in Japan, using data from several national epidemiological surveys. The number of cannabis users in the general population was estimated approximately 1.3 million people. Read More

Focus (Am Psychiatr Publ) 2019 Apr 10;17(2):141-142. Epub 2019 Apr 10.

Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neurosciences, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles.

Pharmaceutics 2020 Jan 17;12(1). Epub 2020 Jan 17.

Institute of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, Guangdong, China.

Inhalation therapy with a nebulizer is widely used in chronic respiratory disease. Mixing inhalation solutions/suspensions for simultaneous inhalation is more convenient and might simplify the administration procedure. However, there are no data available to address the in vitro aerosol characteristics and physico-chemical compatibility of Combivent (containing Salbutamol and Ipratropium bromide) with other inhalation solutions/suspensions. Read More

Pulm Pharmacol Ther 2020 Apr 11;61:101889. Epub 2020 Jan 11.

Department of Cardiac, Thoracic, Vascular Sciences and Public Health, University of Padova, Italy.

Background: Cough is a common symptom in several respiratory diseases and may occur in healthy subjects as a defense mechanism against noxious inhalants. Cough response is mediated by transient receptor potential vanilloid-1 (TRPV1) expressed by C-fibers in the airways. Capsaicin (CPS) activates TRPV1 and is regularly used as a tool to study cough response. Read More

Asian J Psychiatr 2020 Feb 5;48:101890. Epub 2019 Dec 5.

National Drug Dependence Treatment Centre, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India. Electronic address:

Street children as a population sub-group exist in significant numbers in the developing world and have been reported to be vulnerable to adverse health and risk behaviours that include physical and sexual risk behaviour. However, the estimation of prevalence for various psychoactive substances among the street children in a representative sample has not been attempted in the developing country like India. This is challenging due to the absence of an appropriate sampling frame, the population living in isolation, hiding their identity and concealing their behaviour. Read More

Int J Adolesc Med Health 2019 Dec 4. Epub 2019 Dec 4.

Bachelor of Science in Health Sciences and a Minor in Chemistry, Master of Public Health in Community Health, California State University, Long Beach, CA, USA.

Objectives To estimate the prevalence of drug use before admission to juvenile detention centers (JDC) in Peru and determine individual, family and social influences on behavior. Methods A cross-sectional analysis was performed using data from the 2016 National Population Census in Juvenile Detention Centers (NPCJDC). A total of 1960 Peruvian adolescent offenders were included. Read More

Drug Alcohol Depend 2020 Jan 4;206:107718. Epub 2019 Nov 4.

Department of Preventive Medicine, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil. Electronic address:

Background: The aim of the present study was to evaluate a formal mediation analysis effect of the #Tamojunto program on adolescents' drug use and violent behavior in schools through decision-making skills using a potential outcomes approach.

Methods: An in-cluster randomized controlled trial was conducted in 2014-2015 with 6691 7th- and 8th-grade students in 72 public schools in 6 Brazilian cities to evaluate the effects of the European drug prevention program Unplugged, called #Tamojunto in Brazil. Baseline data were collected prior to program implementation, and follow-up data were collected 9 and 21 months later. Read More

Cureus 2019 Sep 4;11(9):e5565. Epub 2019 Sep 4.

Psychiatry, Frederick Memorial Hospital, Frederick, USA.

Inhalants are often abused due to their ability to acutely induce feelings of euphoria. Difluoroethane is a toxic lipophilic hydrocarbon that crosses the blood-brain barrier and inhibits the central nervous system. Studies have shown the cardiac, renal, and respiratory effects it has when abused; however, our literature review yielded no previous report of acute psychosis after difluoroethane inhalation. Read More

Pediatr Clin North Am 2019 12;66(6):1121-1134

Substance Abuse Research Division, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neurosciences, Wayne State University School of Medicine, 3901 Chrysler Service Drive, Suite 2A, Detroit, MI 48201, USA.

Club drugs and "other" abusable substances are briefly overviewed as a reminder about the wide variety of known and unknown substances used by adolescents, the high potential for direct and interactive substance use effects to manifest acutely and chronically, and the vigilance needed to anticipate and recognize the new effects and drug-drug interactions arising as novel substances continue to be custom "designed," manufactured, and marketed to meet substance use trends. This article discusses dextromethorphan, flunitrazepam (Rohypnol), gamma-hydroxybutyrate, inhalants, ketamine, lysergic acid diethylamide, methylenedioxymethamphetamine, phencyclidine, Salvia divinorum (salvia), synthetic cannabinoids, and synthetic cathinones (bath salts). Read More

J Chromatogr A 2020 Jan 15;1611:460607. Epub 2019 Oct 15.

VUV Analytics, Inc., Cedar Park, Texas 78613, US.

Gas chromatography (GC) and vacuum ultraviolet spectroscopy (VUV) are powerful and complementary techniques for the analysis of small molecules in forensics. Most notably, flame ionization detection (FID) is commonly used with GC to identify and quantify volatile compounds. An FID's price point and ease of use makes it an attractive approach for routine laboratories that are in high demand for forensics analysis, but with the contingency that an FID relies on retention time for identification and quantification. Read More

Actas Esp Psiquiatr 2019 Sep 1;47(5):171-8. Epub 2019 Sep 1.

Subdirección de Investigaciones Clínicas, Instituto Nacional de Psiquiatría Ramón de la Fuente.

Introduction: Currently, misuse inhalants is increasing: addictive potential has been demonstrated in several studies. Until now there was no quantifiable clinical evidence of behavioral characteristics inhalant users. Main objective was to evaluate craving, impulsivity, frontalized behaviors and recognition of emotions in young inhalant users. Read More

Rev Bras Enferm 2019 21;72(6):1692-1698. Epub 2019 Oct 21.

Universidade Estadual do Ceará. Fortaleza, Ceará, Brazil.

Objective: To evaluate the relation between the consumption of alcohol and other drugs and school absenteeism in high school students of public schools in the 30 days prior to data collection.

Method: Cross-sectional study of quantitative character conducted from May to September 2017, with 282 high school students of public schools of Mossoró-RN. We used a closed questionnaire with questions about drug consumption as our instrument of analysis. Read More

Rev Lat Am Enfermagem 2019 Oct 14;27:e3199. Epub 2019 Oct 14.

Universidade Federal de Alfenas, Escola de Enfermagem, Alfenas, MG, Brasil.

Objective: to evaluate self-esteem, the consumption of alcohol, tobacco and other substances in outsourced workers of a public university.

Method: a descriptive-analytical, cross-sectional, quantitative study developed with 316 outsourced workers from a municipality in the Southeast of Brazil. Data was collected through a characterization tool, the Rosenberg Self-Esteem Scale and the Alcohol, Smoking and Substance Involvement Screening Test. Read More

Semin Hear 2019 Nov 9;40(4):315-326. Epub 2019 Oct 9.

Department of Clinical Services, Plaza Pharmacy and Wellness Center, Gainesville, Texas.

As of September 10, 2019, there were 75 medications (oral/injectable/inhalants) approved by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration for diabetes management: 1 inhalant, 21 oral combinations, 22 injectable, and 31 oral medications (not in combination with any other diabetes drug). Read More

Eur Child Adolesc Psychiatry 2019 Sep 28. Epub 2019 Sep 28.

Department of Preventive Medicine, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, Rua Botucatu, 740, São Paulo, Brazil.

The present study examined parenting style dimensions (demandingness and responsiveness) as predictors of adolescent drug use and also evaluated whether parenting styles dimensions moderate the effects of the implemented prevention program. 6.391 students in the 7th and 8th grades at 72 Brazilian public schools participated in a three-wave randomized controlled trial to evaluate a school drug-use prevention program. Read More

J Neurosci 2019 Nov 23;39(46):9207-9220. Epub 2019 Sep 23.

Department of Neuroscience,

Inhalant (e.g., toluene) misuse is linked to behavioral and cognitive deficits in humans, yet preclinical studies of the effect of inhalants on higher-order cognition are limited. Read More

Scand J Gastroenterol 2019 Sep 14;54(9):1107-1110. Epub 2019 Sep 14.

Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo , Oslo , Norway.

Crohn's disease (CD) and ulcerative colitis (UC) have been regarded as autoimmune Th-1/Th-17- and Th-2-associated conditions, respectively. The aim of the study was to examine possible differences in allergen sensitization between these diseases and relative to normal blood donors (BD). Plasma from 29 UC and 37 CD patients with moderate disease activity and 100 healthy age- and gender-matched BD, were analyzed for specific IgE to 22 food- and 28 inhalation allergens using EUROLINE atopy screen. Read More

Hisp Health Care Int 2020 Mar 19;18(1):4-11. Epub 2019 Aug 19.

University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH, USA.

Introduction: The Hispanic population is among the most rapid growing populations in the United States. Continued research is needed regarding factors associated with substance abuse and Hispanic individuals. The present study examined psychosocial correlates to lifetime hallucinogen use among a national sample of Hispanic adults. Read More

Medicina (Kaunas) 2019 Aug 10;55(8). Epub 2019 Aug 10.

Pediatric Unit, Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, University of Bologna, 40138 Bologna, Italy.

: Cow's milk protein allergy (CMA) is the most common allergy in children. The natural history of CMA is generally favorable and the majority of children reach tolerance during childhood, even if studies show variable results. Atopic dermatitis (AD) is a complex disease from an immunological point of view. Read More

Environ Res 2019 10 26;177:108612. Epub 2019 Jul 26.

Department of Biostatistics and Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China; Department of Information Management, Xinhua College of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China. Electronic address:

Background: Prenatal exposure to air pollutants has been suggested as a possible etiologic factor for the occurrence of ADHD or ADHD-like behaviors. But we still lack a comprehensive assessment of household air pollutants exposure on the development of ADHD-like behaviors during childhood.

Object: We aimed to assess whether prenatal household inhalants exposure is associated with preschoolers' ADHD-like behaviors in a nonclinical population. Read More

Pharmacol Res Perspect 2019 08 30;7(4):e00498. Epub 2019 Jul 30.

Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health Parkville VIC.

The abuse of volatile solvents such as toluene is a significant public health concern, predominantly affecting adolescents. To date, inhalant abuse research has primarily focused on the central nervous system; however, inhalants also exert effects on other organ systems and processes, including metabolic function and energy balance. Adolescent inhalant abuse is characterized by a negative energy balance phenotype, with the peak period of abuse overlapping with the adolescent growth spurt. Read More

Prev Med 2019 10 22;127:105770. Epub 2019 Jul 22.

Center for Clinical Research and Prevention, Bispebjerg-Frederiksberg University Hospital, Capital Region of Denmark, Denmark; Danish Heart Foundation, Copenhagen, Denmark; University of Copenhagen, Faculty of Health and Medical Science, Denmark. Electronic address:

Background: Smoking is responsible for substantial cardiovascular morbidity and mortality. Electronic cigarettes have been advocated as a means to reduce this disease burden; by reducing exposure to harmful substances in smokers who are unable to quit. Concerns have been raised however, about cardiovascular effects of their use, with inhalants containing carbonyls and fine particulate matter. Read More

J Arthroplasty 2019 Sep 9;34(9):1889-1896. Epub 2019 May 9.

Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR.

Background: Multiple papers have purported the superiority of spinal anesthesia used in total joint arthroplasty (TJA). However, there is a paucity of data available for modern general anesthesia (GA) regimens used at high-volume joint replacement centers.

Methods: We retrospectively reviewed a series of 1527 consecutive primary TJAs (644 total hip arthroplasties and 883 total knee arthroplasties) performed over a 3-year span at a single institution that uses a contemporary GA protocol and report on the length of stay, early recovery rates, perioperative complications, and readmissions. Read More

Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 2019 08 22;376:38-45. Epub 2019 May 22.

Departamento de Farmacobiología, Cinvestav, Sede Sur, Ciudad de México, Mexico. Electronic address:

Toluene is a widely misused solvent that causes a variety of behavioral effects in both humans and animals. Preclinical and clinical research has provided evidence that toluene inhalation produces psychoactive effects similar to those caused by other Central Nervous System depressant drugs, but little is known about the consequences of inhaling solvents other than toluene that are also present in commercial products. As part of this research project, we studied the effects of hydrocarbon solvents chemically related to toluene on anxiety-like behavior, passive-avoidance learning, nociception, motor coordination and social interaction. Read More

J Prev Interv Community 2019 Jul-Sep;47(3):179-181. Epub 2019 May 7.

a Department of Psychology , City College of New York , New York , USA.

Substance use and misuse is a growing public health concern. Creating effective strategies for reducing substance use/misuse may require an understanding of the role and impact of the individual's social identity. In this issue of the Journal of Prevention and Intervention in the Community, we focus on the intersection of social identity, substance use, and implications for effective interventions. Read More

Subst Use Misuse 2019 22;54(10):1618-1626. Epub 2019 Apr 22.

a School of Social Work College of Public Health , Temple University , Philadelphia , Pennsylvania , USA.

: Early substance use is an established risk factor for substance abuse and dependence. : The current study sought to examine whether child welfare-involved eighth graders have higher rates of early substance use than general population eighth graders. Data from the first National Survey of Child and Adolescent Well-Being (NSCAW) were analyzed to assess the prevalence of self-reported substance use, including alcohol, marijuana, and inhalant use in child welfare-involved eighth graders ( = 896). Read More

Prev Chronic Dis 2019 04 4;16:E40. Epub 2019 Apr 4.

Department of Population Health, University of North Dakota School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Grand Forks, North Dakota.

Introduction: The prevalence of polysubstance use is well described, but less is known about correlates and patterns of polysubstance use. Previous research characterized latent subgroups of substance users by the type substance used. Racial disparities in the prevalence of polysubstance use exist, particularly for American Indian/Alaska Native (AI/AN) populations. Read More

Int Arch Allergy Immunol 2019 3;179(3):173-186. Epub 2019 Apr 3.

Dipartimento di Scienze e Tecnologie Biologiche ed Ambientali, Università del Salento, Lecce, Italy,

Background: Self-reported chemical sensitivity (SCS) is characterized by adverse effects due to exposure to low levels of chemical substances. The clinical manifestations of SCS are similar to the allergy, and a high percentage of individuals with both diseases have been found. Various genes, especially genes of importance to the metabolism of xenobiotic compounds, have been associated with SCS. Read More

J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr 2019 06;81(2):e28-e38

The HIV Netherlands Australia Thailand Research Collaboration (HIV-NAT), The Thai Red Cross AIDS Research Centre, Bangkok, Thailand.

Background: Adolescents living with HIV (ALHIV) have poorer adherence and clinical outcomes than adults. We conducted a study to assess behavioral risks and antiretroviral therapy outcomes among ALHIV in Asia.

Methods: A prospective cohort study among ALHIV and matched HIV-uninfected controls aged 12-18 years was conducted at 9 sites in Malaysia, Thailand, and Vietnam from July 2013 to March 2017. Read More

Neurotoxicol Teratol 2019 May - Jun;73:9-14. Epub 2019 Feb 28.

Departamento de Farmacobiología, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Calzada de los Tenorios No. 235, México City 14330, Mexico. Electronic address:

Toluene is an organic solvent commonly misused by inhalation among adolescents to experience psychoactive effects. Repeated toluene exposure produces several cognitive deficits, including working memory impairment in which the medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC) plays a central role. Among other effects, toluene antagonizes NMDA receptors, enhance GABA receptor-mediated responses and increases dopamine release. Read More

Clin Chim Acta 2019 Jun 26;493:73-78. Epub 2019 Feb 26.

Allergy and Immunology Unit, Santa Maria degli Angeli Hospital, Pordenone, Italy.

Background: Molecular allergy has significantly improved the quality of allergy diagnosis; however, the positioning of singleplex and multiplex assays in the diagnostic algorithm is still a matter of debate.

Methods: Aim of the study was to test the analytical performance of the recently commercialized Allergy Explorer-ALEX® in a selected population (105 allergic patients and 15 negative controls), comparing it with the reference ImmunoCAP® method and with skin prick test (SPT).

Results: Inter-assay qualitative comparison showed a substantial agreement between ALEX® and SPT (k = 0. Read More

J Burn Care Res 2019 04;40(3):347-348

Department of Surgery, Division of Acute Care Surgery & Burns, Arnold Luterman Regional Burn Center University of South Alabama Medical Center, Mobile.

Over 20 million Americans have abused inhalants at least once in their lifetime. It is widely known that "huffing" increases risk for liver disease, renal failure, hypoxia, respiratory failure, dysrhythmias, and cardiac arrest. However, it is lesser known that inhalants can also cause thermal or frostbite injury. Read More

Asian J Psychiatr 2019 Feb 28;40:28-29. Epub 2019 Jan 28.

University of Toledo College of Medicine, Toledo, OH, 43615, United States.

Addict Behav 2019 06 16;93:86-92. Epub 2019 Jan 16.

Columbia University School of Social Work, 1255 Amsterdam Ave, NY, NY 10027, USA.

Introduction: Rates of drug use among early adolescent girls meet or exceed rates of their male counterparts. Girls are also vulnerable to differential risk factors for drug use. Yet, expressly designed prevention programs targeting this population are absent. Read More

PLoS One 2019 7;14(1):e0208072. Epub 2019 Jan 7.

Department of Psychiatry, Universidade Federal São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil.

Aims: To investigate the mediating effects of normative beliefs of drug use on the effects of the #Tamojunto school-based prevention program (Unplugged).

Design: Secondary analysis of a cluster randomized controlled trial.

Setting: Brazil. Read More

J Ethn Subst Abuse 2019 Jan 7:1-18. Epub 2019 Jan 7.

a School of Social Work , San Diego State University , San Diego , California.

Poppers (nitrite inhalants) are legal, commonly used by men who have sex with men, and associated with HIV acquisition, yet research is lacking on popper use and associated adverse outcomes. People living with HIV (PLWH) in the U.S. Read More

Curr Opin Pulm Med 2019 03;25(2):211-216

Divisions of Preventive, Occupational & Aerospace Medicine and Pulmonary & Critical Care Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA.

Purpose Of Review: Acute toxic inhalation exposures affect thousands of individuals worldwide each year. The acute evaluation of these inhaled exposures is often fraught with difficulty in identifying a specific agent, may involve multiple compounds, and a wide variety of responses are seen depending on the physical properties of the specific toxicant, the length of time of inhalation, and the concentration of the exposure. Recognizing key aspects of the most common acute toxic inhalations is useful in developing a diagnosis and treatment strategy. Read More

Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2019 05;199(10):1195-1204

4 Medicines Evaluation Unit, University of Manchester, Manchester University NHS Foundation Hospital Trust, Manchester, United Kingdom.

The pathology and impact of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) results from an abnormal inflammatory process resulting in tissue damage with ineffective repair in response to toxic inhalants (especially cigarette smoke). Identification of mechanisms provides the opportunity to develop new therapies and a personalized approach to management. The collection of multiple genetic and detailed biochemical data from small and large patient cohorts has led to an explosion of studies investigating biomarkers to achieve these aims. Read More