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Lancet Gastroenterol Hepatol 2020 Jun 30. Epub 2020 Jun 30.

Department of Inflammatory Bowel Diseases, St Mark's Hospital, Imperial College, London HA1 3UJ, UK. Electronic address:

J Med Econ 2020 Jul 3. Epub 2020 Jul 3.

Gastroenterology Division, Department of Medicine, King Khalid University Hospital, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.

This study's objectives were to examine and compare the cost-effectiveness of biologic and non-biologic therapies in the improvement of the health-related quality of life (HRQoL) of patients with inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) in Saudi Arabia. This retrospective cohort study analyzed data from the medical records of patients with IBD treated at a tertiary-care hospital in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia. Drug utilization costs and HRQoL scores were evaluated at baseline and after six months of treatment. Read More

Immunopharmacol Immunotoxicol 2020 Jul 3:1-22. Epub 2020 Jul 3.

Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Drug Research, Punjabi University, Patiala, Punjab, India, 147002.

Silent information regulator-1 (SIRT-1), is a member of the class III group of histone deacetylases and is collectively called sirtuins. There have been preclinical and clinical studies indicating the downregulation and decreased activity of sirtuin 1 in various inflammatory bowel disease models. Furthermore, the downregulation of sirtuin 1 is responsible for the sustained production of proinflammatory cytokines and the generation of oxidative stress in colitis. Read More

Inflamm Bowel Dis 2020 Jul 3. Epub 2020 Jul 3.

Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida.

Inflamm Bowel Dis 2020 Jul 3. Epub 2020 Jul 3.

Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts.

Inflamm Bowel Dis 2020 Jul 3. Epub 2020 Jul 3.

Gastroenterology Department, Mater Misericordiae University Hospital, Dublin, Ireland.

Inflamm Bowel Dis 2020 Jul 3. Epub 2020 Jul 3.

Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University of Toledo Medical Center, Toledo, OH, USA.

Inflamm Bowel Dis 2020 Jul 3. Epub 2020 Jul 3.

Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition, Cleveland Clinic, OH, USA.

Inflamm Bowel Dis 2020 Jul 3. Epub 2020 Jul 3.

Institute for Health and Sport, Victoria University; Western Centre for Health, Research and Education, Sunshine Hospital, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.

Background: Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) associates with damage to the enteric nervous system (ENS), leading to gastrointestinal (GI) dysfunction. Oxidative stress is important for the pathophysiology of inflammation-induced enteric neuropathy and GI dysfunction. Apurinic/apyrimidinic endonuclease 1/redox factor-1 (APE1/Ref-1) is a dual functioning protein that is an essential regulator of the cellular response to oxidative stress. Read More

Curr Opin Clin Nutr Metab Care 2020 Jun 28. Epub 2020 Jun 28.

Norwich Medical School, University of East Anglia, Norwich, UK.

Purpose Of Review: Patients with inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) are always interested in the effects of diet on their disease and are often puzzled by the apparent lack of concern in this regard expressed by their doctors. This lack of concern too often reflects the lack of knowledge but it must be recognized that the evidence base for nutritional interventions is weak and compares poorly with that underlying the use of modern biologic drugs.

Recent Findings: The past year has had its usual collection of personal and systematic reviews of the topic and a regrettably large number of poor quality publications on nutrition in IBD. Read More

Curr Opin Clin Nutr Metab Care 2020 Jun 28. Epub 2020 Jun 28.

Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA.

Purpose Of Review: The purpose of this brief review is to investigate the current utility of fecal microbial transplantation (FMT) to ameliorate dysbiosis contributing to inflammatory bowel disease pathogenesis.

Recent Findings: Increasing data from randomized, controlled trials support a role for multiple FMT administrations in the induction of remission and even as a maintenance therapy in mild-to-moderate Ulcerative Colitis. Small series and one small randomized controlled trial among patients with Crohn's Disease and with pouchitis continue to produce conflicting clinical results and microbial profile data on the host and donor levels. Read More

Am J Gastroenterol 2020 Jul;115(7):1007-1018

Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, Florida, USA.

Am J Gastroenterol 2020 Jul;115(7):1003-1006

Department of Gastroenterology, West China Hospital and State Key Lab of Biotherapy, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China.

The outbreak of novel coronavirus pneumonia in 2019 (Coronavirus disease 2019 [COVID-19]) is now threatening global public health. Although COVID-19 is principally defined by its respiratory symptoms, it is now clear that the virus can also affect the digestive system. In this review, we elaborate on the close relationship between COVID-19 and the digestive system, focusing on both the clinical findings and potential underlying mechanisms of COVID-19 gastrointestinal pathogenesis. Read More

Curr Opin Gastroenterol 2020 Jun 28. Epub 2020 Jun 28.

Department of Medicine, Pancreas Institute, University of Verona, Verona, Italy.

Purpose Of Review: Type 2 autoimmune pancreatitis (AIP) is a rare inflammatory disease of the pancreas. Very few data have been published on this particular subtype, which differs from the 'classical' IgG4-related type 1 AIP in terms of pathological features, epidemiology and risk of relapse. The aim of the current review is to summarize the available literature, suggesting a diagnostic and therapeutic approach to this disease. Read More

Inflamm Bowel Dis 2020 Jul 3. Epub 2020 Jul 3.

Division of Epidemiology and Public Health, School of Medicine, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK.

Background And Aims: There is evidence that several inflammatory diseases are associated with increased cardiovascular risk. Whether this is true for inflammatory bowel diseases remains controversial. We aimed to assess this risk, corrected for the effects of conventional vascular risk factors and IBD disease activity. Read More

Inflamm Bowel Dis 2020 Jul 3. Epub 2020 Jul 3.

Department of Gastroenterology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India.

ChemMedChem 2020 Jul 2. Epub 2020 Jul 2.

University of Florida, Department of Chemistry, P.O. Box 11720, 32611, Gainesville, UNITED STATES.

Novel phospholipid (PL)-cyclosporine conjugates, were prepared and studied as potential prodrugs for IBD. Our approach relies on Phospholipase A 2 (PLA 2 ), which is overexpressed in the inflamed intestinal tissues, as the prodrug-activator to potentially release cyclosporine at the site of inflammation. PL-cyclosporine prodrug conjugates with varying methylene linker lengths between the sn-2 position of the PL and cyclosporine were synthesized and evaluated for in vitro activation. Read More

Dig Dis Sci 2020 Jul 2. Epub 2020 Jul 2.

Division of Gastroenterology, Jill Roberts Center for Inflammatory Bowel Disease, Weill Cornell Medical College, 1315 York Avenue, Mezzanine SM1A15, New York, NY, 10021, USA.

Background: Diabetes mellitus (DM) and inflammatory bowel diseases (IBD) are chronic systemic illnesses associated with chronic inflammation, dysbiosis, impaired immune function, and infection risk. The impact of DM in modifying disease activity in patients with IBD remains largely unknown.

Aim: To investigate the impact of DM on IBD-related disease outcomes, mortality, and infections in patients with IBD. Read More

Dig Dis Sci 2020 Jul 2. Epub 2020 Jul 2.

Division of Gastroenterology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.

Background: Prior studies have inconsistently suggested that biologic therapy may be associated with weight gain in inflammatory bowel disease patients (IBD). Our aim was to compare weight gain across different biologic therapy classes with distinct mechanisms of action.

Methods: This prospective cohort study recruited patients with moderate to severe IBD initiating outpatient biologic therapy with anti-TNF (infliximab, adalimumab), vedolizumab, or ustekinumab. Read More

Arch Toxicol 2020 Jul 2. Epub 2020 Jul 2.

Toxalim (Research Center in Food Toxicology), INRAE, ENVT, INP- PURPAN, UMR 1331, UPS, Université de Toulouse, 180 Chemin de Tournefeuille, BP93173, cedex 03, F-31027, Toulouse, France.

The incidence of inflammatory bowel diseases (IBD) is increasing in both Western and developing countries. IBD are multifactorial disorders involving complex interactions between genetic, immune, and environmental factors such as exposure to food contaminants. Deoxynivalenol (DON) is the most prevalent mycotoxin that contaminates staple food and induces intestinal breakdown and inflammatory response. Read More

Contemp Clin Trials Commun 2020 Jun 4;18:100573. Epub 2020 May 4.

Department of Population and Quantitative Health Sciences, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA, USA.

Crohn's disease (CD), a type of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), is a chronic condition of the gastrointestinal tract that is caused by the loss of mucosal tolerance towards the commensal bacteria resulting in inflammatory responses. It has long been postulated that the gut microbiota, a complex and dynamic population of microorganisms, plays a key role in the pathogenesis of IBD. Maternal diagnosis of IBD has been identified as the greatest risk factor for IBD in offspring increasing the odds of developing the disease >4. Read More

Endosc Int Open 2020 Jul 23;8(7):E980-E984. Epub 2020 Jun 23.

UOC di Medicina Interna e Gastroenterologia; CEMAD - IBD UNIT; Dipartimento di Scienze Mediche e Chirurgiche, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario "A. Gemelli" IRCCS, Roma, Italia.

 The COVID-19 pandemic is having a major clinical and also organizational impact on national health care systems, particularly in high-volume hospitals that are utilized for several essential clinical needs. We aimed to analyze the short-term impact of the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic on management of endoscopic procedures in patients with inflammatory bowel disease (IBD).  This was an observational prospective study exploring major clinical and organizational changes in endoscopic management at the IBD Center - CEMAD of the Fondazione Policlinico Gemelli IRCCS, Rome, Italy since the beginning of SARS-CoV-2 pandemic. Read More

Cureus 2020 May 29;12(5):e8351. Epub 2020 May 29.

Medical Education Internal Medicine, Brookwood Baptist Medical Center, Birmingham, USA.

Crohn's disease (CD) is a chronic inflammatory bowel disease that can affect the entire gastrointestinal tract from the mouth to the anus, sparing the rectum. The goal of medical therapy is to induce remission with medications, followed by the administration of maintenance medications to prevent a relapse of the disease. The concept of induction of remission and maintenance of remission is very important, as there is an overlap of medications used to induce and maintain remission. Read More

Cureus 2020 May 28;12(5):e8332. Epub 2020 May 28.

Library Science, Abington Hospital-Jefferson Health, Abington, USA.

Anabolic-androgenic steroids (AAS) abuse is common in competitive athletes in order to enhance athletic performances. However, AAS abuse is often associated with deleterious side effects including but not limited to cardiovascular diseases, depression, hormonal abnormalities, and cancer. We present a case of a 31-year-old male with a history of Crohn's disease on infliximab and chronic AAS use who had persistent retrosternal chest pain found to have an acute myocardial infarction (MI) without obvious cardiovascular risk factors. Read More

Mediators Inflamm 2020 12;2020:9706140. Epub 2020 Jun 12.

College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China.

Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) is a chronic inflammatory disorder of the gastrointestinal tract resulting from the homeostasis imbalance of intestinal microenvironment, immune dysfunction, environmental and genetic factors, and so on. This disease is associated with multiple immune cells including regulatory T cells (Tregs). Tregs are a subset of T cells regulating the function of various immune cells to induce immune tolerance and maintain intestinal immune homeostasis. Read More

Sci Rep 2020 Jul 2;10(1):10940. Epub 2020 Jul 2.

Earlham Institute, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, NR4 7UZ, UK.

Macroautophagy, the degradation of cytoplasmic content by lysosomal fusion, is an evolutionary conserved process promoting homeostasis and intracellular defence. Macroautophagy is initiated primarily by a complex containing ULK1 or ULK2 (two paralogs of the yeast Atg1 protein). To understand the differences between ULK1 and ULK2, we compared the human ULK1 and ULK2 proteins and their regulation. Read More

BMJ Case Rep 2020 Jul 2;13(7). Epub 2020 Jul 2.

Department of Gastroenterology, Weston Area Health NHS Trust, Weston-super-Mare, England, UK.

Treatment for ulcerative colitis often requires the administration of immunosuppressive therapy. Shortly after rescue therapy with infliximab for acute severe colitis, a patient who was also taking corticosteroids, azathioprine and adalimumab became rapidly unwell with atypical pneumonia, which did not respond to conventional antimicrobials. Re-examining the travel history revealed a prior caving trip to Costa Rica. Read More

Dig Liver Dis 2020 Jun 29. Epub 2020 Jun 29.

IBD Center, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli IRCCS, Rome, Italy; Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Rome, Italy.

Chin J Nat Med 2020 Jul;18(7):500-507

Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha 410008, China; Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Hunan Key Laboratory of Pharmacogenetics, Central South University, Changsha 410078, China; National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha 410008, China. Electronic address:

Gut microbiota dysbiosis is a risk factor for colorectal cancer (CRC) in inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). In this study, the effects of Panax notoginseng saponins (PNS) on colitis-associated CRC progression were evaluated on an azoxymethane (AOM)/dextran sulfate sodium (DSS) mouse model. In vivo, PNS significantly relieved AOM/DSS-induced colon tumorigenesis and development by reducing the disease activity index (DAI) scores and colon tumor load. Read More

Ann Pediatr Endocrinol Metab 2020 Jun 30;25(2):69-79. Epub 2020 Jun 30.

Department of Pediatrics, University of Chieti, Chieti, Italy.

Short stature is a common reason for referral to pediatric endocrinologists. Multiple factors, including genetic, prenatal, postnatal, and local environmental factors, can impair growth. The majority of children with short stature, which can be defined as a height less than 2 standard deviation score below the mean, are healthy. Read More

PLoS One 2020 2;15(7):e0235536. Epub 2020 Jul 2.

Department of Medical Biosciences, Clinical Chemistry, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden.

Objective: Smoking has previously been associated with inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), but no study has reported on cotinine, an objective, biochemical measure of tobacco use. We aimed at testing the hypothesis that cotinine levels among healthy subjects are associated with an increased risk of developing IBD in later life.

Design: We analysed plasma cotinine and evaluated corresponding lifestyle questionnaires that included tobacco habits in subjects (n = 96) who later developed late-onset IBD (70 ulcerative colitis (UC) and 26 Crohn's disease (CD)) and in sex and age-matched controls (n = 191). Read More

J Crohns Colitis 2020 Jul 2. Epub 2020 Jul 2.

Department of Gastroenterology, The Queen Elizabeth Hospital, Adelaide, Australia.

Background And Aims: Serial measurements of luminal disease activity may facilitate inflammatory bowel disease management. Gastrointestinal ultrasound is an easily performed, non-invasive alternative to other assessment modes. However, its widespread use is limited by concerns regarding validity, reliability, and responsiveness. Read More

J Crohns Colitis 2020 Jul 2. Epub 2020 Jul 2.

Zucker School of Medicine at Hofstra/Northwell, Division of Gastroenterology, Lenox Hill Hospital, New York, NY, USA.

Indian J Gastroenterol 2020 Jul 1. Epub 2020 Jul 1.

Gastroenterology and Hepatology Unit, Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.

Background: Alteration in the natural history of Crohn's disease (CD) since the advent of biologic therapy remains to be proven. Our aim was to look at the intestinal surgical rates and the association with biologic therapy over the last two decades.

Methods: This was a retrospective study in which all CD patients seen in two tertiary referral hospitals in Malaysia were recruited. Read More

Pol J Radiol 2020 8;85:e230-e244. Epub 2020 May 8.

Department of Radiology, Vardhman Mahavir Medical College and Safdarjung Hospital, New Delhi, India.

Herein we reviewed the computed tomography (CT) findings of a spectrum of pathological entities affecting the duodenum. We discuss the CT findings of some congenital, inflammatory, traumatic, and neoplastic pathologies of the duodenum along with the conventional barium studies of selected conditions. Pathologies of this C-shaped intestinal segment, derived from both foregut and midgut, are often overlooked in clinical practice and radiological literature. Read More

Sci Rep 2020 Jul 1;10(1):10731. Epub 2020 Jul 1.

Gastroenterology Department, Marques de Valdecilla University Hospital - IDIVAL, Santander, Cantabria, Spain.

Inflammatory bowel diseases (IBD) belong to the group of immune-mediated diseases (IMIDs). The effect of associated IMIDs in the prognosis in IBD is nowadays unknown. To describe IMIDs associated to IBD patients and evaluate differences linked to the presence or absence of IMIDs. Read More

Biol Pharm Bull 2020 ;43(7):1088-1095

Department of Clinical Pharmacy, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nagoya City University.

Inflammatory bowel disease, which typically manifests as Crohn's disease and ulcerative colitis, is caused by the abnormal production of cytokines such as tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α and transforming growth factor (TGF)-β. These cytokines damage intestinal epithelial cells and trigger fibrosis, respectively, for which the current in vitro models have many limitations. Therefore, we tested whether human induced pluripotent stem cell-derived intestinal organoids (HiOs) can mimic inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), and whether such a model is suitable for drug screening. Read More

J Oleo Sci 2020 ;69(7):751-757

Department of Life and Food Science, Obihiro University of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine.

The rising incidence of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) in East Asian countries has necessitated the implementation of preventive methods in the form of dietary supplementation and changes in dietary habits. We have previously reported that dietary golden oyster mushroom (Pleurotus citrinopileatus) ethanol extract (GOMEE) suppresses intestinal inflammation in mouse models of IBD induced by dextran sulfate sodium salt (DSS). Here, we investigated the components of GOMEE that exert suppressive effects on colon inflammation in vivo and in vitro. Read More

BMJ Open 2020 Jul 1;10(7):e037211. Epub 2020 Jul 1.

CHRU-Nancy, INSERM, Université de Lorraine, CIC 1433 Clinical Epidemiology, F-54000 Nancy, France, Nancy, France.

Introduction: Crohn's disease and ulcerative colitis, the two major forms of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), are chronic disabling conditions characterised by flares followed by periods of remission. However, patients with IBD are seen every 3-6 months in the outpatient clinic, and the occurrence of a flare between two outpatient visits is not captured. To our knowledge, there is no validated patient-reported outcome (PRO) tool to measure the phenomenon of flare in IBD. Read More

BMJ Open 2020 Jul 1;10(7):e035538. Epub 2020 Jul 1.

Department of Paediatric Gastroenterology, Erasmus University Medical Center-Sophia Children's Hospital, Rotterdam, The Netherlands

Introduction: Patients with paediatric-onset inflammatory bowel disease (PIBD) may develop a complicated disease course, including growth failure, bowel resection at young age and treatment-related adverse events, all of which can have significant and lasting effects on the patient's development and quality of life. Unfortunately, we are still not able to fully explain the heterogeneity between patients and their disease course and predict which patients will respond to certain therapies or are most at risk of developing a more complicated disease course. To investigate this, large prospective studies with long-term follow-up are needed. Read More

BMJ Open 2020 Jul 1;10(7):e034892. Epub 2020 Jul 1.

Department of Paediatric Gastroenterology, Royal Hospital for Children Glasgow, Glasgow, UK.

Introduction: Immunomodulators such as thiopurines (azathioprine (AZA)/6-mercaptopurine (6MP)), methotrexate (MTX) and biologics such as adalimumab (ADA) are well established for maintenance of remission within paediatric Crohn's disease (CD). It remains unclear, however, which maintenance medication should be used first line in specific patient groups.

Aims: To compare the efficacy of maintenance therapies in newly diagnosed CD based on stratification into high and low-risk groups for severe CD evolution; MTX versus AZA/6MP in low-risk and MTX versus ADA in high-risk patients. Read More

BMC Fam Pract 2020 Jul 1;21(1):129. Epub 2020 Jul 1.

Department of Public Health and Clinical Medicine, Unit of Research, Education and Development - Östersund, Östersund Hospital, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden.

Background: Rectal bleeding and a change in bowel habits are considered to be alarm symptoms for colorectal cancer and they are also common symptoms for inflammatory bowel disease. However, most patients with these symptoms do not have any of these diseases. Faecal immunochemical tests (FITs) for haemoglobin are used as triage tests in Sweden and other countries but little is known about the symptoms patients have when FITs are requested. Read More

Curr Pharm Des 2020 Jul 1. Epub 2020 Jul 1.

Laboratory of Pharmacology, Department of Drug Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy of University of Porto (FFUP). Portugal.

The endothelium has a crucial role in proper hemodynamics. Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) is mainly a chronic inflammatory condition of the gastrointestinal tract. However, considerable evidence points to high cardiovascular risk in patients with IBD. Read More

Intest Res 2020 Jul 2. Epub 2020 Jul 2.

Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, Korea.

Azathioprine is widely used for the treatment of Crohn's disease (CD). Few cases from Western countries have reported idiopathic non-cirrhotic portal hypertension (NCPH) related to thiopurine therapy in patients with inflammatory bowel disease. Idiopathic NCPH is a rare hepatic condition with intrahepatic portal hypertension but no evidence of cirrhosis or chronic liver disease. Read More

Intest Res 2020 Jul 3. Epub 2020 Jul 3.

Department of Pediatrics, Gunma University Graduate School of Medicine, Maebashi, Japan.

Whipple disease is a systemic chronic infection caused by Tropheryma whipplei. Although chronic diarrhea is a common gastrointestinal symptom, diagnosis is often difficult because there are no specific endoscopic findings, and the pathogen is not detectable by stool culture. We present a female patient with Whipple disease who developed chronic bloody diarrhea and growth retardation at the age of 4 years. Read More

Cancers (Basel) 2020 Jun 29;12(7). Epub 2020 Jun 29.

Division of Food Chemistry and Toxicology, Department of Chemistry, Technical University of Kaiserslautern, 67663 Kaiserslautern, Germany.

Colorectal cancer (CRC) is among the most frequent cancer entities worldwide. Multiple factors are causally associated with CRC development, such as genetic and epigenetic alterations, inflammatory bowel disease, lifestyle and dietary factors. During malignant transformation, the cellular energy metabolism is reprogrammed in order to promote cancer cell growth and proliferation. Read More

Biomolecules 2020 Jun 29;10(7). Epub 2020 Jun 29.

Institute of Biochemistry, Biological Research Centre, 6726 Szeged, Hungary.

Chronic intestinal inflammation is characteristic of Inflammatory Bowel Disease (IBD) that is associated with the exaggerated infiltration of immune cells. A complex interplay of inflammatory mediators and different cell types in the colon are responsible for the maintenance of tissue homeostasis and affect pathological conditions. Gene expression alteration of colon biopsies from IBD patients and an rat model of colitis were examined by RNA-Seq and QPCR, while we used in silico methods, such as Ingenuity Pathway Analysis (IPA) application and the Immune Gene Signature (ImSig) package of R, to interpret whole transcriptome data and estimate immune cell composition of colon tissues. Read More

Cell Rep 2020 Jun;31(13):107820

Department of Internal Medicine, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA. Electronic address:

IRF5 polymorphisms are associated with multiple immune-mediated diseases, including ulcerative colitis. IRF5 contributions are attributed to its role in myeloid lineages. How T cell-intrinsic IRF5 contributes to inflammatory outcomes is not well understood. Read More

Eur J Pharmacol 2020 Jun 28:173312. Epub 2020 Jun 28.

Department of Clinical Pharmacy, School of Basic Medicine and Clinical Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Jiangsu Province, Nanjing, 211198, PR China; Department of Surgery, Zhongda Hospital Affiliated to Southeast University, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, 210017, PR China; Department of Surgery, Nanjing Shuiximen Hospital, Jiangsu Province, 210017, PR China. Electronic address:

Ion channels are important therapeutic targets due to their plethoric involvement in physiological and pathological consequences. The transient receptor potential cation channel subfamily M member 8 (TRPM8) is a nonselective cation channel that controls Ca homeostasis. It has been proposed to be the predominant thermoreceptor for cellular and behavioral responses to cold stimuli in the TRP channel subfamilies and exploited so far to reach the clinical-stage of drug development. Read More

J Med Econ 2020 Jul 1. Epub 2020 Jul 1.

Analysis Group, Inc. Montreal, QC, Canada.

To quantify the long-term direct and indirect costs among patients with Crohn's disease (CD) and specific subgroups of these patients in the United States from the private payer's perspective. This retrospective study used the OptumHealth Care Solutions, Inc database (01/01/1999-03/31/2017) to match (1:5) adult patients with ≥2 claims for CD to patients without inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). Patterns observed during follow-up (i. Read More