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Facial Plast Surg 2018 Jun 1;34(3):245-254. Epub 2018 Jun 1.

Department of ENT, King AbdulAziz University Hospital, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.

Dorsal augmentation with synthetic implants is the most commonly performed rhinoplasty procedure, especially in the East-Asian region. However, as in all other surgical procedures, complications are inevitable. Complications that need to be managed surgically include displacement, deviation, suboptimal aesthetic outcome, extrusion, inflammation, infection, and changes in skin quality. Read More

Clin Oral Implants Res 2015 Apr 30;26(4):465-470. Epub 2014 Apr 30.

Vilnius Mokslo Grupe, Vilnius, Lithuania.

Objective: To evaluate the efficiency of acellular dermal matrix membrane to augment vertical peri-implant soft tissue thickness during submerged implant placement.

Material And Methods: Forty acellular dermal matrix-derived allogenic membranes (AlloDerm, BioHorizons, Birmingham, AL, USA) and 42 laser-modified surface internal hex implants (BioHorizons Tapered Laser Lok, Birmingham, AL, USA) were placed in submerged approach in 40 patients (15 males and 25 females, mean age 42.5 ± 1. Read More

Eplasty 2014 31;14:e7. Epub 2014 Jan 31.

LifeCell Corporation, Bridgewater, NJ.

Objective: We examined the differences in capsule formation between 2 commercially available human acellular dermal matrices in a nonhuman primate model.

Methods: Primates were implanted dorsally with a subcutaneously placed tissue expander and randomized into 3 groups, receiving skin coverage only, coverage with non-irradiated freeze-dried human acellular dermal matrix, or coverage with gamma-irradiated human acellular dermal matrix. After 9 weeks, soft tissue around the tissue expander was excised and evaluated qualitatively and quantitatively to assess extent of inflammation (CD68 antibodies and interleukin-6 levels), degradation and fibrosis (matrix metalloproteinase-1 and procollagen-1 staining), and mechanical (tensile) strength. Read More

JAMA Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 2013 Sep;139(9):914-22

Department of Otolaryngology-Head & Neck Surgery, University of Virginia, Charlottesville.

Importance: Cell seeding throughout the thickness of a nanofiber construct allows for patient-specific implant alternatives with long-lasting effects, earlier integration, and reduced inflammation when compared with traditional implants. Cell seeding may improve implant integration with host tissue; however, the effect of cell seeding on thick nanofiber constructs has not been studied.

Objective: To use a novel cell-preseeded nanofiber tissue engineering technique to create a 3-dimensional biocompatible implant alternative to decellularized extracellular matrix. Read More

Cell Tissue Bank 2014 Sep 4;15(3):297-305. Epub 2013 Sep 4.

Faculty of Dentistry, SEGi University, No.9, Jalan Teknologi, Taman Sains Selangor, Kota Damansara, PJU 5, 47810, Petaling Jaya, Selangor, Malaysia,

As esthetics gain importance, periodontal plastic surgical procedures involving soft tissue grafts are becoming commoner both around natural teeth as well as around implants. Periodontal soft tissue grafts are primarily used for the purpose of root coverage and in pre-prosthetic surgery to thicken a gingival site or to improve the crestal volume. Soft tissue grafts are usually harvested from the palate. Read More

Plast Reconstr Surg 2012 Nov;130(5 Suppl 2):35S-43S

Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA.

Background: The use of acellular dermal matrices has been well described in the scientific literature since the early 1990 s and has been utilized for multiple applications in the head and neck for both aesthetic and reconstructive efforts.

Methods: After systematically searching the PubMed database and following further refinement (based on the authors' inclusion and exclusion criteria), the authors identified 30 studies that provided information about patients who had undergone head and neck reconstruction with the use of acellular dermal matrix. Studies had to report quantifiable objective results in patients who were older than 1 year and younger than 90 years. Read More

J Int Acad Periodontol 2012 Jul;14(3):76-82

Department of Periodontics and Oral Medicine, School of Dentistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109-1078, USA.

Background: With advances in dental technology, the placement of immediate implants has progressively gained popularity. However, a common complication that surfaced was mid-facial mucosal recession, which impaired esthetic outcomes. The use of soft tissue grafts has thus been introduced to manage and prevent this undesirable result. Read More

Clin Oral Implants Res 2013 Oct 15;24(10):1130-6. Epub 2012 Jun 15.

Department of Periodontology and Prosthodontics, Eastman Dental Hospital, Roma, Italy.

Aim: The aim of this study was to compare the clinical outcomes after 2 years with bone level implants placed to restore a single missing teeth that needed simultaneous augmentation and were treated with a transmucosal or submerged approach.

Methods: This study analyzed a subset of patients included in an ongoing prospective multicenter randomized clinical trial (RCT) involving12 centers where patients were to be followed-up to 5 years after loading. Of the 120 implants that were placed in the original study, and randomly assigned to submerged or non-submerged healing, 52 needed simultaneous augmentation (28 women patients and 24 men patients, between 23 and 78 years of age). Read More

J Craniofac Surg 2012 Jan;23(1):67-70

Division of Plastic Surgery and Department of Oral Biology, University of Pittsburgh, Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh of UPMC, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15201, USA.

Background And Purpose: Some of the most problematic craniofacial injuries in pediatric plastic surgery are large calvarial defects in children who have passed the age of maximal dural osteogenic potential and yet are too young to yield split calvarial grafts. Porous polyethylene (Medpor; Porex) is an alloplastic material that can be customized to precisely match a cranial defect. We present a clinical series that demonstrates successful use of porous polyethylene cranioplasties in large pediatric cranial defects. Read More

Aesthet Surg J 2011 Aug;31(6):674-81

Division of Plastic Surgery, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA.

Background: The ideal product for soft tissue replacement is durable, nonimmunogenic, and noninfectious. AlloDerm (LifeCell Corp., Branchburg, New Jersey), Enduragen (Stryker Corp. Read More

J Oral Implantol 2011 Dec 6;37(6):717-21. Epub 2010 Aug 6.

Department of Molecular Medicine and Biopharmaceutical Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea.

Immediate implant placement combined with hard and soft tissue grafting has been suggested because it may preclude dramatic postextraction bone loss and may decrease overall discomfort with reduction in the number of surgeries and in treatment time. In this case report, the acellular dermal matrix was used as a membrane for immediate implantation via a bone augmentation procedure in an esthetically challenging situation. The author suggests that this surgical technique provides the clinician with an option for an immediate implant therapy when primary closure is not intended. Read More

Clin Cosmet Investig Dent 2010 17;2:101-7. Epub 2010 Sep 17.

Division of Periodontics, Marquette University, School of Dentistry, Milwaukee, WI, USA.

Dental implants are becoming the treatment of choice to replace missing teeth, especially if the adjacent teeth are free of restorations. When minimal bone width is present, implant placement becomes a challenge and often resulting in recession and dehiscence around the implant that leads to subsequent gingival recession. To correct such defect, the author turned to soft tissue autografting and allografting to correct a buccal dehiscence around tooth #24 after a malpositioned implant placed by a different surgeon. Read More

Int J Oral Maxillofac Surg 2009 Nov 28;38(11):1194-200. Epub 2009 Aug 28.

Department of Oral-and Cranio-Maxillofacial Surgery/Plastic Surgery, University of Jena, Germany.

The aim of this study was to investigate the molecular mechanisms underlying the problem of infection and pro-fibrotic tissue rearrangement around artificial devices used for soft tissue augmentation. An allogenous, acellularized dermal matrix (aADM) was implanted into subcutaneous pockets at the groin in 10 male Wistar rats. After 7 or 14 days, tissue specimens were obtained and analyzed for transforming growth factor (TGF)-beta1 and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) by immunoblotting as well as alpha-smooth muscle actin (SMA)-and endoglin (CD105)-expression by immunohistochemistry. Read More

Clin Oral Implants Res 2009 Sep;20 Suppl 4:146-65

Clinic for Fixed and Removable Prosthodontics and Dental Material Science, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland.

Aim: The aim of the present review was to systematically assess the dental literature in terms of soft tissue grafting techniques. The focused question was: is one method superior over others for augmentation and stability of the augmented soft tissue in terms of increasing the width of keratinized tissue (part 1) and gain in soft tissue volume (part 2).

Methods: A Medline search was performed for human studies focusing on augmentation of keratinized tissue and/or soft tissue volume, and complemented by additional hand searching. Read More

Implant Dent 2008 Sep;17(3):360-71

Private Practice, Alexandria, Egypt.

The use of membranes with immediate implantation is frequently debated. Differences of opinion occur as to whether membranes should or should not be placed; and when a decision is made to actually place a membrane, there are differences of opinion as to when, and how to place what membrane. This article presents a comparison between the use of resorbable and nonresorbable membranes in immediate implant placement situations and their selection criteria. Read More

J Indian Soc Periodontol 2008 Sep;12(3):73-8

Department of Periodontics, Ragas Dental College and Hospital, Uthandi, India.

Complete prosthetic rehabilitation using implants require the presence of adequate dimensions of alveolar bone. Ridge augmentation procedures include the use of guided bone regeneration (GBR) procedures where the barrier membrane provides cell occlusion and space for the regenerating tissues. Alloderm GBR has been introduced for the purpose of augmenting bone and has been postulated to have the additionally ability to integrate into soft tissues. Read More

Plast Reconstr Surg 2007 Oct;120(5):1156-60

Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, USA.

Background: Posterior pharyngeal augmentation is a recognized treatment for velopharyngeal insufficiency in selected candidates. To date, however, the procedure has failed to gain widespread acceptance because of the absence of an implant material with sufficient safety, durability, and biocompatibility. In this study, the use of micronized acellular dermal matrix injection for augmentation of the posterior pharynx was investigated. Read More

J Craniofac Surg 2007 May;18(3):551-8

Department of Plastic Surgery and the Center for Advanced Medical Education by BK21 Project, Inha University College of Medicine, Sinheung-dong, Jung-gu, Incheon, Seoul, Korea.

The purpose of this study was to compare the volumetric and histologic changes of the acellular cadaveric dermis, lyophilized bovine pericardium, irradiated bovine tendon, and autologous cartilage transplanted subcutaneously in the rats. Four different kinds of implants were placed in subcutaneous pockets of the dorsum of 40 Wister rats. The implants with the subcutaneous pockets were retrieved in the first, fourth, eighth, and 12th weeks after implantation. Read More

J Long Term Eff Med Implants 2005 ;15(1):57-65

University of Virginia Health System, Charlottesville, Virginia, USA.

Necrotizing fasciitis and purpura fulminans are two destructive infections that involve both skin and soft tissue. Necrotizing fasciitis is characterized by widespread necrosis of subcutaneous tissue and the fascia. Historically, group A beta-hemolytic streptococcus has been identified as a major cause of this infection. Read More

Facial Plast Surg 2004 May;20(2):129-34

The Maloney Center for Facial Plastic Surgery, Atlanta, Georgia, USA.

Soft tissue replacement using a filler as a temporary scaffold to encourage revascularization and tissue in growth is an exciting concept. Sheets of acellular human dermal matrix, called Alloderm (Lifecell Corp, Branchburg, NJ), have been shown to do just that. When implanted into a patient, tissue growth and revascularization have both been observed. Read More

Am J Dent 2002 Oct;15(5):339-45

Universidad Autonoma de Nuevo Leon, Monterrey, Mexico.

Periodontitis is characterized by the formation of periodontal pockets and bone loss. Although the basic treatment emphasizes the control of bacterial plaque, the clinician is confronted with the need to correct soft and/or hard tissue defects that develop as a consequence of the disease. This article reviews the current status of regenerative approaches in treating soft and hard tissue defects (based mainly on findings from our own laboratory) and assessed the global applicability of these procedures. Read More

J Oral Implantol 2002 ;28(5):230-7

Department of Implant Dentistry, NYU College of Dentistry, USA.

Soft tissue healing plays a significant role in determining the outcome of implant and other osseous surgery. A variety of methods is required to accomplish primary soft tissue closure. These include the techniques of undermining; free grafting, both full and split thickness; and pedicle grafting. Read More

Facial Plast Surg 1999 ;15(1):3-12

Division of Otolaryngology, University of Alabama School of Medicine, 1501 5th Ave., S. Birmingham, AL 35233, USA.

The features of the nose, mentum, and malar complex define a person's profile and give the essence of character to the visage. Whether profile deficiencies are due to congenital, traumatic, or aging factors, facial plastic surgeons are able to meet patients' and their own exacting demands more thoroughly with skeletal implants. Although the search for the perfect implant continues, today's armamentarium of implant materials is vast and, with appropriate selection and attention to technique, facial skeletal implants can be successful in creating change impossible to obtain with soft tissue techniques alone. Read More

Int J Oral Maxillofac Implants 2001 Nov-Dec;16(6):875-9

Department of Periodontology and Oral Biology, Goldman School of Dental Medicine, Boston University, Massachusetts, USA.

The success of bone grafting procedures depends largely on the management and integrity of the gingival flaps. Soft tissues aid in the protection of the bone graft, participate in the revascularization of the newly formed hard tissues, and play an important role in the esthetic outcome of the reconstructive phase. Acellular dermal matrix (ADM) is a material obtained from human skin and used in plastic and reconstructive surgery as an allograft. Read More

Dent Implantol Update 2001 Sep;12(9):65-71

Arch Facial Plast Surg 2001 Apr-Jun;3(2):101-3

Division of Facial Plastic Surgery, The New York Eye and Ear Infirmary, 310 E 14th St, North Bldg, Sixth Floor, New York, NY 10003, USA.

Objectives: To evaluate and compare the long-term clinical persistence and histological appearance of subdermally implanted acellular dermal graft (AlloDerm) sheets and intradermal type I bovine collagen cross-linked with glutaraldehyde (Zyplast).

Patients: Ten adult patients (5 men and 5 women; average age, 46 years; age range, 37-59 years) not allergic to bovine collagen.

Methods: AlloDerm sheets were implanted surgically in a subdermal plane in one postauricular crease, and Zyplast was injected intradermally on the opposite side. Read More

Arch Facial Plast Surg 2000 Apr-Jun;2(2):130-6

Division of Facial Plastic Surgery, New York Eye and Ear Infirmary, New York, USA.

Objectives: To evaluate the histological and clinical properties of (1) subdermally implanted acellular dermal graft (AlloDerm) sheets vs intradermal bovine collagen and (2) subdermally or intradermally injected micronized AlloDerm vs type I bovine collagen cross-linked with glutaraldehyde (Zyplast).

Patients: Twenty-five adult patients testing nonallergic to bovine collagen.

Methods: (1) Stacked disks of AlloDerm were implanted subdermally behind one ear, and bovine collagen was injected intradermally behind the other. Read More

Ophthalmic Plast Reconstr Surg 2000 May;16(3):223-30

Division of Orbital and Ophthalmic Plastic Surgery, Jules Stein Eye Institute, University of California at Los Angeles School of Medicine, USA.

Purpose: To describe the uses and determine the safety of a commercially available acellular dermal allograft in ophthalmic plastic and reconstructive surgery. The existing literature regarding current applications and results using acellular dermal allograft is reviewed.

Methods: The study design was a retrospective, noncomparative case series. Read More

Ophthalmology 1999 Nov;106(11):2091-7

Ophthalmic Plastics, Orbital, and Cosmetic Eyelid Surgery, Department of Ophthalmology, Massachusetts Eye and Ear Infirmary, Boston 02114, USA.

Purpose: Clinical problems of contracted conjunctival fornices, superior sulcus defects, and soft tissue contour defects in the periorbital region have not shown good, sustained results with a range of autologous and alloplastic implants. AlloDerm (Lifecell Corp., Woodlands, TX) is an acellular dermal graft processed from human donor tissue. Read More

Dermatol Surg 1997 Oct;23(10):871-7

Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, University of California, San Francisco, USA.

Background: Injectable synthetic materials have been used for augmentation of soft tissue defects, correction of wrinkles, and augmentation of facial features such as the nasal dorsum. Success has been limited by inflammatory reactions, material migration, and the difficulty of removal should complications occur.

Objective: To evaluate complications resulting from soft tissue augmentation with injectable alloplastic materials. Read More