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JAMA Dermatol 2018 Jun 13. Epub 2018 Jun 13.

John P. and Katherine G. McGovern Medical School, Houston, Texas.

Importance: Ozenoxacin, a novel topical antibacterial agent with potent bactericidal activity against gram-positive bacteria, has been developed as a cream with 1% active drug for the treatment of impetigo, a highly contagious bacterial skin infection.

Objectives: To evaluate the efficacy, safety, and tolerability of ozenoxacin cream, 1%, after 5-day twice-daily topical treatment in patients with impetigo.

Design, Setting, And Participants: This randomized, double-blind, vehicle-controlled clinical trial included patients 2 months or older with impetigo who were enrolled at centers in 6 countries from June 2, 2014, through May 30, 2015. Read More

J Dermatol 2018 Jun 13. Epub 2018 Jun 13.

Department of Dermatology, Rambam Health Care Campus, Technion, Haifa, Israel.

Staphylococcus lugdunensis is an emerging pathogen in skin and soft tissue infections that was previously considered a commensal. The aim of this study was to elucidate the characteristics of skin infections by S. lugdunensis and its appropriate management, in a tertiary referral medical center. Read More

Clin Exp Dermatol 2018 Jun 12. Epub 2018 Jun 12.

Department of Dermatology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Beijing, China.

Background: Palmoplantar pustulosis (PPP) is a refractory, nonbacterial impetigo confined to the palms and soles. Its pathogenesis is still obscure, but it may be associated with the large eccrine sweat glands and pores of palmoplantar skin. PPP is considered to be a localized pustular psoriasis. Read More

PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2018 05 31;12(5):e0006400. Epub 2018 May 31.

Paediatric Department, Royal Darwin Hospital, Darwin, Australia.

Introduction: Scabies and impetigo are common and important skin conditions which are often neglected in developing countries. Limited data have been published on the prevalence of scabies and impetigo in Timor-Leste. Sequelae including cellulitis, bacteraemia, nephritis, acute rheumatic fever and rheumatic heart disease contribute significantly to the burden of disease. Read More

Dermatol Res Pract 2018 4;2018:5801280. Epub 2018 Apr 4.

Skin Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.

Impetigo herpetiformis (IH) is among rare dermatosis of pregnancy, which is currently considered as a form of generalized pustular psoriasis. It is diagnosed by characteristic lesions of erythematous patches and grouped pustules mostly in the third trimester of pregnancy and may have systemic associations. A variety of complications have been reported in the course of IH. Read More

Recent Pat Antiinfect Drug Discov 2018 May 28. Epub 2018 May 28.

University Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, UGC Centre of Advanced Studies, Panjab University, Chandigarh. India.

Background: Topical infections, involving a number of diseases such as impetigo, eczema, pustular acne, psoriasis and infected seborrheic dermatitis are one among the many challenges to health which stand out for their profound impact on human species. The treatment of topical infections has always been a difficult proposition because of the lack of efficacy of existing anti-infectives, longer period of treatment and yet incomplete recovery. The increasing emergence of antibiotic resistant bacterial strains like Staphylococcus aureus, Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) and Pseudomonas aeruginosa undermine the need of development of new delivery systems to enhance the therapeutic efficacy of existing topical anti-infectives. Read More

Ophthalmology 2018 Jun;125(6):798

Massachusetts Eye and Ear Infirmary, Boston, Massachusetts.

BMJ Case Rep 2018 May 14;2018. Epub 2018 May 14.

Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada.

We present the case of a 3-month-old infant with atopic dermatitis who developed severe impetigo. The child was born to Syrian refugees shortly after they arrived in Canada. The case demonstrates the rapid and nearly complete resolution of dramatic skin findings after a course of hydrocortisone ointment and oral antibiotics with adjuvant measures. Read More

Cutis 2018 Apr;101(4):278-280

Department of Dermatology, University of Rochester, New York, USA.

Pustular psoriasis of pregnancy (PPP), also known as impetigo herpetiformis, is a rare condition that affects women in the third trimester of pregnancy through the postpartum period. The relative infrequency of PPP presents both clinical and pathologic challenges in the diagnosis and management of this condition. We report a case of a woman who presented at 32 weeks' gestation with a generalized rash demonstrating clinicopathologic features consistent with PPP. Read More

Future Microbiol 2018 May;13:3-19

Medical Department, Ferrer Internacional, Barcelona, Spain.

Aim: To compare the in vitro activity of the anti-impetigo agent, ozenoxacin, and other antimicrobial agents against Gram-positive clinical isolates from skin and soft tissue infections.

Materials & Methods: Isolates were collected in two studies: 1097 isolates from 49 centers during 2009-2010 and 1031 isolates from ten centers during 2014. Minimum inhibitory concentrations were determined for 18 and 11 antimicrobials in these studies, respectively, using standard broth microdilution methods. Read More

Future Microbiol 2018 May;13:1-2

Spherium Biomed, Barcelona, Spain.

Future Microbiol 2018 May;13:21-30

Medical Department, Ferrer Internacional, Barcelona, Spain.

Aim: To assess different concentrations and formulations of topical ozenoxacin using a mouse model of Staphylococcus aureus dermal infection for identification of the best formulation for treating patients with impetigo.

Materials & Methods: The efficacy of ozenoxacin formulations was compared with vehicle control, mupirocin and retapamulin ointments in a mouse model.

Results: The most effective concentrations of ozenoxacin for reducing S. Read More

Future Microbiol 2018 May;13:31-40

Medical Department, Ferrer Internacional SA, Barcelona, Spain.

Aim: Ozenoxacin is a nonfluorinated quinolone antibacterial approved for topical treatment of impetigo. Because quinolones have known chondrotoxic effects in juvenile animals, the potential toxicity of ozenoxacin was assessed in preclinical studies.

Materials & Methods: Ozenoxacin or ofloxacin (300 mg/kg/day for 5 days, for each compound) was orally administered to juvenile rats, and oral ozenoxacin (10-100 mg/kg/day for 14 days) was administered to juvenile dogs. Read More

Curr Drug Discov Technol 2018 May 2. Epub 2018 May 2.

Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, IFTM University, Moradabad - 244102. India.

Objective: Ozenoxacin is one of the potent quinolone antibiotics, recently approved by the United States Food and Drug Administration (USFDA) with reported pharmacology to treat the impetigo. The demand for better acting topical formulation is increasing day by day. The present review is an attempt to summarize the facts behind the chemistry and biological applications of Ozenoxacin. Read More

Contact Dermatitis 2018 May;78(5):359-361

Lund University, Skane University Hospital, Department of Occupational and Environmental Dermatology, Malmö, 205 02, Sweden.

Ann Dermatol 2018 Apr 21;30(2):186-191. Epub 2018 Feb 21.

Department of Dermatology, SMG-SNU Boramae Medical Center, Seoul, Korea.

Background: Bacterial skin infections occur secondarily in conditions involving a vulnerable skin barrier such as atopic eczema, as well as primarily such as impetigo. They are mainly caused by and . Recently, the prevalence of methicillin-resistant has been increasing. Read More

J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol 2018 Mar 24. Epub 2018 Mar 24.

Department of Dermatology, Rutgers-New Jersey Medical School, Newark, NJ, USA.

Generalized pustular psoriasis (GPP) is a subtype of pustular psoriasis characterized by painful and occasionally disfiguring cutaneous manifestations with sepsis-like systemic symptoms. Affecting any age and race, GPP can occur with other forms of psoriasis or by itself. Stimuli for flares include medications, infections and environmental triggers. Read More

Clin Dermatol 2018 Mar - Apr;36(2):188-196. Epub 2017 Oct 3.

Sector of Dermatology and Post-Graduation Course in Dermatology, University Hospital and School of Medicine, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. Electronic address:

Dermatologists must be familiar with the peculiarities of the micro-organisms that may affect the elderly, in order to optimize the diagnosis and treatment of infections, which may affect their skin, especially because the world population is rapidly aging. It is estimated that there will be 434 million individuals over 80 years of age in 2050. Since the elderly population is rapidly increasing and their infections are usually more severe and different from those observed in younger adults, it leads to a statistical increase of the rates regarding hospitalization and mortality caused by infectious diseases among people over 85 years. Read More

Int J Womens Health 2018 26;10:109-115. Epub 2018 Feb 26.

Department of Dermatology, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA.

Pustular psoriasis of pregnancy (PPP) is a life-threatening condition for both the pregnant mother and fetus, and must be efficiently and accurately diagnosed and treated. This condition has historically been classified as a unique, separate dermatosis of pregnancy. However, current opinion and data suggest that it may be a variant of generalized pustular psoriasis. Read More

J Zoo Wildl Med 2018 Mar;49(1):206-209

Impetigo is a bacterial infection of the superficial layer of the epidermis with crusting or bullae caused by Streptococcus spp., Staphylococcus spp., or both. Read More

Vaccine 2018 06 26;36(24):3397-3405. Epub 2018 Feb 26.

Group A Streptococcal Research Group, Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Melbourne 3052, Australia.

While progress towards a Group A Streptococcus (GAS) vaccine has been stalled by a combination of scientific, regulatory, and commercial barriers, the problem persists. The high and globally-distributed burden of disease attributable to GAS makes vaccination an imperative global public health goal. Advances across a range of scientific disciplines in understanding GAS diseases have made the goal a realistic one and focused attention on the need for coordinated global action. Read More

J Antimicrob Chemother 2018 Feb;73(suppl_2):ii11-ii18

Modelling and Economics Unit, National Infection Service, Public Health England, London NW9 5EQ, UK.

Objectives: To assess the appropriateness of prescribing systemic antibiotics for different clinical conditions in primary care, and to quantify 'ideal' antibiotic prescribing proportions in conditions for which antibiotic treatment is sometimes but not always indicated.

Methods: Prescribing guidelines were consulted to define the appropriateness of antibiotic therapy for the conditions that resulted in antibiotic prescriptions between 2013 and 2015 in The Health Improvement Network (THIN) primary care database. The opinions of subject experts were then formally elicited to quantify ideal antibiotic prescribing proportions for 10 common conditions. Read More

J Antimicrob Chemother 2018 Feb;73(suppl_2):19-26

Modelling and Economics Unit, National Infection Service, Public Health England, London, UK.

Objectives: Previous work based on guidelines and expert opinion identified 'ideal' prescribing proportions-the overall proportion of consultations that should result in an antibiotic prescription-for common infectious conditions. Here, actual condition-specific prescribing proportions in primary care in England were compared with ideal prescribing proportions identified by experts.

Methods: All recorded consultations for common infectious conditions (cough, bronchitis, exacerbations of asthma or chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, sore throat, rhinosinusitis, otitis media, lower respiratory tract infection, upper respiratory tract infection, influenza-like illness, urinary tract infection, impetigo, acne, gastroenteritis) for 2013-15 were extracted from The Health Improvement Network (THIN) database. Read More

BMJ Open 2018 02 22;8(2):e020203. Epub 2018 Feb 22.

Modelling and Economics Unit, National Infection Service, Public Health England, London, UK.

Objectives: To explore the causes of the gender gap in antibiotic prescribing, and to determine whether women are more likely than men to receive an antibiotic prescription per consultation.

Design: Cross-sectional analysis of routinely collected electronic medical records from The Health Improvement Network (THIN).

Setting: English primary care. Read More

J Dermatol Sci 2018 May 1;90(2):105-111. Epub 2018 Feb 1.

Department of Dermatology, Fujita Health University School of Medicine, Toyoake, Japan.

Classifying inflammatory skin diseases is challenging, especially for the expanding group of disorders triggered by genetic factors resulting in hyperactivated innate immunity that result in overlapping patterns of dermal and epidermal inflammation with hyperkeratosis. For such conditions, the umbrella term "autoinflammatory keratinization diseases" (AIKD) has been proposed. AIKD encompasses diseases with mixed pathomechanisms of autoinflammation and autoimmunity, and includes IL-36 receptor antagonist (IL-36Ra)-related pustulosis, CARD14-mediated pustular psoriasis, pityriasis rubra pilaris (PRP) type V, and familial keratosis lichenoides chronica (KLC). Read More

Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2018 24;8:10. Epub 2018 Jan 24.

Department of Oral and Molecular Microbiology, Osaka University Graduate School of Dentistry, Osaka, Japan.

is responsible for a wide variety of cutaneous infections ranging from superficial impetigo to fulminant invasive necrotizing fasciitis. Dysfunction of desmosomes is associated with the pathogenesis of cutaneous diseases. We identified streptococcal pyrogenic exotoxin B (SpeB) as a proteolytic factor that cleaves the extracellular domains of desmoglein 1 and 3. Read More

Int J Dermatol 2018 Jan 29. Epub 2018 Jan 29.

Department of Dermatology, Mayo Clinic in Minnesota, Rochester, Minnesota, USA.

Climate change contributes to the increase in severity and frequency of flooding, which is the most frequent and deadly disaster worldwide. Flood-related damage can be very severe and include health effects. Among those health impacts, dermatological diseases are one of the most frequently encountered. Read More

Prim Health Care Res Dev 2018 Jan 24:1-11. Epub 2018 Jan 24.

5Professor,Postgraduate Pharmacy Dean, NHS Education for Scotland,Scotland.

Aim This service aimed to improve patient access to treatment for urinary tract infections (UTI), impetigo and exacerbation of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) and relieve pressure on general practice and out of hours services.

Background: In 2016, a service (Pharmacy First) was introduced in Forth Valley for the management of UTI, impetigo and exacerbation of COPD using patient group directions in community pharmacies. Trained pharmacists supplied a limited range of prescription medicines. Read More

Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2018 Apr 27;62(4). Epub 2018 Mar 27.

Institute of Apicultural Research, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Key Laboratory of Bee Products for Quality and Safety Control, Laboratory of Risk Assessment for Quality and Safety of Bee Products, Bee Product Quality Supervision and Testing Center, Ministry of Agriculture, Beijing, People's Republic of China

Retapamulin, a semisynthetic pleuromutilin derivative, is exclusively used for the topical short-term medication of impetigo and staphylococcal infections. In the present study, we report that retapamulin is adequately and rapidly metabolized via various metabolic pathways, such as hydroxylation, including mono-, di-, and trihydroxylation, and demethylation. Like tiamulin and valnemulin, the major metabolic routes of retapamulin were hydroxylation at the 2β and 8α positions of the mutilin moiety. Read More

Ther Apher Dial 2018 Jan 9. Epub 2018 Jan 9.

Department of Dermatology, Tokyo Medical University, Tokyo, Japan.

Infect Chemother 2017 Dec;49(4):301-325

Department of Internal Medicine, Inje University Ilsan Paik Hospital, Goyang, Korea.

Skin and soft tissue infection (SSTI) is common and important infectious disease. This work represents an update to 2012 Korean guideline for SSTI. The present guideline was developed by the adaptation method. Read More

Open Forum Infect Dis 2017 2;4(4):ofx232. Epub 2017 Nov 2.

Menzies School of Health Research, Charles Darwin University, North Territory, Australia.

Skin and soft tissue infections (SSTI) affect millions of people globally, which represents a significant burden on ambulatory care and hospital settings. The role of sulfamethoxazole-trimethoprim (SXT) in SSTI treatment, particularly when group A (GAS) is involved, is controversial. We conducted a systematic review of clinical trials and observational studies that address the utility of SXT for SSTI treatment, caused by either GAS or , including methicillin-resistant (MRSA). Read More

Cutis 2017 Nov;100(5):287-289

Department of Dermatology and Dermatologic Surgery, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, USA.

Scabies infestation is a major cause of impetigo and subsequent renal failure in the developing world, and efforts to eradicate widespread infestation are underway. Ivermectin, topical sulfur, and topical benzyl benzoate often are used to treat widespread outbreaks. Read More

PLoS One 2017 30;12(11):e0188803. Epub 2017 Nov 30.

Wesfarmers Centre for Vaccines and Infectious Diseases, Telethon Kids Institute, The University of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia, Australia.

The objective of this study was to describe the occurrence of skin infection associated hospitalizations in children born in Western Australia (WA). We conducted a retrospective cohort study of all children born in WA between 1996 and 2012 (n = 469,589). Of these, 31,348 (6. Read More

Front Microbiol 2017 24;8:2067. Epub 2017 Oct 24.

National Research Council of Italy, Sassari, Italy.

berry oil (LBO) represents a typical vegetal product of the Mediterranean basin that has been formally used in traditional cuisine for 100s of years. In addition to its interesting alimentary properties, this product could represent an interesting candidate in the field of research on the study of new anti-infective agents. In fact, in Mediterranean countries, lentisk oil still continues to be widely used in folk medicine for oral and skin affections, in particular, acute gingivitis, pediatric skin infections such as impetigo and foot plaques, and biofilm related infections often associated with spp. Read More

J Am Acad Dermatol 2017 Apr;76(4):e111-e112

Department of Medicine (Dermatology), Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN.

A 2240 gram boy was born at 33.2 weeks gestation with nonblanching, deeply erythematous plaques and papules on the back, flanks, and scalp (Figure 1). His mother was GBS positive and on antibiotic suppression for prior cutaneous MRSA and urinary tract infections. Read More

J Clin Pharm Ther 2018 Feb 23;43(1):150-153. Epub 2017 Oct 23.

Faculty of Health, University of Canberra, Bruce, ACT, Australia.

What Is Known And Objective: Impetigo is a highly contagious bacterial skin infection and is one of the most common skin infections in children. Antibiotics are the first-line treatment when multiple lesions exist, but with an increasing prevalence of antibiotic-resistant bacteria the successful management of impetigo in the future is an area of concern.

Comment: Current treatment options that favour the use of oral antibiotic therapy are increasingly problematic. Read More

G Ital Dermatol Venereol 2017 12;152(6):669-670

Division of Medical, Surgical and Neuro-Sciences, Department of Dermatology, University of Siena, Siena, Italy.

Clin Infect Dis 2017 Oct;65(9):1523-1531

Group A Streptococcus Research Group, Murdoch Childrens Research Institute, Melbourne, Australia.

Background: Group A Streptococcus (GAS) skin infections are particularly prevalent in developing nations. The GAS M protein, by which strains are differentiated into >220 different emm types, is immunogenic and elicits protective antibodies. A major obstacle for vaccine development has been the traditional understanding that immunity following infection is restricted to a single emm type. Read More

Clin Cosmet Investig Dermatol 2017 22;10:373-384. Epub 2017 Sep 22.

Mundipharma Research GmbH & Co.KG, Limburg (Lahn), Germany.

Infection is common in many chronic, inflammatory skin conditions but is often difficult to treat, in part due to growing bacterial resistance to antibiotics. Liposomal polyvinyl-pyrrolidone (PVP)-iodine hydrogel has a unique mode of action, combining the antiseptic and anti-inflammatory actions of PVP-iodine with the drug delivery and moisturizing properties of liposomes. We investigated the utility of liposomal PVP-iodine to treat infective dermatoses. Read More

Pan Afr Med J 2017 24;27:219. Epub 2017 Jul 24.

Faculty of Health Sciences, Egerton University, Njoro, Kenya.

Impetigo herpetiformis (pustular psoriasis of pregnancy) is a rare dermatosis of pregnancy that typically starts in the 2 half of pregnancy and resolves postpartum. It may recur in subsequent pregnancies. I present a case of 23 year old female gravida 4 para 3 with recurrent impetigo herpetiformis at 26 weeks gestation. Read More

Res Microbiol 2018 Jan 30;169(1):11-19. Epub 2017 Sep 30.

Department of Experimental Medicine and Biotechnology, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh 160012, India. Electronic address:

Group A streptococcus (GAS) infection remains a major concern due to multiple diseases including pharyngitis, impetigo, acute rheumatic fever (ARF) and rheumatic heart disease (RHD). It uses different adhesins and virulence factors like Cpa (collagen binding protein) and Scl (collagen-like protein) in its pathogenicity. Scl having similarities with human collagen may contribute to inducing autoimmunity in the host. Read More

Hautarzt 2017 Oct;68(10):774-783

Abteilung pädiatrische Dermatologie, Universitäts-Kinderspital Zürich, Steinwiesstrasse 75, 8032, Zürich, Schweiz.

Background: Skin infections account for 40% of emergency visits in pediatric dermatology. It is important to promptly recognize skin infections with potential complications and initiate treatment. However some characteristic skin findings may imitate skin infections and are often misdiagnosed. Read More

Br J Dermatol 2017 Oct 4;177(4):999-1003. Epub 2017 Sep 4.

Center for Evidence-based Healthcare, Medizinische Fakultät Carl Gustav Carus, TU Dresden, Dresden, Germany.

Aim: The PETITE study (Sigurgeirsson et al.) aimed to compare safety and efficacy of pimecrolimus 1% cream (PIM) and low-to-medium-potency topical corticosteroids (TCS) in children with mild-to-moderate atopic dermatitis (AD).

Setting And Design: Participants of this 5-year drug-company sponsored multicentre, open-label, parallel-group trial were recruited between April 2004 and October 2005. Read More

Exp Parasitol 2017 Dec 17;183:128-132. Epub 2017 Aug 17.

Department of Biological Sciences, School of Science and Technology, Sunway University, Malaysia.

Among the genus Streptococcus, S. pyogenes and S. pneumoniae are the major causes of pharyngitis, impetigo, pneumonia and meningitis in humans. Read More

Kathmandu Univ Med J (KUMJ) 2016 Jul-Sept.;14(55):249-253

Department of Pediatrics, Manipal College of Medical Science, Pokhara, Nepal.

Background A major earthquake occurred in Nepal on 25th April 2015 with magnitude of 7.8 causing mass panic amongst people. Objective To analyze scenario, experience and disease pattern of Post Earthquake camp at Gyampesal, Gorkha. Read More

Infect Immun 2017 11 18;85(11). Epub 2017 Oct 18.

Department of Microbiology and Immunology, New York Medical College, Valhalla, New York, USA

Group A streptococci (GAS) are highly prevalent human pathogens whose primary ecological niche is the superficial epithelial layers of the throat and/or skin. Many GAS strains with a strong tendency to cause pharyngitis are distinct from strains that tend to cause impetigo; thus, genetic differences between them may confer host tissue-specific virulence. In this study, the FbaA surface protein gene was found to be present in most skin specialist strains but largely absent from a genetically related subset of pharyngitis isolates. Read More

Can Fam Physician 2017 08;63(8):615-618

Clinical Associate Professor of Academic Family Medicine at the University of Saskatchewan.

Front Pharmacol 2017 18;8:477. Epub 2017 Jul 18.

Biomedical Sciences Graduate Program, University of California, San Diego, La JollaCA, United States.

Group A (GAS), an important human-specific Gram-positive bacterial pathogen, is associated with a broad spectrum of disease, ranging from mild superficial infections such as pharyngitis and impetigo, to serious invasive infections including necrotizing fasciitis and streptococcal toxic shock syndrome. The GAS pore-forming streptolysin O (SLO) is a well characterized virulence factor produced by nearly all GAS clinical isolates. High level expression of SLO is epidemiologically linked to intercontinental dissemination of hypervirulent clonotypes and poor clinical outcomes. Read More