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Chirurg 2019 Feb 11. Epub 2019 Feb 11.

Klinik und Poliklinik für Unfall‑, Hand- und Wiederherstellungschirurgie, Universitätsklinikum Hamburg-Eppendorf, Martinistraße 52, 20246, Hamburg, Deutschland.

With 1% of all skeletal fractures patellar fractures are rare. The majority of cases are caused by a direct trauma to the flexed knee. The diagnosis is made via the injury mechanism as well as the physical and radiological findings. Read More

J Orthop Case Rep 2018 Jul-Aug;8(4):45-48

Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of Tennessee College of Medicine Chattanooga, Erlanger Health System, United States.

Introduction: The overuse and repetitive loading of a bone cause a stress fracture, commonly occurring in the weight-bearing structures of the lower extremities of athletes, but rarely the patella. Patella stress fractures are an extremely rare occurrence. Müller first described a patella stress fracture in 1943; however, we could find <15 reported cases in literature since that time. Read More

Injury 2018 Dec 20. Epub 2018 Dec 20.

Department of Trauma and Orthopaedics, St George's University Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK.

Aims: The anatomical safe zone for intra-medullary nail insertion through the tibial plateau is small, insertion outside of this area risks damage to intra-articular structures and poor fracture reduction. The purpose of this retrospective study was to determine if the new supra-patella (SP) approach confers improved nail insertion accuracy, when compared with the standard infra-patella (IP) technique.

Patients And Methods: Two hundred cases were included in the study (SP 95, IP 105). Read More

J Orthop Case Rep 2018 May-Jun;8(3):18-22

Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, NYU Langone Medical Center, Hospital for Joint Diseases, New York, USA.

Introduction: Isolated tibial tubercle fractures or patellar tendon ruptures are common injuries in adolescents. However, combined tubercle fractures with patellar tendon ruptures are rare, and hence, there are no definitive methods of surgical fixation or post-operative protocols.

Case Report: A 13-year-old healthy girl sustained an extensor mechanism injury after the left knee hyperflexion during a fall from skateboarding. Read More

Rev Bras Ortop 2018 Sep-Oct;53(5):636-642. Epub 2018 Aug 20.

Universidade de São Paulo, Faculdade de Medicina, Departamento de Ortopedia e Traumatologia, São Paulo, SP, Brazil.

Osteochondral fracture after acute patellar dislocation in teenagers is relatively common (up to 60% of cases of patellar dislocation), but poorly diagnosed. There are several treatments proposed for this type of injury, but none well defined in the literature. A male patient, 13 years old, with a diagnosis of osteochondral fracture of the lateral femoral condyle after acute dislocation of the right patella. Read More

BMJ Case Rep 2018 Sep 14;2018. Epub 2018 Sep 14.

Trauma and Orthopaedic Department, West Hertfordshire Hospitals NHS Trust, Watford, UK.

We describe the case of a 15-year-old girl who presented to the Accident and Emergency Department with right knee pain and a tense effusion following a twist and fall directly onto her right knee. An MRI scan demonstrated that she had an incarcerated dislocated patella with an associated patella avulsion fracture. This required open reduction. Read More

Semin Musculoskelet Radiol 2018 Sep 22;22(4):457-463. Epub 2018 Aug 22.

Department of Trauma and Orthopedic Surgery, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria.

Related to fractures of and around the knee, inappropriate technical factors related to the surgery, severe comminution of the fracture, early overly arduous rehabilitation of the patient, and patient-related noncompliances may have the potential for the risk of inadequate fixation and other complications. Loss of fixation, malunion/nonunion, infection, arthritis, arthrofibrosis, and symptomatic hardware are among postsurgical complications that may necessitate further reconstructive techniques. In this review, complications that may be encountered in the postsurgical period of fractures involving the patella, supracondylar femur, and tibial plateau are described. Read More

Knee 2018 Oct 27;25(5):807-813. Epub 2018 Jul 27.

Aix Marseille University, APHM, CNRS, ISM, Sainte-Marguerite Hospital, Institute for Locomotion, Department of Orthopaedics and Traumatology, Marseille, France.

Background: Malrotation of the femur is a frequent complication in the management of a diaphyseal fracture. It is often responsible for pain and adverse functional results. Among these complications, contact stress effects on the patellofemoral joint are recognized as predictive factors of impaired results. Read More

SICOT J 2018 23;4:17. Epub 2018 May 23.

Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA - Division of Orthopaedic Surgery, Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, TX, USA.

Avulsion fractures of the inferior pole of the patella and proximal tibial apophysis are independently rare injuries. They occur in children due to the relative weakness of the apophyseal cartilage compared to the ligaments and tendons. The combination of these two fractures, is exceedingly rare, with only a few previously described cases in the literature. Read More

Injury 2018 Jun 27;49(6):1203-1207. Epub 2018 Mar 27.

University of California, Irvine, Orange, CA, USA. Electronic address:

Introduction: Comminuted patella fractures are uncommon and difficult fractures to manage. Multiple treatment modalities have been suggested, with little clinical data to support practice. Recent biomechanical and technical investigations have described successful plate fixation of comminuted patella fractures. Read More

Ann Emerg Med 2018 Apr;71(4):462-469

Emergency Department, The First People's Hospital of Jingmen Affiliated to Hubei University for Nationalities, Jingmen, Hubei, China.

Arthroscopy 2018 May 15;34(5):1550-1558. Epub 2018 Feb 15.

Orthopaedic Clinic, Department of Surgical Sciences (DISC), IRCCS San Martino IST, Genova, Italy. Electronic address:

Purpose: To report the results of arthroscopic lateral retinacular release without excision of the accessory fragment for treatment of symptomatic bipartite patella with a minimum 2-year follow-up.

Methods: We retrospectively reviewed all cases of symptomatic type III bipartite patella confirmed by radiographs, computed tomography, and magnetic resonance imaging and treated with arthroscopic lateral release from 2005 to 2015. Patients with history of knee fractures or surgery, concomitant meniscal or anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) procedures, and severe arthritic changes of the patellofemoral joint were excluded. Read More

BMJ Case Rep 2018 Feb 7;2018. Epub 2018 Feb 7.

Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, King Fahad Specialist Hospital, Dammam, Saudi Arabia.

A young patient presented with a progressive right knee pain and swelling that was worse on ambulation. Following appropriate investigations, he was confirmed having Ewing's sarcoma of the right patella. Two cycles of chemotherapy were initiated before he sustained a fall and a resultant pathological patellar fracture. Read More

Semin Musculoskelet Radiol 2018 Feb 6;22(1):81-94. Epub 2018 Feb 6.

Department of Radiology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington.

We discuss the pediatric patella, with an emphasis on diagnostic imaging. Topics include normal patellar development, anatomical variants and their physiologic significance, genetic syndromes that alter the appearance of the patella, physiology of patellar tracking and stability, patellofemoral instability, and injury patterns and classification. Recognition of appropriate development on imaging prevents diagnostic error and unnecessary evaluation. Read More

Z Orthop Unfall 2018 06 17;156(3):287-297. Epub 2018 Jan 17.

Klinik für Orthopädie und Unfallchirurgie, Universitätsklinikum Freiburg.

Background: The incidence of periprosthetic fractures associated with total knee arthroplasty (PpFxK) has been reported to be 0.3 - 5.5%. Read More

Eur J Orthop Surg Traumatol 2018 May 3;28(4):683-690. Epub 2018 Jan 3.

Department of Orthopaedics, Atharva Orthopaedic Superspeciality Hospital, New Vadaj, Ahmedabad, Gujarat, 380013, India.

Introduction: Incidence of periprosthetic fractures around knee is going to rise in near future due to dramatic increase in total knee arthroplasty (TKA). Our study is a retrospective case series describing the outcome of osteosynthesis for periprosthetic fractures after TKA.

Materials And Methods: We analyzed the outcome of osteosynthesis for periprosthetic fractures with stable implants in 43 patients having 45 fractures operated between 2010 and 2015. Read More

Acta Orthop Belg 2016 Dec;82(4):762-767

Purpose: Osteochondral fractures in skeletally immature patients are rare. A retrospective case series is reported looking at the use of Omnitech compression screws for these injuries.

Method: Nine patients with a mean age of 14 were included in the study with a mean follow up of 26 months. Read More

J Orthop Sci 2018 Jan 31;23(1):97-104. Epub 2017 Oct 31.

Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Research Institute for Convergence of Biomedical Science and Technology, Pusan National University Yangsan Hospital, 20 Geumo-ro, Mulgeum-eup, Yangsan-si, Gyeongsangnam-do 626-770, South Korea. Electronic address:

Background: Management of a displaced comminuted patellar fractures is challenging, and various surgical fixation methods have been suggested. However, issues of loss of reduction and breakage of fixatives have not yet been resolved. In the current study, we describe a new technique for exposure and stabilization of comminuted patellar fractures and evaluate the clinical and radiologic outcomes of this new treatment. Read More

J Orthop Sports Phys Ther 2017 Nov;47(11):885

A 40-year-old man presented to a physician for knee pain when squatting and in resisted knee extension. The initial diagnosis was patellar tendinopathy. Following physical therapy treatment, a sports medicine physician was consulted for a second opinion. Read More

Arch Orthop Trauma Surg 2018 Feb 22;138(2):195-202. Epub 2017 Oct 22.

Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Guro Hospital, Korea University Medical Center, 148, Gurodong-ro, Guro-gu, 152-703, Seoul, Korea.

Introduction: We present the surgical technique of rim-plate-augmented separate vertical wiring for comminuted inferior pole fracture of the patella and report the clinical outcomes.

Materials And Methods: Between July 2013 and January 2016, 13 patients (7 male and 6 female) who were diagnosed with comminuted inferior pole fracture of the patella in preoperative computed tomography and underwent a minimum of 1 year of follow-up were enrolled in this study. Mean patient age was 57. Read More

Int Marit Health 2017 ;68(3):159-162

Medical Officer, British Antarctic Survey Medical Unit, United Kingdom.

Injuries occurring in the remote environment present particular challenges to healthcare professionals, and decisions need to be carefully made on an individual basis. This report describes the successful management of a patella fracture sustained on the Subantarctic island of South Georgia. A 36-year-old boating officer presented to the island surgery after sustaining an isolated closed injury to his left knee. Read More

Orthopade 2017 Nov;46(11):919-927

Universitätsklinik für Orthopädie und Traumatologie, Sektion Sportorthopädie & Gelenkchirurgie, Landeskrankenhaus-Universitätsklinikum Graz, Auenbruggerplatz 1, 8036, Graz, Österreich.

Background: Cartilage defects around the knee joint frequently occur in the region of the medial femoral condyle and the retropatellar cartilage surface. The distinction between local cartilage defects and large area degenerative cartilage lesions is very important for both prognosis and surgical therapy. The size and position of the lesion, the underlying pathomechanism and the age of the patient are very important factors which should be considered in the therapy algorithm for optimal cartilage defect restoration. Read More

Medicine (Baltimore) 2017 Aug;96(32):e7096

Department of Radiology; Key Laboratory of Obstetric and Gynecologic and Pediatric Diseases and Birth Defects of Ministry of Education; West China Second University Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China.

Rationale: The patellar fractures are common in adults, but rare in children. As a particular type of patellar fracture, however, sleeve fractures are almost always limited to children in the under 16's group.

Patient Concerns: Herein, we report a rare case of a 19-year-old healthy adult female who presented sleeve fracture at the superior pole of the left patella. Read More

J Orthop Trauma 2017 Aug;31 Suppl 3:S28-S29

NYU Hospital for Joint Diseases, New York, NY.

Purpose: Operative fixation of displaced patella fractures is considered to be standard of care. However, patients with inferior pole patella fractures have limited options in terms of fixation. This video demonstrates the repair of an inferior pole patella fracture using nonabsorbable suture fixation. Read More

J Orthop Trauma 2017 Aug;31 Suppl 3:S26-S27

Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Beaumont Health System, Royal Oak, MI.

Operative management of patella fractures continues to be associated with poor outcomes and high reoperation rates. Traditionally, tension band fixation has been used for more simple fracture patterns; however, fixation remains a challenge particularly for comminuted fractures. More recently, various types of plate fixation have been used and reported in the literature. Read More

Int J Surg 2017 Aug 15;44:43-48. Epub 2017 Jun 15.

Joint Surgery and Sports Medicine Department, Shanghai Changzheng Hospital, Second Military Medical University, 415 Fengyang Road, Huangpu District, Shanghai, China. Electronic address:

Objective: To assess the efficacy of a therapeutic protocol composed of arthroscopic lateral retinacular release, medial retinacular plication, and partial medial tibial tuberosity transfer for patients with recurrent patellar dislocation.

Method: 71 patients, 11 males and 60 females and a total of 77 knees, with recurrent dislocation of the patella were enrolled between 1998 and 2012. The average age of the patients was 19. Read More

Injury 2017 Jun 23;48(6):1229-1235. Epub 2017 Mar 23.

Orthopedic Department, Benha University, El-Shaheed Farid Nada street, Benha, Qalyubia 13511, Egypt.

Purpose: To assess the clinical results of using mesh plate in management of displaced comminuted fracture patella.

Patients And Methods: Between January 2014 and October 2015, nine patients with closed displaced comminuted fracture patella were fixed using mesh plate and 2mm mini screws.

Results: All fractures united after an average of 10 weeks. Read More

Injury 2017 Jun 25;48(6):1264-1268. Epub 2017 Mar 25.

Fujigaoka Hospital, Showa University School of Medicine, 2-23-4-402 Kodai, Miyamae-ku, Yokohama, Kawasaki 216-0007, Japan.

Intramedullary nail fixation is a common treatment for tibial-shaft fractures, and it offers a better functional prognosis than other conservative treatments. Currently, the primary approach employed during intramedullary nail insertion is the semiextended position is the suprapatellar approach, which involves a vertical incision of the quadriceps tendon Damage to the patellofemoral joint cartilage has been highlighted as a drawback associated with this approach. To avoid this issue, we perform surgery using the patellar eversion technique and a soft sleeve. Read More

Semin Musculoskelet Radiol 2017 Apr 29;21(2):89-101. Epub 2017 Mar 29.

Department of Radiology, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, Wisconsin.

We present an overview of imaging and intervention of the extensor mechanism of the knee. Particular focus is placed on the evaluation of patellofemoral tracking disorders, patellar and quadriceps tendinosis and tears, patellar fracture, lateral patellar condyle patellar friction syndrome, and prepatellar bursitis. Anatomical and biomechanical factors contributing to these disorders are considered. Read More

J Orthop Surg (Hong Kong) 2017 01;25(1):2309499017691007

2 York Hospital, York Teaching Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, York, UK.

Purpose: Hamstring graft fixation on the patellar side during medial patellofemoral ligament (MPFL) reconstruction is usually with transosseous tunnels and can frequently lead to further problems. The aim of our study was to compare and analyse patellar complications in single patellar tunnel versus double tunnel hamstring graft fixation.

Methods: Twenty-nine knees with MPFL reconstructions (group S) in which the hamstring tendon graft was transfixed using a suspensory fixation method in a single tunnel drilled across the patella were analysed in comparison with 29 knees (group D) with interference fixation of the graft through two tunnels drilled up to a predetermined depth in the patella. Read More

J Forensic Sci 2017 Jul 15;62(4):1089-1091. Epub 2017 Feb 15.

College of Forensic Medicine, Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Xi'an, 710061, China.

Bipartite patella is recognized as a developmental anomaly of ossification. Most of them are asymptomatic and are discovered incidentally. Bipartite patella is sometimes misdiagnosed as a patella fracture, because the x-ray images of both these conditions may appear very similar. Read More

Emerg Radiol 2017 Jun 26;24(3):281-286. Epub 2017 Jan 26.

Department of Trauma and Orthopedic Surgery 1; Westpfalz-Klinikum, Teaching Hospital of the Medical Faculty Mannheim, University of Heidelberg and of the University of Mainz, Hellmut-Hartert-Str.1, Kaiserslautern, Germany.

Purpose: Conventional radiography is frequently performed in pediatric patients in whom fractures and dislocations are suspected. However, until now, the rate of positive findings of the most commonly performed radiographic examinations in pediatric patients is unknown. The aim of this study was to evaluate the number of positive findings in the 20 most frequently requested standard radiographic examinations in pediatric patients in a level 1 trauma center systematically. Read More

N Engl J Med 2016 Dec;375(24):e49

Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN

Insights Imaging 2017 Feb 30;8(1):49-57. Epub 2016 Nov 30.

Department of Radiology, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA.

Patellar fractures account for approximately 1% of all skeletal fractures and may result from direct, indirect, or combined trauma. Because of the importance of patellar integrity for knee extension and the risk of associated injury to the extensor mechanism, accurate reporting and description of fracture type is paramount for appropriate management. This pictorial essay aims to review the normal anatomy of the patella, the mechanisms of injury and different types of patellar fractures, with a brief introduction to therapeutic management. Read More

West J Emerg Med 2016 Nov 29;17(6):814-816. Epub 2016 Sep 29.

Stanford University School of Medicine, Department of Emergency Medicine, Stanford, California.

Traumatic injuries to the knee are common in emergency medicine. Bedside ultrasound (US) has benefits in the rapid initial detection of injuries to the patella. In addition, US can also quickly detect injuries to the entire knee extensor mechanism, including the quadriceps tendon and inferior patellar ligament, which may be difficult to diagnose with plain radiographs. Read More

Bone Joint J 2016 Nov;98-B(11):1489-1496

University of British Columbia, Vancouver General Hospital, JP North 3rd floor, Room 3114, 910 West 10th Avenue, Vancouver, BC V5Z 4E3, Canada.

Fractures around total knee arthroplasties pose a significant surgical challenge. Most can be managed with osteosynthesis and salvage of the replacement. The techniques of fixation of these fractures and revision surgery have evolved and so has the assessment of outcome. Read More

Ned Tijdschr Geneeskd 2016;160:D289

Martini Ziekenhuis, afd. Orthopedie, Groningen.

A 32-year-old woman presented with pain in her left knee ever since she had fallen down the stairs as a child and had landed on this knee. On the X-ray we saw two large patella fragments. We made the diagnosis of dislocated and subluxated fracture of the patella without consolidation. Read More

Clin Orthop Relat Res 2017 Jun;475(6):1563-1569

Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of California San Francisco, UCSF Benioff Children's Hospital Oakland, 747 52nd Street, Oakland, CA, 94605, USA.

Background: Medial patellofemoral ligament (MPFL) reconstruction is one of several surgical procedures used to treat patellofemoral instability. Use of allograft tissue can preserve autogenous tissue and may be preferable in patients with connective tissue disorders or ligamentous laxity. Although there are successful reports in adults, it is unclear if the use of allograft tissue in MPFL reconstruction can restore patellofemoral stability in children and adolescents. Read More

Injury 2016 Oct 21;47(10):2087-2090. Epub 2016 Jul 21.

University of Louisville, United States. Electronic address:

Intramedullary nailing is one viable option for treating fractures of the tibia with a short, proximal segment. For a procedure being carried out with the knee in a semi-extended position, either a suprapatellar or parapatellar approach may be used. The objective of this study is to demonstrate whether the entry point for tibia nails is obtainable through suprapatellar or parapatellar approaches and to evaluate the most frequent injuries of the knee with these two approaches. Read More

J Orthop Trauma 2016 Aug;30 Suppl 2:S32-3

Orthopaedic Trauma Service, Hospital for Special Surgery and Weill Cornell Medical College, New York Presbyterian, New York, NY.

Patella fractures can be challenging to treat particularly in the presence of inferior pole comminution. In this video we present a novel surgical technique for the treatment of patella fractures using a small fragment low profile mesh plate. Key points are the surgical exposure with direct visualization of the articular reduction, the preparation of the mesh plate to accommodate patellar anatomy and the augmentation of the construct using Krackow sutures to address inferior pole comminution. Read More

Diagn Interv Imaging 2016 Jul-Aug;97(7-8):809-21

Service d'imagerie médicale, hôpital Lapeyronie, 371, avenue du Doyen-Gaston-Giraud, 34295 Montpellier cedex 5, France. Electronic address:

Various types of knee arthroplasty implants are available depending on the number of knee compartments to be replaced and ligament stability. Unlike unicompartmental arthroplasty, the aim of total knee replacement is to maintain normal knee alignment. EOS X-ray imaging in the coronal and sagittal planes is the best modality for measuring the reference axes of the knee, but may by complemented by CT scans in the transverse plane. Read More

Injury 2016 Oct 27;47(10):2065-2070. Epub 2016 Jun 27.

UHCW (University Hospitals of Coventry & Warwickshire NHS Trust), United Kingdom. Electronic address:

Extensor mechanism rupture is a serious event requiring prompt diagnosis and treatment. Patella fractures are reportedly six times more frequent than soft tissue injuries such as quadriceps or patella tendon ruptures. Classically quadriceps and patella tendon ruptures are seen more in males, with those over 40 predominantly suffering from quadriceps tendon ruptures, often associated with an underlying condition, whereas patella tendon ruptures are mostly associated with sport injuries and are commonly seen in the under 40s. Read More

J Pediatr Orthop B 2016 Nov;25(6):561-3

Pediatric Trauma and Orthopaedic Section, Department of Surgery and Traumatology, Complejo Hospitalario de Navarra, Pamplona, Spain.

Double-layered patella (DLP) is a rare patella-formation abnormality reported in association with multiple epiphyseal dysplasia. DLP is one of the five types of bipartite patella, caused by a coronal septum that divides the patella into anterior and posterior segments. Although the double layer of bone has been reported as complete, it may also manifest as partial, as in our case. Read More

Injury 2016 Aug 11;47(8):1737-43. Epub 2016 Jun 11.

University of Aachen, Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Pauwelsstraße 30, D-52074 Aachen, Germany.

Introduction: Anterior tension wiring using Kirschner wires (K-wires) is still considered the standard treatment for patella fractures, despite its high complication rate. The objective of this prospective clinical study was to evaluate intra- and perioperative complications as well as the clinical outcome of patients with patella fracture treated with a new developed bilateral, polyaxial, fixed-angle 2.7mm patella plate. Read More

J Orthop Sci 2016 Sep 16;21(5):678-82. Epub 2016 Jun 16.

Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, 2-2, Yamada-oka, Suita, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan.

Objective: This study aimed to report the clinical outcomes for patients with osteoid osteoma (OO) treated by radiofrequency ablation (RFA) using a three-dimensional (3D) navigation system.

Methods: We performed RFA using a 3D navigation system on 32 patients with clinically and radiologically diagnosed OO. This study included 25 males and 7 females with a median age of 20 years (range, 10-39 years). Read More

J Bone Joint Surg Am 2016 Jun;98(12):1014-22

Departments of Orthopaedic Surgery (H.V. and D.-D.N.) and Orthopaedic Research (N.M.C.M. and P.P.), Reinier de Graaf Groep, Delft, the Netherlands.

Background: The main objective of this prospective randomized study was to compare the clinical and radiographic outcomes of the mini-midvastus (MMV) approach with the conventional approach for total knee arthroplasty at the 5-year follow-up.

Methods: Ninety-seven patients (100 knees) with osteoarthritis were assigned to the MMV group or to a group receiving conventional total knee arthroplasty. Intraoperative and postoperative clinical data were collected. Read More

Ochsner J 2016 ;16(2):180-4

Department of Orthopaedics, Gold Coast Health Service, Gold Coast University Hospital, Gold Coast, Queensland, Australia.

Background: Acute patellar dislocation is a common injury in young people, especially in adolescent females and athletes. Lateral dislocation is the most common form of patellar dislocation and often reduces spontaneously or with simple manipulation and closed reduction. We report a rare circumstance in which the patella was irreducible and required manipulation and closed reduction in the operating room. Read More

Am J Emerg Med 2016 Aug 30;34(8):1576-8. Epub 2016 May 30.

Department of Orthopedics and Traumatology, Tepecik Training and Research Hospital, Izmir, Turkey.

Injury 2016 Aug 12;47(8):1770-6. Epub 2016 May 12.

Musculoskeletal Research Unit, Central Queensland University, Rockhampton, Australia; University of Queensland, School of Medicine, Brisbane, Australia. Electronic address:

Introduction: The architecture of joints almost certainly influences the nature of intra-articular fractures, and the concavity is much more likely to fail than the associated convexity. However, local differences in periarticular bone density potentially also plays a critical role. The purpose of this study was to investigate if there was any difference in periarticular bone density in intra-articular fractures between the two opposing joint surfaces, comparing the convexity to the concavity. Read More