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BMJ Case Rep 2018 Sep 21;2018. Epub 2018 Sep 21.

Department of Pediatric Surgery, School of Medicine, Harran University, Sanliurfa, Turkey.

Development of hypertrophic pyloric stenosis (HPS) after a few weeks of repair of an oesophageal atresia (OA) and tracheo-oesophageal fistula (TOF) is a rare condition in early infancy. Although vomiting or feeding intolerance in operated cases of OA+TOF are attributed to oesophageal stricture, gastro-oesophageal reflux and oesophageal dysmotility, it may also be caused by HPS. Herein, we report a newborn infant who had OA and TOF operation on day 2 of life and diagnosed to have HPS at 15th day of age. Read More

BMJ Case Rep 2018 Jul 5;2018. Epub 2018 Jul 5.

Pediatric Gastroenterology, Stony Brook Children's Hospital, Stony Brook, New York, USA.

Hepatic portal venous gas is the presence of gas within the portal vein and its branches. A 4-week-old male infant presented with 1-week history of non-bloody, non-bilious projectile emesis. Examination was significant for an olive-shaped mass in the abdomen. Read More

J Pediatr Surg 2018 Nov 8;53(11):2279-2289. Epub 2018 May 8.

Arkansas Children's Hospital, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR 72202.

Purpose: Pediatric surgeon performed bedside ultrasound (PSPBUS) is a targeted examination that is diagnostic or therapeutic. The aim of this paper is to review literature involving PSPBUS.

Methods: PSPBUS practices reviewed in this paper include central venous catheter placement, physiologic assessment (volume status and echocardiography), hypertrophic pyloric stenosis diagnosis, appendicitis diagnosis, the Focused Assessment with Sonography for Trauma (FAST), thoracic evaluation, and soft tissue infection evaluation. Read More

N Engl J Med 2017 Dec;377(24):e33

Hospital Pediatrico Moctezuma, Mexico City, Mexico

Sci Rep 2017 08 25;7(1):9527. Epub 2017 Aug 25.

Department of Medical Ultrasound, Guangzhou First People's Hospital, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China.

Congenital Hypertrophic Pyloric Stenosis (CHPS) is a disease condition that is caused as a result of pylorus wall hypertrophy and hyperplasia. In this study, we used color Doppler flow imaging (CDFI) and Doppler artifacts technique to observe the blood flow of hypertrophic pylorus tissue and the dynamic imaging of liquid passing through the pyloric canal in CHPS infants. 65 cases of CHPS infants and 50 infants without CHPS served as control group. Read More

J Matern Fetal Neonatal Med 2018 Oct 27;31(20):2742-2747. Epub 2017 Jul 27.

b Department of Pediatric Surgery , Anhui Provincial Children's Hospital , Hefei , Anhui , China.

Objective: To analyze the clinical and epidemiological features of patients with infantile hypertrophic pyloric stenosis (IHPS) so as to provide scientific evidence for diagnosis and prevention of IHPS.

Methods: We performed a retrospective study of infants with IHPS diagnosed from 2012 to 2015 at Anhui Provincial Children's Hospital. Demographic characteristics and clinical data were collected. Read More

J Pediatr 2017 07;186:40

Tecnologico de Monterrey School of Medicine Monterrey, Nuevo León, Mexico.

J Ultrasound Med 2017 May 10;36(5):1059-1063. Epub 2017 Mar 10.

University of Tennessee/Methodist Healthcare Radiology Residency Program, Memphis, Tennessee, USA.

We describe a new finding, the "excessive bright echoes" sign, for the diagnosis of hypertrophic pyloric stenosis (HPS). Portal venous gas and gastric wall pneumatosis were noted in 4 vomiting infants proven to have HPS. Portal venous gas can be concerning for ischemic bowel. Read More

Gastroenterol Hepatol 2016 Nov 24;39(9):643-645. Epub 2016 Apr 24.

Servicio de Aparato Digestivo, Hospital Universitario de Araba, Vitoria-Gasteiz, Araba, España.

Pediatr Nephrol 2017 09 18;32(9):1521-1523. Epub 2016 Oct 18.

Department of Pediatrics, Hokkaido University Hospital, Kita 15-jo Nishi 7-Chome, Kita Ward, Sapporo City, Hokkaido, Japan.

Pan Afr Med J 2016 2;24:114. Epub 2016 Jun 2.

Department of Paediatrics, Olabisi Onabanjo University Teaching Hospital, Sagamu, Nigeria.

A 24-day old female Nigerian neonate presented with protracted vomiting, fever and dehydration but without palpable abdominal tumour or visible gastric peristalsis. There was no derangement of serum electrolytes. The initial working diagnosis was Late-Onset Sepsis but abdominal ultrasonography showed features consistent with the diagnosis of IHPS. Read More

Ultrasound Q 2017 Mar;33(1):77-81

*Department of Radiology, †Division of Ultrasound Radiology, Department of Radiology, and ‡Division of Gastrointestinal Radiology, Department of Radiology, SUNY Downstate Medical Center, Brooklyn, NY.

Adult-onset hypertrophic pyloric stenosis (HPS) is a rare anomaly that can be idiopathic or related to underlying gastric pathology. We describe a case of a 25-year-old man with history of human immunodeficiency virus and osteoglophonic dysplasia who presented with pain and swelling at a gastrostomy site. Computed tomography and upper gastrointestinal barium swallow demonstrated gastric distention and stricture at the distal portion of the gastric antrum. Read More

Semin Pediatr Surg 2016 Aug 10;25(4):219-24. Epub 2016 May 10.

Department of Paediatric Surgery and Urology, Southampton Children's Hospital, Tremona Rd, Southampton SO16 6YD, UK; Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK. Electronic address:

Hypertrophic pyloric stenosis is a common surgical cause of vomiting in infants. Following appropriate fluid resuscitation, the mainstay of treatment is pyloromyotomy. This article reviews the aetiology and pathophysiology of hypertrophic pyloric stenosis, its clinical presentation, the role of imaging, the preoperative and postoperative management, current surgical approaches and non-surgical treatment options. Read More

Pediatr Int 2016 Jul 7;58(7):619-21. Epub 2016 Jul 7.

Division of Pediatric Surgery, Department of Surgery, College of Medicine, King Saud University Medical City, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.

Infantile hypertrophic pyloric stenosis is the most commonly encountered surgical disease among pediatric patients. Incomplete pyloromyotomy is not uncommon complication of pyloromyotomy. However, recurrent pyloric stenosis is extremely rare. Read More

N Z Med J 2016 Jul 1;129(1437):77-9. Epub 2016 Jul 1.

Department of General Surgery, Taranaki Base Hospital, David Street, New Plymouth, New Zealand.

Afr J Paediatr Surg 2016 Apr-Jun;13(2):73-5

Division of Pediatric Surgery, Children's Hospital; Department of General and Vascular Surgery, Imam Reza Hospital, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran.

Background: Hypertrophic pyloric stenosis (HPS) is one of the most common gastrointestinal disorders during early infancy, with an incidence of 1-2:1000 live births in the world. In this study, we aimed to investigate the correlation between radiologic findings and eradication of symptoms after pyloromyotomy in HPS.

Materials And Methods: One hundred and twenty-five (102 boys and 23 girls) patients with suspected infantile HPS were treated surgically by Ramstedt pyloromyotomy between March 21, 2004 and March 20, 2014 at paediatric surgery ward of Tabriz Children's Hospital, Iran. Read More

Pediatr Neonatol 2016 12 8;57(6):515-521. Epub 2016 Apr 8.

Department of Pediatrics, China Medical University Children's Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan; School of Chinese Medicine, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan. Electronic address:

Background: Infantile hypertrophic pyloric stenosis (IHPS) is a common disease in infancy. Pyloromyotomy is universally considered the treatment for IHPS; however, oral or intravenous atropine has been reappraised for the treatment of IHPS in the past 20 years. We investigated the efficacy of atropine in the medical management of IHPS by using meta-analysis and investigated the sonographic changes of the pyloric canal, as well as the efficacy and adverse effects of atropine. Read More

Am Fam Physician 2016 May;93(10):830-6

University of Missouri-Columbia, Columbia, MO, USA.

Acute abdominal pain accounts for approximately 9% of childhood primary care office visits. Symptoms and signs that increase the likelihood of a surgical cause for pain include fever, bilious vomiting, bloody diarrhea, absent bowel sounds, voluntary guarding, rigidity, and rebound tenderness. The age of the child can help focus the differential diagnosis. Read More

Br J Anaesth 2016 May;116(5):649-54

Department of Anaesthesia and Intensive Care, Hospices Civils de Lyon, Femme Mère Enfant Hospital, 59, boulevard Pinel, 69500 Bron, France Inserm, U1032, LabTau, 151, cours Albert Thomas, 69003 Lyon, France

Background: Evacuation of gastric content through a nasogastric tube, followed by rapid sequence induction, is usually recommended in infants undergoing pyloromyotomy. However, rapid sequence induction may be challenging, and is therefore controversial. Some anaesthetists regularly perform classical non-rapid induction technique, after blind aspiration of the gastric contents, although this aspiration may have been incomplete. Read More

Indian J Gastroenterol 2016 Mar;35(2):150

GastroUnit, Division of Endoscopy, Copenhagen University Hospital Herlev, Herlev, Denmark.

J Pharm Health Care Sci 2016 10;2. Epub 2016 Feb 10.

Department of Pharmacy, Kurashiki Central Hospital, 1-1-1 Miwa, Kurashiki, 710-8602 Japan.

Background: Atropine sulfate is an anticholinergic agent for treatment of hypertrophic pyloric stenosis and is orally administrated as a triturate with lactose hydrate. Because of the low safety margin of atropine sulfate, triturate uniformity is a key safety factor. In this study, we assessed the uniformity of atropine sulfate in 1000-fold triturates prepared by wet mixing and dry mixing methods and discussed the cause of the difference in uniformity between two preparation methods. Read More

Radiologia 2016 Mar-Apr;58(2):148-51. Epub 2016 Feb 1.

Servicio de Radiodiagnóstico, Hospital Universitario Central de Asturias, Oviedo, España.

Gastric adenomyomas are extremely uncommon benign tumors in children. On histologic examination, these tumors have an epithelial component similar to pancreatic ducts. We present a case of a pyloric adenomyoma that clinically simulated hypertrophic pyloric stenosis in a newborn girl. Read More

J Ultrasound 2015 Dec 9;18(4):385-93. Epub 2014 Apr 9.

Unità Operativa Diagnostica per Immagini nel DEA e per le Urgenze, Azienda Ospedaliera S. Camillo-Forlanini, Circonvallazione Gianicolense 87, Rome, Italy.

The purpose of this article is to review ultrasonographic appearance of the most common causes of non-traumatic acute abdominal pain in pediatric patients and to understand the applications and limitations of this technique giving a practical approach showing different clinical cases. A pictorial review of cases was made presenting the most common causes of neonatal and pediatric non-traumatic acute abdominal pain; sonographic features are discussed. Ultrasound in conjunction with Color Doppler imaging is a valuable tool in the evaluation of neonatal and pediatric non-traumatic acute abdominal pain; causes of acute abdomen in children could vary depending on the ages of the children. Read More

Pediatr Surg Int 2015 Dec 3;31(12):1165-9. Epub 2015 Oct 3.

Department of Pediatric Surgery, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Arkansas Children's Hospital, 1 Children's Way, Slot 837, Little Rock, AR, 72202, USA.

Purpose: Rapid assessment of volume status in children is often difficult. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the feasibility of surgeon-performed ultrasound to assess volume status in patients with hypertrophic pyloric stenosis.

Methods: Ultrasounds were performed on admission and before operation. Read More

Emerg Radiol 2015 Dec 1;22(6):691-5. Epub 2015 Sep 1.

Department of Radiology, C.S. Mott Children's Hospital, University of Michigan, 1540 E Hospital Dr, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA.

Hypertrophic pyloric stenosis (HPS) is a common entity with an incidence of 2-4 per 1000 live births. Current definitive treatment is with pyloromyotomy, which is usually performed laparoscopically. The procedure is generally well tolerated with resolution of the patient's symptoms. Read More

Med Ultrason 2015 Mar;17(1):28-33

Department of Pediatric Surgery, Mersin Women's and Children's Hospital, Mersin, Turkey.

Aims: We aimed to obtain pyloric measurements of our patients with infantile hypertrophic pyloric stenosis (IHPS) using ultrasonography (US) and to evaluate the correlations between age, weight and pyloric size, pyloric ratio (PR).

Material And Methods: We designed a retrospective study including 20 term infants with surgically proven IHPS and studied the ultrasonographically obtained pyloric muscle thickness (PMT), pyloric diameter (width) (PD), pyloric length (PL) and PR (PMT/PD) to determine if there were statistically significant associations between patient age/weight and pyloric measurements.

Results: The mean age of the infants was 38. Read More

J Ayub Med Coll Abbottabad 2014 Jul-Sep;26(3):316-9

Background: Infantile hypertrophic pyloric stenosis (IHPS) is a common cause of gastric outlet obstruction in infants. This study was conducted to identify the accuracy of ultrasonography in the diagnosis of infantile Hypertrophic pyloric Stenosis.

Methods: This cross-sectional descriptive study was conducted in Department of Paediatric Surgery, Children Hospital Complex & the Institute of Child Health, Multan during two year period from 1st July, 2010 to 30t of June, 2012. Read More

J Perinatol 2014 Oct;34(10):800-1

Faculty of Medicine, Department of Pediatric Surgery, Hacettepe University, Ankara, Turkey.

Prostaglandin E1 (PGE1) is widely used in ductus-dependant congenital heart disease to maintain the patency of ductus. Hypertrophic pyloric stenosis (HPS) due to gastric mucosal proliferation is a rare complication of prolonged PGE infusion. A male newborn who developed HPS during PGE1 infusion is presented to discuss the clinical features and treatment modalities of PGE-related transient HPS. Read More

J Surg Educ 2014 Nov-Dec;71(6):896-8. Epub 2014 Jun 13.

Department of Pediatric Surgery, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Arkansas Children's Hospital, Little Rock, Arkansas.

Objective: Our institution has demonstrated the diagnostic accuracy of surgeon-performed ultrasound (US) in the diagnosis of hypertrophic pyloric stenosis (HPS). Moreover, we have also shown this modality to be accurate and reproducible through surgeon-to-surgeon instruction. The purpose of this study was to determine whether a surgical resident with experience in diagnosing HPS can teach pediatric emergency medicine (PEM) fellows, with little experience in sonography, to accurately measure the pyloric channel with bedside US. Read More

Curr Opin Pediatr 2014 Jun;26(3):265-71

Division of Emergency Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Children's Hospital Boston, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.

Purpose Of Review: Point-of-care ultrasound (POCUS) has become an integral part of emergency medicine practice. Research evaluating POCUS in the care of pediatric patients has improved the understanding of its potential role in clinical care.

Recent Findings: Recent work has investigated the ability of pediatric emergency medicine (PEM) physicians to perform a wide array of diagnostic and procedural applications in POCUS ultrasound. Read More

Pediatr Surg Int 2014 May 14;30(5):467-80. Epub 2014 Mar 14.

Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON, Canada,

Purpose/background: The aim of the study is to evaluate a large series of infantile hypertrophic pyloric stenosis (IHPS) patients treated by one pediatric surgeon focusing on their diagnostic difficulties and complications.

Methods: From July 1969 to December 2003 (inclusive), the charts of 791 infants with IHPS were retrospectively reviewed.

Results: There were 647 (82%) males and 144 (18%) females; mean age was 38 days, median 51 (range 7 days-10 months). Read More

Ann Emerg Med 2014 Mar;63(3):289,308

Section of Emergency Medicine, Comer Pediatric Emergency Department, Department of Medicine, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL.

Pediatr Radiol 2014 Feb 27;44(2):202-11. Epub 2013 Nov 27.

Department of Radiology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA,

For many diseases and medical conditions the clinical recognition and the development of accurate diagnostic methods and the etiological cause precede effective treatment. In the case of infantile hypertrophic pyloric stenosis (HPS), this sequence of events did not happen. Clinical recognition of the entity proceeded directly to the development of curative treatment. Read More

BMJ Case Rep 2013 Nov 20;2013. Epub 2013 Nov 20.

Department of Pediatric Surgery, All India Institute of Medical Sciences (AIIMS), New Delhi, India.

Infantile hypertrophic pyloric stenosis is a disease of neonatal period usually manifest between the third and fourth weeks of life. Metabolic alkalosis and paradoxical aciduria are two common sequel of this entity. We report an unusual case of an 8-year-old boy who presented with recurrent, long-standing episodes of non-bilious vomiting and poor weight gain without any other metabolic derangement. Read More

Tunis Med 2013 Aug-Sep;91(8-9):551-2

World J Gastroenterol 2013 Oct;19(37):6292-5

Grigoriy E Gurvits, Department of Gastroenterology, New York University School of Medicine/Langone Medical Center, New York, NY 10016, United States.

Primary adult hypertrophic pyloric stenosis is a rare but important cause of gastric outlet obstruction that may be misdiagnosed as idiopathic gastroparesis. Clinically, patients present with early satiety, abdominal fullness, nausea, epigastric discomfort and eructation. Permanent gastric retention of a video capsule endoscope is diagnostic in differentiating between the two diseases, in the absence of an organic gastric outlet obstruction. Read More

J Pediatr 2014 Feb 8;164(2):423.e1. Epub 2013 Oct 8.

Department of Pediatrics, Mackay Memorial Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan.

Am Surg 2013 Sep;79(9):896

Department of General Surgery, Division of Pediatric Surgery, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina, USA.

Hypertrophic pyloric stenosis is a very common surgical problem in infants. It occurs most often in otherwise well babies with normal gestation and birth history. Rarely, pyloric stenosis has been described in babies with history of prior abdominal surgery. Read More

Emerg Med Clin North Am 2013 Aug 15;31(3):809-29. Epub 2013 Jun 15.

Texas A&M - Christus Spohn Emergency Medicine Residency, 2606 Hospital Boulevard, 5 West, Corpus Christi, TX 78405, USA.

Bedside ultrasound (US) was introduced to the emergency department more than 20 years ago. Since this time, many new applications have evolved to aid the emergency physician in diagnostic, procedural, and therapeutic interventions and the scope of bedside ultrasound continues to grow. Many US scanning techniques easily translate from adult applications to the pediatric population. Read More

Emerg Med Clin North Am 2013 Aug;31(3):775-93

Division of Emergency Medicine, Rady Children's Hospital, University of California San Diego, 3020 Children's Way, MC 5075, San Diego, CA 92123, USA.

The evaluation of the child with acute abdominal pain often poses as a diagnostic challenge due to the wide range of diagnoses. Surgical emergencies need to be rapidly identified and managed appropriately to minimize morbidity and mortality. Presenting symptoms, clinical examination, and laboratory findings can guide selection of diagnostic imaging. Read More

Crit Ultrasound J 2013 Jul 15;5 Suppl 1:S12. Epub 2013 Jul 15.

Second University of Naples, Department of Clinical and Experimental Internistic F, Magrassi, Naples, Italy.

Background: Non traumatic gastrointestinal emergencies in the children and neonatal patient is a dilemma for the radiologist in the emergencies room and they presenting characteristics ultrasound features on the longitudinal and axial axis. The most frequent emergencies are : appendicitis, intussusceptions, hypertrophic pyloric stenosis, volvulus due to intestinal malrotation. The aim of this article is to familiarize the reader with the US features. Read More

Acad Emerg Med 2013 Jul 19;20(7):646-51. Epub 2013 Jun 19.

Department of Emergency Medicine, Newark Beth Israel Medical Center, Children's Hospital of New Jersey, Newark, NJ, USA.

Objectives: The objective was to evaluate the accuracy of pediatric emergency physician (EP) sonography for infants with suspected hypertrophic pyloric stenosis (HPS).

Methods: This was a prospective observational pilot study in an urban academic pediatric emergency department (PED). Patients were selected if the treating physician ordered an ultrasound (US) in the department of radiology for the evaluation of suspected HPS. Read More

Pediatr Surg Int 2013 Jul 19;29(7):697-702. Epub 2013 May 19.

Department of Paediatric Surgery, Royal Hospital for Sick Children, Glasgow, G3 8SJ, Scotland, UK.

Purpose: To examine the sonographic measurements of pyloric muscle and pyloric thickness in premature infants with hypertrophic pyloric stenosis (HPS) and to correlate these measurements with patients variables. We aimed also to evaluate the clinical features and short-term outcome of HPS in premature compared to term infants.

Methods: The medical notes and the pyloric ultrasounds of all premature infants (<37 weeks) admitted to the Neonatal Surgical Unit with HPS over a 20-year period (1990-2010) were retrospectively reviewed. Read More

Surg Endosc 2013 Sep 29;27(9):3465-73. Epub 2013 Mar 29.

Department of Pediatric Surgery, Wilhelmina Children's Hospital, University Medical Center Utrecht, PO Box 85090, 3508 AB Utrecht, The Netherlands.

Background: Little is known about the direct effect of pneumoperitoneum (PP) on microcirculation and its influence on the quality of tissue perfusion. This study aimed to investigate the intraoperative effects of carbon dioxide (CO2) gas PP on microcirculation density and perfusion in neonates receiving laparoscopic surgery for hypertrophic pyloric stenosis.

Methods: In a single-center observational study, the oral microcirculation in 12 neonates receiving laparoscopic pyloromyotomy was investigated. Read More

J Paediatr Child Health 2013 Jan 2;49(1):33-7. Epub 2012 Dec 2.

Douglas Cohen Department of Paediatric Surgery, The Children's Hospital at Westmead, Sydney Medical School, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia.

Aim: The study aims to review the contemporary presentation, diagnosis and treatment of children with infantile hypertrophic pyloric stenosis (IHPS) at an Australian paediatric tertiary centre.

Methods: A retrospective case review of patients with IHPS presenting to our institution between January 2004 and December 2010 was performed. Results were compared with a previous study evaluating two earlier 6-year series of patients treated between January 1984 and November 1995. Read More

J Perinatol 2012 Nov;32(11):896-8

Division of Neonatology, Department of Pediatrics, Akdeniz University Medical School, Antalya, Turkey.

Molybdenum cofactor deficiency (MoCD) is a rare autosomal recessive disorder that may present during the neonatal period with intractable seizures. Co-existence of MoCD and pyloric stenosis is previously reported as a coincidence or common etiology. The etiology of the two conditions is unclear; however, reports demonstrate neuronal deficiency in both. Read More

Pediatr Radiol 2013 Mar 7;43(5):628-30. Epub 2012 Oct 7.

Department of Radiology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, 28 Yongon-Dong Chongno-Gu, Seoul, South Korea, 110-744.

Gastric adenomyoma is a rare tumour-like lesion composed of glandular components and smooth muscle bundles. We report a case of gastric adenomyoma in a 1-week-old neonate who presented with gastric outlet obstruction. To the best of our knowledge, this is the youngest child reported with gastric adenomyoma and a unique case demonstrating radiological findings of gastric adenomyoma in a young infant. Read More

Perm J 2012 ;16(3):25-7

Los Angeles Medical Center, CA, USA.

Background: Ultrasound guidelines for hypertrophic pyloric stenosis (HPS) have fixed minimum measurements and do not account for variation in patient weight or age. We sought to determine if preoperative pyloric measurements correlated with weight and age in patients with surgically proven HPS.

Methods: A retrospective analysis was conducted of 189 patients with HPS treated at a single institution over a 5-year period (2005 to 2010). Read More

J Pediatr Surg 2012 Aug;47(8):1542-7

Children's Mercy Hospital Department of Surgery, The Children's Mercy Hospital, Kansas City, MO, USA.

Introduction: Pyloric thickness of 3 mm or higher and length of 15 mm or higher by ultrasonography (US) is widely accepted as diagnostic criteria for pyloric stenosis (PS). However, infants presenting at earlier ages are held to this same criteria, which may not be applicable.

Methods: Retrospective review was conducted on patients evaluated with pyloric US to rule out PS from May 2010 through December 2010. Read More

Insights Imaging 2012 Jun 1;3(3):247-50. Epub 2012 May 1.

Radiology Department, Hospital de Braga, Braga, Portugal,

We describe a systematic approach to the ultrasound (US) examination of the antropyloric region in children. US is the modality of choice for the diagnosis of hypertrophic pyloric stenosis (HPS). The imaging features of the normal pylorus and the diagnostic findings in HPS are reviewed and illustrated in this pictorial essay. Read More