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Scand J Clin Lab Invest 2018 Nov - Dec;78(7-8):632-638

a School of Medicine and Dentistry , University of Aberdeen , Aberdeen , UK.

Our aim was to explore biological variation of serum sodium levels as a method of quantifying health risk in older adults. We investigated whether dynamic changes in serum sodium levels could provide additional prognostic information to standard predictors of mortality in older people. Analysis of routinely collected clinical datasets containing information on demographics, hospitalisation, biochemistry, haematology and physical function for Dundee in-patient rehabilitation services, between 1999 and 2011. Read More

Transplantation 2019 Feb 4. Epub 2019 Feb 4.

Division of Transplant and Hepatobiliary Surgery, Henry Ford Hospital, Detroit, MI, USA.

Background: Status 1A patients are prioritized over liver disease patients regardless of model for end-stage liver disease (MELD) score. We aimed to identify groups with high waitlist mortality in Status 1A and MELD≥40 patients to determine who would most benefit from transplantation.

Methods: Data on patients listed as Status 1A (n=4447) and MELD≥40 (n=3663) over 15 years (2002 to 2017) obtained from UNOS/OPTN registry. Read More

Clin J Am Soc Nephrol 2019 Feb 6. Epub 2019 Feb 6.

Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Department of Medicine, Mayo Clinic School of Medicine, Rochester, Minnesota

Behav Brain Res 2019 Jan 25;363:118-125. Epub 2019 Jan 25.

Departamento de Neurobiología Celular y Molecular, Instituto de Neurobiología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Campus Juriquilla, Boulevard Juriquilla 3001, Juriquilla, Querétaro, CP76230, Mexico. Electronic address:

Anorexia by osmotic dehydration is an adaptive response to hypernatremia and hyperosmolaemia induced by ingestion of a hypertonic solution. Dehydration-induced anorexia (DIA) reproduces weight loss and avoidance of food, despite its availability. By using this model, we previously showed increased reactive astrocyte density in the rat dorsal hippocampus, suggesting a pro-inflammatory environment where microglia may play an important role. Read More

Clin Toxicol (Phila) 2019 Jan 28:1-9. Epub 2019 Jan 28.

a National Poisons Centre , University of Otago , Dunedin , New Zealand.

Introduction: Sodium hypochlorite is used as a bleaching and disinfecting agent and is commonly found in household bleach.

Objective: The objective is to review critically the epidemiology, mechanisms of toxicity, clinical features, diagnosis, and management of hypochlorite poisoning.

Methods: PubMed was searched from January 1950 to June 2018 using the terms "Hypochlorite", "Sodium Hypochlorite", "Sodium Oxychloride", "Hypochlorous Acid", "Bleach", "Chlorine Bleach", in combination with the keywords "poisoning", "poison", "toxicity", "ingestion", "adverse effects", "overdose", and "intoxication". Read More

Bratisl Lek Listy 2019 ;120(1):52-57

Background: Hypernatremia supports the movement of water from the intracellular to the intercellular space. This shift leads to cells shrinkage and disruption of intracellular processes, representing risk factors of morbidity and mortality in clinical circumstances. On the other hand, hypernatremia triggers protective mechanisms that counteract damage of cells. Read More

Cureus 2018 Nov 19;10(11):e3616. Epub 2018 Nov 19.

Internal Medicine, West Virginia School of Osteopathic Medicine, Lewisburg, USA.

The incidence of serotonin syndrome in the United States is rising yearly. Providers should be aware of the useful diagnostic criteria and have a low threshold for utilizing such criteria to prevent increased morbidity and mortality. In this case, a 64-year-old female with a complex past medical history presented to the emergency department with an altered mental status after being found poorly responsive by her husband. Read More

Mil Med Res 2019 01 25;6(1). Epub 2019 Jan 25.

Division of Kinesiology, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI, USA.

Background: It remains unclear if ad libitum water drinking, as a hydration strategy, prevents exercise-associated hyponatremia (EAH) during prolonged exercise. The aim of this study was to determine the incidence of EAH within the broader context of fluid regulation among soldiers performing a 40-km route-march ingesting water ad libitum.

Methods: Twenty-eight healthy male soldiers participated in this observational trial. Read More

J Clin Anesth 2019 Jan 15;55:144-145. Epub 2019 Jan 15.

Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care, Faculty of Medicine, University of Miyazaki, 5200 Kihara, Kiyotake, Miyazaki 889-1692, Japan.

Clin Case Rep 2019 Jan 11;7(1):51-53. Epub 2018 Nov 11.

Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine The university of Jordan Amman Jordan.

A three-day-old newborn girl presented with decreased feeding and dehydration. She was sick and in shock. She had renal impairment and hypernatremia. Read More

Pan Afr Med J 2018 6;30:250. Epub 2018 Aug 6.

Department of Paediatrics, Mohammed V Military Hospital, Mohammed V University, Rabat, Morocco.

We describe a three-year-old boy who had a growth and psychomotor retardation associated with inappropriate lack of thirst and vasopressin secretion in the presence of chronic plasma hyperosmolarity. Computed brain tomography revealed bilateral supratentorial sub-ependymal and cortical calcifications. Dissociation in the plasma vasopressin response to osmotic change was demonstrated in this patient. Read More

Clin Endocrinol (Oxf) 2019 Jan 7. Epub 2019 Jan 7.

Department of Diabetes and Endocrinology, Princess Alexandra Hospital, Woolloongabba, Queensland, Australia.

Objective: Hyponatraemia in hospitalized patients is common and associated with increased mortality. International guidelines give conflicting advice regarding the role of urea in the treatment of SIADH. We hypothesized that urea is a safe, effective treatment for fluid restriction-refractory hyponatraemia. Read More

Neuron 2019 Jan;101(1):3-5

Department of Pharmacology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22908, USA. Electronic address:

Hypernatremia is known to elicit a rise in sympathetic tone and blood pressure. In this issue of Neuron, Nomura et al. (2018) now show that this is mediated via the organum vasculosum laminae terminalis (OVLT). Read More

Endocrinol Diabetes Metab Case Rep 2018 Dec 28;2018. Epub 2018 Dec 28.

Division of Rheumatology, Department of Pediatrics.

IgG4-related hypophysitis is an important diagnostic consideration in patients with a pituitary mass or pituitary dysfunction and can initially present with headaches, visual field deficits and/or endocrine dysfunction. Isolated IgG4-related pituitary disease is rare, with most cases of IgG4-related disease involving additional organ systems. We report the case of a teenage female patient with isolated IgG4-related hypophysitis, diagnosed after initially presenting with headaches. Read More

Am J Emerg Med 2018 Dec 14. Epub 2018 Dec 14.

Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Department of Internal Medicine, St. Marianna University School of Medicine.

Introduction: Dysnatremia is one of the most commonly encountered electrolyte disorders in the emergency department (ED). Few studies have reported the prevalence of dysnatremia in elderly patients without chronic kidney disease (CKD). We investigated the prevalence of dysnatremia in elderly patients without CKD in an emergency department in Japan. Read More

J Med Case Rep 2018 Dec 27;12(1):381. Epub 2018 Dec 27.

Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Tygerberg Hospital and Stellenbosch University, Ward A7, Tygerberg Hospital, Francie van Zijl Drive, Parow Valley, Cape Town, 7505, South Africa.

Background: Hypernatremia is a very common electrolyte disorder and is frequently encountered in out-patient as well as in-hospital settings. We describe an adult who was found to have unexplained relative polycythemia and episodic hypernatremia. A diagnosis of idiopathic hypodipsic-hypernatremia syndrome was made and the patient was managed with a water-drinking schedule. Read More

JAMA Intern Med 2018 Dec 21. Epub 2018 Dec 21.

West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China.

Importance: Although corticosteroids are widely used for adults with sepsis, both the overall benefit and potential risks remain unclear.

Objective: To conduct a systematic review and meta-analysis of the efficacy and safety of corticosteroids in patients with sepsis.

Data Sources And Study Selection: MEDLINE, Embase, and the Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials were searched from inception until March 20, 2018, and updated on August 10, 2018. Read More

Vet Radiol Ultrasound 2018 Dec 21. Epub 2018 Dec 21.

Department of Surgical and Radiological Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California Davis, Davis, CA, 95616.

Published studies on the use of stereotactic radiotherapy for dogs with pituitary tumors are limited. This retrospective observational study describes results of stereotactic radiotherapy for 45 dogs with imaging-diagnosed pituitary tumors. All dogs were treated at a single hospital during the period of December 2009-2015. Read More

Front Physiol 2018 4;9:1690. Epub 2018 Dec 4.

Department of Physiology and Pathology, School of Dentistry, São Paulo State University, Araraquara, Brazil.

Hyperosmotic challenges trigger a hypertensive response and natriuresis mediated by central and peripheral sensors. Here, we evaluated the importance of the carotid bodies for the hypertensive and natriuretic responses to acute and sub-chronic NaCl load in conscious rats. Male Wistar rats (250-330 g) submitted to bilateral carotid body removal (CBX) or sham surgery were used. Read More

J Neonatal Perinatal Med 2018 Dec 1. Epub 2018 Dec 1.

Department of Pediatrics, Tulane University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, LA, USA.

A 710 g male infant was born at a referring hospital at a gestational age of 23 weeks and 2 days via vaginal delivery and was transferred to our facility at 14 days of age. His delivery was complicated by the breech presentation with difficult head extraction. The infant's initial course was significant for respiratory distress syndrome, grade III-IV intraventricular hemorrhage (IVH), acute kidney injury, and large PDA. Read More

J Neurosurg Sci 2018 Dec 5. Epub 2018 Dec 5.

Department of Neurosurgery, State University of New York Upstate, Syracuse, NY, USA.

Background: Hypernatremia is one of the most common electrolyte disturbances following aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage (aSAH) and has been correlated with increased mortality in single institution studies. We investigated this association using a large nationwide healthcare database.

Methods: We performed a retrospective analysis of adults between 2002 and 2011 with a primary diagnosis of aSAH using the Nationwide Inpatient Sample (NIS). Read More

Mymensingh Med J 2018 Oct;27(4):723-729

Dr Mrinal Kanti Das, Assistant Registrar, Department of Paediatrics, Mymensingh Medical College Hospital (MMCH), Mymensingh, Bangladesh.

Complication of perinatal asphyxia is a major cause of neonatal mortality & morbidity in developing countries. This comparative cross sectional study was conducted in Mymensingh Medical College Hospital, Mymensingh, Bangladesh from May 2012 to September 2012 to determine electrolytes & renal function status in perinatal asphyxia & their impact on outcome. Thirty term normal birth weight babies with perinatal asphyxia in neonatal ward were included as a case group and thirty term normal birth weight neonates of same gestational age, without perinatal asphyxia in the department of Gynae & Obs were enrolled as a control group. Read More

Crit Care Resusc 2018 12;20(4):285-293

Department of Intensive and Critical Care Unit, Flinders Medical Centre, Adelaide, SA, Australia.

Background: Inadvertent fluid loading - and resultant sodium and chloride - is common in critically ill patients. Sources such as fluid used as vehicles for drug infusions and boluses (fluid creep) and maintenance fluid are a common cause. We hypothesised that total sodium and chloride loading can be safely reduced in critically ill patients both by the use of 5% glucose as a diluent for infusions and boluses, when possible, and by its use as a maintenance fluid. Read More

Trials 2018 Nov 14;19(1):628. Epub 2018 Nov 14.

Department of Critical Care Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Phoenix, AZ, 85054, USA.

Background: Aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage (aSAH) is a life-threatening condition that results from a ruptured cerebral vessel. Cerebral edema and vasospasm are common complications and frequently require treatment with hypertonic solutions, in particular hypertonic sodium chloride (NaCl). We have previously shown that hyperchloremia in patients with aSAH given hypertonic NaCl is associated with the development of acute kidney injury (AKI), which leads to higher morbidity and mortality. Read More

S Afr Med J 2018 Oct 2;108(10):847-851. Epub 2018 Oct 2.

Discipline of Anaesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Nelson R Mandela School of Medicine, College of Health Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban; and Inkosi Albert Luthuli Central Hospital, Durban, South Africa.

Background: Abnormal preoperative serum sodium measurements have been shown to be associated with increased postoperative mortality in US and European surgical populations. It is possible that such measurements are also associated with increased postoperative mortality in a South African (SA) setting, but this is yet to be confirmed. Establishing whether preoperative serum sodium measurements are associated with postoperative mortality could have implications for perioperative risk stratification in SA settings. Read More

Medicine (Baltimore) 2018 Nov;97(45):e13081

Electrolyte imbalances are common in traumatic brain injury. It shares the cause of perioperative morbidity and mortality. Types of intravenous fluid resuscitation, osmotic diuretics, massive blood loss, and intracranial pathology were considered as the potential factors to worsen electrolyte abnormalities in these patients. Read More

Front Vet Sci 2018 22;5:260. Epub 2018 Oct 22.

Neurology Department, Clinic of Small Animal Surgery, Vetsuisse-Faculty Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland.

Corpus callosum abnormalities (CCA) rarely occur in dogs and are related to hypo/adypsic hypernatremia and seizures. Hypoplasia and dysplasia of the corpus callosum (CC) with concomitant lobar holoprosencephaly is the most common variant. It is currently uncertain using conventional MRI if canine CCA reflects the failure of commissural fibers to develop or the failure of the commissural fibers to cross hemispheres. Read More

Clin Hemorheol Microcirc 2018 Nov 2. Epub 2018 Nov 2.

Department of Anaesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, Charles University in Prague, Faculty of Medicine Hradec Kralove, University Hospital Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic.

Background And Objective: The endothelial glycocalyx (EG) is fragile and sensitive to damage such as exposure to hypernatremia. Our aim was to describe the influence of hypernatremia on the EG in sublingual and brain microcirculation in rabbits.

Methods: Hypernatremia was induced by intravenous administration of 10% NaCl solution. Read More

QJM 2018 Nov;111(11):817-818

Department of Comprehensive Nursing, Beit Balev, Nesher, The Ruth and Bruce Rappaport Faculty of Medicine, Technion, Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, Israel.

Nurs Clin North Am 2018 12 11;53(4):469-480. Epub 2018 Oct 11.

Austin Peay State University, School of Nursing, 601 College Street, Clarksville, TN 37043, USA.

The frontline nurse is confronted daily with patients that have some type of kidney dysfunction or disease. Some renal issues resolve themselves, some disorders can be reversed, and others are permanent. Major complications from kidney impairment discussed are fluid and electrolyte disequilibrium with common problems in volume overload, hyperkalemia, metabolic acidosis, hyperphosphatemia, and hormonal secretion. Read More

Pan Afr Med J 2018;30:109. Epub 2018 Jun 11.

Pediatric Department B, Children's Hospital of Tunis, Tunisia.

Arch Pediatr 2018 Nov 22;25(8):480-484. Epub 2018 Oct 22.

Department of neonatology, Hôpital Femme-Mère-Enfant, hospices Civils de Lyon, 59, boulevard Pinel, 69677 Lyon, France; EA4128, université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, 43, boulevard du 11-Novembre-1918, 69100 Villeurbanne, France.

Context: Central diabetes insipidus (CDI) is a rare disease during the neonatal period, making it diagnosis difficult and delaying medical treatment.

Case Report: We report here a case of a premature infant born at 26 weeks gestation who, during his 1st month of life, presented persistent hypernatremia with polyuria despite increased fluid supply and low sodium intake. CDI diagnosis was suspected and then confirmed by the therapeutic test with vasopressin analog, in its oral form. Read More

Am J Forensic Med Pathol 2019 Mar;40(1):65-67

From the School of Medicine, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia.

A 3-month-old boy presented to hospital in cardiac arrest, dehydrated, with a blood sodium of 158.4 mmol/L. He had been febrile, not feeding normally and refusing fluids. Read More

Semin Dial 2018 11 21;31(6):563-568. Epub 2018 Oct 21.

Department of Nephrology, Tokyo Women's Medical University, Tokyo, Japan.

The concentration of sodium in dialysis fluid, a major determinant of extracellular fluid volume and blood pressure, plays a major role in the sodium balance in end-stage renal disease patients. A low dialysate sodium concentration (DNa) reduces interdialytic weight gain (IDWG) and blood pressure and might help ameliorate endothelial dysfunction and inflammation. However, low DNa can also increase the incidence of hypotensive episodes and muscle cramps. Read More

Pituitary 2018 Oct 17. Epub 2018 Oct 17.

Academic Department of Endocrinology, Beaumont Hospital/RCSI Medical School, Dublin, Ireland.

Neurohypophysial dysfunction is common in the first days following traumatic brain injury (TBI), manifesting as dysnatremia in approximately 1 in 4 patients. Both hyponatremia and hypernatremia can impair recovery from TBI and in the case of hypernatremia, there is a significant association with excess mortality. Hyponatremia secondary to syndrome of inappropriate antidiuretic hormone secretion (SIAD) is the commonest electrolyte disturbance following TBI. Read More

J Forensic Sci 2018 Oct 17. Epub 2018 Oct 17.

Swedish National Board of Forensic Medicine, Retzius väg 5, 171 65, Solna, Sweden.

In the forensic literature, fatal dehydration predominantly concerns young children or incapacitated elderly persons. The postmortem diagnosis of fatal dehydration can be challenging to confirm, especially if the preceding circumstances are unknown. Here presented is a case of a 23-year-old man who died while held in an isolation cell during police custody for 18 days. Read More

Adv Neonatal Care 2018 Oct 15. Epub 2018 Oct 15.

Clinical Nutrition Department (Ms Vollrath, Ms Marshall, and Mr Rihn), Children's Hospital Colorado (Drs Rosenberg and Grover, Mss Gabrielski and Deacon), Aurora; and University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora (Drs Rosenberg, Grover).

Background: Hospitalized infants often need fortified human milk and formulas for growth in the neonatal intensive care unit and postdischarge. Parents must learn how to properly mix infant feedings.At the initial Children's Hospital Colorado follow-up visit, baseline data revealed a 50% rate of mixing inaccuracy of discharge feeding recipes and identified the readmission of 2 infants with life-threatening hypernatremia. Read More

Acta Clin Belg 2018 Oct 12:1-14. Epub 2018 Oct 12.

a Service de Médecine Interne , Hôpital Universitaire Erasme , Bruxelles , Belgium.

The differential diagnosis between hypertonic, isotonic and hypotonic hyponatremia are presented. The help of some usual serum (urea, uric acid and TCO) and urine parameters (mainly osmolality and sodium concentration) are discussed and help to determine the best treatment. Morbidity associated with untreated hyponatremia and with the different treatment available is also discussed. Read More

Clin Toxicol (Phila) 2018 Oct 11:1-7. Epub 2018 Oct 11.

a Department of Internal Medicine , Post Graduate Institute of Medical Education and Research , Chandigarh , India.

Introduction: Organophosphate (OP) poisoning is an important public health concern in South-Asia especially in the farming population. Treatment of OP poisoning has remained unchanged since decades and case fatality is 10-40% despite best supportive care, anticholinergic agents and oximes. A new antidote is the need of the hour. Read More

Wideochir Inne Tech Maloinwazyjne 2018 Sep 3;13(3):292-298. Epub 2018 Apr 3.

2 Department of General Surgery, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Krakow, Poland.

Introduction: The primary treatment of Conn's syndrome (CS) is laparoscopic adrenalectomy and aims to normalize arterial blood pressure and biochemical parameters.

Aim: To analyse short- and long-term results of laparoscopic adrenalectomy for Conn's syndrome (CS).

Material And Methods: The analysis included 44 consecutive patients, who underwent laparoscopic adrenalectomy between 2004 and 2015 for CS. Read More

Pediatr Endocrinol Diabetes Metab 2018 ;24(2):56-64

Division of Pediatric Intensive Care, Department of Pediatrics, Lady Hardinge Medical College and associated Kalawati Saran Children's Hospital, New Delhi - 110001, India.

Introduction: The optimal fluid therapy in children with DKA is a matter of debate, especially if we take into account its association with cerebral edema, the most important complication. Hypertonic Saline Solution is used in the treatment of cerebral edema, and also has been used for volume resuscitation in children with shock.

Aim Of Study: To compare the effects of 3% saline and 0. Read More

Indian J Crit Care Med 2018 Sep;22(9):664-669

Director of Inpatient Hemodialysis-Davita Dialysis, University of Maryland Midtown Campus, Maryland, USA.

Hypernatremia secondary to urea-induced solute diuresis is due to the renal excretion of electrolyte-free water. This concept is explained here step-wise physiologically with the help of a clinical vignette. Read More

J Int Med Res 2018 Nov 1;46(11):4829-4836. Epub 2018 Oct 1.

1 Department of General Internal Medicine, Peking Union Medical College Hospital (PUMCH), Chinese Academy of Medical Science (CAMS) and Peking Union Medical College (PUMC), Beijing, China.

The prevalence of juvenile-onset gout has been increasing. Hereditary factors and secondary diseases should be considered in these patients. Adipsic diabetes insipidus (ADI) is characterized by arginine vasopressin (AVP) deficiency, which results in hypotonic polyuria, and dysfunction of thirst osmoreceptors, which results in failure to generate a thirst sensation in response to hypernatremia. Read More

JFMS Open Rep 2018 Jul-Dec;4(2):2055116918801602. Epub 2018 Sep 20.

Veterinary Medical Center, Obihiro University of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, Obihiro, Hokkaido, Japan.

Case Summary: A 2-year-old neutered female domestic shorthair cat presented with a history of hypodipsia, recurrent hypernatraemia, pelvic limb ataxia and tremor. The serum arginine vasopressin level was low for the serum osmolality. MRI of the brain revealed a failure of separation of the cerebrum, which manifested as absence of the rostral part of the corpus callosum, fornix and septum pellucidum, thus resulting in a single fused ventricle. Read More

Aust Vet J 2018 Oct;96(10):385-389

Clovelly Intensive Care Unit, Scone Equine Hospital, 106 Liverpool Street, Scone, New South Wales 2337, Australia.

Objective: To evaluate hypernatraemia in foals presenting as medical emergencies to an intensive care unit (ICU) to determine the prevalence, clinical findings, primary diagnosis and outcome.

Methods: Retrospective case study of records from Thoroughbred foals aged less than 3 months that presented to an ICU as medical emergencies in 2002-12. Data retrieved included signalment, clinical findings, laboratory results, primary diagnosis and outcome. Read More

Aust Vet J 2018 10;96(10):367-368

IEEE Trans Vis Comput Graph 2018 Sep 13. Epub 2018 Sep 13.

We present RegressionExplorer, a Visual Analytics tool for the interactive exploration of logistic regression models. Our application domain is Clinical Biostatistics, where models are derived from patient data with the aim to obtain clinically meaningful insights and consequences. Development and interpretation of a proper model requires domain expertise and insight into model characteristics. Read More

Cad Saude Publica 2018 09 6;34(9):e00069817. Epub 2018 Sep 6.

Faculdade de Saúde Pública, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brasil.

The study aimed to verify the application and performance of triggers for adverse drug events in hospitalized newborns. This prospective cohort study was conducted in the neonatal care units of a university hospital from March to September 2015. A list of triggers was developed for the identification of adverse drug events in this population. Read More

J Perinatol 2018 Nov 11;38(11):1471-1475. Epub 2018 Sep 11.

Fetal and Neonatal Institute, Division of Neonatology, Children's Hospital Los Angeles, Department of Pediatrics, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA.

Objective: Ischemia followed by reperfusion plays a significant role in the pathogenesis of peri/intraventricular hemorrhage (P/IVH). Delayed cord clamping promotes placental transfusion to newborn and is associated with decreased P/IVH. We hypothesized that extremely low birth weight (ELBW) infants with higher initial hematocrit (Hct) after birth are less likely to develop P/IVH. Read More

Hepatol Int 2018 Nov 10;12(6):487-499. Epub 2018 Sep 10.

Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, Alma Mater Studiorum, University of Bologna, Policlinico S. Orsola-Malpighi, Via Albertoni, 15, 40138, Bologna, Italy.

Hypervolemic (dilutional) hyponatremia is the most common dysnatremia in cirrhosis, with a prevalence close to 50% in patients with ascites, while hypovolemic hyponatremia occurs in a minority of cases. Hyponatremia carries a poor prognosis, being associated with increased mortality and reduced survival after liver transplantation. Hypernatremia is rarer and is also associated with an adverse prognosis. Read More