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J Trop Pediatr 2021 05;67(2)

Department of Neonatology, Christian Medical College, Vellore, Tamil Nadu, India.

Objective: Antenatal magnesium sulfate (MgSO4) is found to have various adverse effects in newborn, but the effect on preterm gut is still unclear. This study aimed to evaluate the effects of antenatal MgSO4 on preterm gut function by assessing the clinical outcomes and mesenteric blood flow.

Methods: This was a prospective cohort study on all preterm very low birth weight (VLBW) neonates born at a tertiary care center in South India from November 2016 to August 2017. Read More

Medicine (Baltimore) 2021 May;100(20):e26016

Departamento de Inmunobiología Molecular, Centro de Investigación Biomédica, Facultad de Medicina Universidad Autónoma de Coahuila.

Abstract: To examine potential risk factors associated with biochemical alterations in renal function in a population diagnosed with HIV/AIDS undergoing antiretroviral treatment.This is an observational, transversal, and relational design study that included 179 HIV-seropositive subjects. Glucose serum, cholesterol, triglycerides, total proteins, albumin, creatine, urea, blood urea nitrogen (BUN), and electrolytes levels were determined for each individual. Read More

Cardiol Rev 2021 May 12. Epub 2021 May 12.

From: 1 Department of Cardiology, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, AHEPA Hospital, Thessaloniki, Greece 3 Department of Cardiology, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Hippokration Hospital, Thessaloniki, Greece Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Stony Brook University, NY, USA Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, University of Patras, Rio, Greece.

Magnesium is an essential mineral for the human body and plays an important role in cardiovascular health. Hypomagnesaemia has been linked with increased cardiovascular mortality in heart failure, however previous studies have yielded conflicting results. Even fewer studies have addressed the association between hypermagnesemia and prognosis in heart failure. Read More

Postgrad Med 2021 May 31:1-5. Epub 2021 May 31.

Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Department of Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA.

: We aimed to determine the optimal range of discharge serum magnesium in hospitalized patients by evaluating one-year mortality risk according to discharge serum magnesium.: This was a single-center cohort study of hospitalized adult patients who survived until hospital discharge. We classified discharge serum magnesium, defined as the last serum magnesium within 48 hours of hospital discharge, into ≤1. Read More

Mol Clin Oncol 2021 Jun 21;14(6):123. Epub 2021 Apr 21.

Healthcare Global Enterprises Limited, Sampangi Ram Nagar, Bangalore 560027, India.

Hypermagnesemia is often an under reported finding in critically ill patients with cancer. Hypomagnesemia is a commonly encountered electrolyte abnormality in patients with cancer that is primarily caused by a reduced intake, secondary to chemotherapeutic drugs and malnutrition. Hypermagnesemia is rarely observed in patients with normal renal function, as excess intake can be compensated by renal excretion. Read More

Clin Nephrol Case Stud 2021 16;9:39-44. Epub 2021 Apr 16.

Medicine Service, Ralph H. Johnson VA Medical Center, Charleston, and.

Burkitt's lymphoma is a common cause of tumor lysis syndrome (TLS) and, in the era of aggressive utilization of prophylactic allopurinol and recombinant uricase enzyme, nephrologists are increasingly witnessing monovalent or divalent cation abnormalities without marked uric acid elevation. An 18-year-old male received his 1 cycle of intensive chemotherapy for Burkitt's lymphoma and developed TLS as defined by the Cairo Bishop criteria. Lactate dehydrogenase peaked at 9,105 U/L (range: 130 - 250) and was accompanied by acute kidney injury, including serum creatinine 2. Read More

Am J Physiol Renal Physiol 2021 May 5;320(5):F897-F907. Epub 2021 Apr 5.

Department of Cardiovascular and Renal Research, Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark.

The kidneys play a crucial role in maintaining Ca and Mg homeostasis by regulating these minerals' reabsorption. In the thick ascending limb of Henle's loop (TAL), Ca and Mg are reabsorbed through the tight junctions by a shared paracellular pathway formed by claudin-16 and claudin-19. Hypercalcemia activates the Ca-sensing receptor (CaSR) in the TAL, causing upregulation of pore-blocking claudin-14 (CLDN14), which reduces Ca and Mg reabsorption from this segment. Read More

J Med Case Rep 2021 Mar 10;15(1):129. Epub 2021 Mar 10.

Department of Pediatrics, Okinawa Prefectural Yaeyama Hospital, 584-1 Maezato , Ishigaki-shi, Okinawa, 907-0002, Japan.

Background: Hypermagnesemia can be a fatal condition and should be diagnosed early on. Most reports of hypermagnesemia have been of adults with impaired renal function. We describe the case of a pediatric patient without renal dysfunction who developed severe hypermagnesemia. Read More

Magnes Res 2020 Nov;33(4):114-122

Université Clermont Auvergne, INRAE, UNH, Unité de Nutrition Humaine, Clermont-Ferrand, France.

Hypomagnesemia and hypermagnesemia could have serious implications and possibly lead to progress from a mild form to a severe outcome of Covid-19. Susceptibility of subjects with low magnesium status to develop and enhance this infection is possible. There is little data on the magnesium status of patients with Covid-19 with different degrees of severity. Read More

Kidney Int 2021 Mar 3. Epub 2021 Mar 3.

Department of Genetics, King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Centre, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.

HELIX syndrome, characterized by hypohidrosis, electrolyte imbalance, lacrimal gland dysfunction, ichthyosis, and xerostomia due to claudin-10 (CLDN10) mutations, was recognized in 2017. Here we describe two unrelated Saudi families with this syndrome due to a novel CLDN10 mutation with a unique mechanism of CLDN10 inactivation. The two consanguineous families include 12 affected individuals (three siblings in family 1 and nine members in family 2). Read More

Front Cardiovasc Med 2021 10;8:625133. Epub 2021 Feb 10.

Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China.

Magnesium, the fourth most abundant mineral nutrient in our body, plays a critical role in regulating ion channels and energy generation, intracardiac conduction, and myocardial contraction. In this study, we assessed the association of admission serum magnesium level with all-cause in-hospital mortality in critically ill patients with acute myocardial infarction (AMI). Clinical data were extracted from the eICU Collaborative Research Database (eICU-CRD). Read More

J Vet Med Sci 2021 Apr 22;83(4):675-679. Epub 2021 Feb 22.

School of Nursing, Miyagi University, Gakuen, Taiwa-cho, Kurokawa-gun, Miyagi 981-3298, Japan.

Hypermagnesemia occurs in elderly people or patients with renal insufficiency after excessive ingestion of magnesium-containing laxatives. In addition to typical electrocardiogram (ECG) findings caused by conduction defects, changes in the ST segments and T waves are also observed in patients with severe hypermagnesemia. This suggested the involvement of similar pathophysiology to acute myocardial infarction, as we previously demonstrated using burn-induced subepicardial injury model in frog hearts. Read More

Nutrients 2021 Jan 28;13(2). Epub 2021 Jan 28.

Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Internal Medicine, Tokai University School of Medicine, Isehara 259-1193, Japan.

Magnesium oxide has been widely used as a laxative for many years in East Asia, yet its prescription has largely been based on empirical knowledge. In recent years, several new laxatives have been developed, which has led to a resurgence in interest and increased scientific evidence surrounding the use of magnesium oxide, which is convenient to administer, of low cost, and safe. Despite these advantages, emerging clinical evidence indicates that the use of magnesium oxide should take account of the most appropriate dose, the serum concentration, drug-drug interactions, and the potential for side effects, especially in the elderly and in patients with renal impairment. Read More

Open Access Emerg Med 2021 18;13:13-21. Epub 2021 Jan 18.

Département de médecine familiale et de médecine d'urgence, Université Laval, Québec, Canada.

Purpose: With rising healthcare costs limiting access to care, the judicious use of diagnostic tests has become a critical issue for many jurisdictions. Calcium, magnesium and phosphorus serum levels are regularly performed tests in the emergency department, but their clinical relevance have come into question. Authors sought to determine risk factors that could predict abnormal calcium, magnesium and phosphorus serum levels, as well as identify patients who may need corrective interventions. Read More

Neurol Sci 2021 Jun 6;42(6):2539-2542. Epub 2021 Jan 6.

Division of Neurology, Tokuyama Medical Association Hospital, Shunan, Japan.

J Investig Med High Impact Case Rep 2020 Jan-Dec;8:2324709620984898

White River Health System, Batesville, AR, USA.

Electrolyte abnormalities are an underrecognized cause of respiratory failure in the intensive care unit. One such abnormality is a relatively rare phenomenon of hypermagnesemia resulting in paralysis. A 73-year-old Caucasian male patient presented to the emergency department with diffuse abdominal pain of 2-day duration. Read More

Medicine (Baltimore) 2020 Dec;99(52):e23290

Department of Emergency Medicine, Usak University Medical Faculty, Usak, Turkey.

Abstract: Magnesium deficiency is defined as a pathophysiologic factor in numerous illnesses. This study aims to define the effects of magnesium levels on patients in the intensive care unit (ICU) regarding length of stay in the ICU, length of mechanical ventilation (MV), and 28-day mortality.The following data were collected during initial assessment of patients admitted to the ICU with acute respiratory failure (ARF). Read More

J Ren Nutr 2020 Dec 9. Epub 2020 Dec 9.

Hospital General Universitario Gregorio Marañón, Madrid, Spain.

Introduction: In the general population, hypomagnesemia has been associated with cardiovascular events and hypermagnesemia with overall mortality. In chronic kidney disease (CKD) the evidence is not so strong. The objective of our study was to investigate the relationship between serum magnesium (SMg) concentration and cardiovascular morbidity and mortality, all-cause mortality, and the progression to kidney failure in a population with CKD. Read More

Postgrad Med 2021 May 24;133(4):395-403. Epub 2020 Dec 24.

Faculty of Health Sciences, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva, Israel.

: Diabetes mellitus (DM) in a setting of acute myocardial infarction (AMI) is associated with significant metabolic changes and worse outcomes.: To evaluate the prevalence and the prognostic significance of electrolyte/metabolite disturbances among AMI patients with vs. without DM. Read More

Can J Kidney Health Dis 2020 22;7:2054358120964078. Epub 2020 Oct 22.

Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Health Sciences Centre, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada.

Purpose Of Review: Strategies to mitigate muscle cramps are a top research priority for patients receiving hemodialysis. As hypomagnesemia is a possible risk factor for cramping, we reviewed the literature to better understand the physiology of cramping as well as the epidemiology of hypomagnesemia and muscle cramps. We also sought to review the evidence from interventional studies on the effect of oral and dialysate magnesium-based therapies on muscle cramps. Read More

J Water Health 2020 Oct;18(5):722-727

Adelson School of Medicine, Ariel University, Israel E-mail:

Although dementia affects roughly 50 million people worldwide, its etiology is largely unknown. Recent studies have found a link between hypermagnesemia, hypomagnesemia, and increased risk of dementia. In this study, we explore the link between serum magnesium levels and the prevalence of dementia following the adoption of desalinated water (DSW) in Israel. Read More

J Am Coll Nutr 2020 Oct 16:1-3. Epub 2020 Oct 16.

Internal Medicine I, St. Anna Hospital, Herne, Germany.

The paper "Combating COVID-19 and Building Immune Resilience: A Potential Role for Magnesium Nutrition?" by TC Wallace, which was published in the Journal of the American College of Nutrition highlights the importance of adequate magnesium (Mg) supply in relation to COVID-19. Wallace notes that Mg deficiency is associated with low-grade chronic inflammation. Furthermore, hypokalemia and a lack of active Vitamin D are consequences of a Mg deficit. Read More

Anaesth Crit Care Pain Med 2020 12 12;39(6):793-797. Epub 2020 Oct 12.

Faculty of Medicine, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia; Intensive Care Unit, Caboolture Hospital, Caboolture, Queensland, Australia.

Serum magnesium is a frequently measured and treated electrolyte. However, few studies have examined magnesium level abnormalities and outcome in critically ill patients. Our objective was to determine the epidemiology and outcome of magnesium abnormalities among patients admitted to intensive care units (ICU). Read More

Ann Palliat Med 2020 Nov 30;9(6):4308-4314. Epub 2020 Sep 30.

Department of Nursing, Himeji St. Mary's Hospital, Hyogo, Japan.

Despite the fact that hypermagnesemia is a relatively common electrolyte abnormality among end-stage cancer patients, a clinical approach to avoiding hypermagnesemia in these patients has yet to be identified. Thus, we designed a cross-sectional study to identify a clinical approach to avoiding hypermagnesemia in end-stage cancer patients receiving palliative care and considered whether these risk factors could be avoided in end-stage cancer patients. Patients with end-stage cancer who were hospitalized in a palliative care unit at Himeji St. Read More

Med Sci (Basel) 2020 Sep 1;8(3). Epub 2020 Sep 1.

Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Department of Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA.

This study aimed to report the incidence of hospital-acquired dysmagnesemia and its association with in-hospital mortality in adult general hospitalized patients. We studied 26,020 adult hospitalized patients from 2009 to 2013 who had normal admission serum magnesium levels and at least two serum magnesium measurements during hospitalization. The normal range of serum magnesium was 1. Read More

Blood Purif 2021 31;50(2):196-204. Epub 2020 Aug 31.

Department of Nephrology, Zhangzhou Affiliated Hospital of Fujian Medical University, Zhangzhou, China,

Background: Magnesium is an indispensable cation and plays an important physiological role in the body. Most previous studies focused on the single measurement of serum magnesium in patients undergoing hemodialysis. However, scant studies focused on continuous observations of serum magnesium levels. Read More

Age Ageing 2020 10;49(6):1112-1113

Department of Internal Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL, USA.

Older patients often have multiple medical issues which predisposes them to complications of polypharmacy and medication interactions. We present a case of an 89-year-old female who presented to the emergency department after a fall. An electrocardiogram (ECG) showed a junctional bradycardia with a ventricular rate of 50 beats per minute (BPM). Read More

Case Rep Emerg Med 2020 14;2020:2918249. Epub 2020 Jul 14.

Emergency and Critical Care Center, Anjo Kosei Hospital, 28 Higashihirokute, Anjo-cho, Anjo, Aichi 446-8602, Japan.

Hypermagnesemia is a rare disorder and commonly occurs in patients with renal dysfunction. Supportive therapy for hypermagnesemia consists of administration of high-volume fluids, calcium preparation, diuretics, and, in severe cases, hemodialysis. Few reports have described severe hypermagnesemia patients with normal renal function who improved without hemodialysis. Read More

Circ J 2020 08 23;84(9):1609. Epub 2020 Jul 23.

Department of General Internal Medicine, Kobe City Medical Center General Hospital.