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Caspian J Intern Med 2018 ;9(4):413-415

Department of Internal Medicine, Marshfield Clinic, Marshfield, USA.

Background: Generally, it is very rare for clinically significant hypermagnesemia to develop in an individual with normal renal functions as the renal handling of serum magnesium is a very potent process and it has the capacity, under conditions of hypermagnesemia, to completely block Mg (magnesium) reabsorption from the thick ascending limb of Henle. Therefore, hypermagnesemia usually arises in the setting of renal failure.

Case Presentation: We present a very rare case of a 40-year-old African American obese female with prior normal renal functions, who presented post-cardiac arrest following accidental overdose of Epsom salt. Read More

Am J Kidney Dis 2018 Oct 25. Epub 2018 Oct 25.

Division of Nephrology, Department of Pediatrics, NYU Langone Health, New York, NY. Electronic address:

Hypokalemia of renal origin can arise from genetic abnormalities in a variety of transporters or channel proteins that mediate tubular handling of potassium. Recently, mutations in claudin 10 have been documented in patients with hypokalemia in association with a range of other electrolyte abnormalities and skin and sweat gland manifestations. We report a 12-year-old Hispanic boy who presented with anhydrosis, aptyalism, alacrima, hypokalemia, and hypocalciuria, in whom we detected a homozygous mutation in the claudin 10 gene. Read More

Geriatr Gerontol Int 2018 Sep;18(9):1420-1421

Department of Internal Medicine, Aino Hospital, Osaka, Japan.

Acta Clin Belg 2018 Sep 17:1-7. Epub 2018 Sep 17.

a Renal Division, Department of Internal Medicine , Ghent University Hospital , Ghent , Belgium.

Introduction: Magnesium is an essential element which also has pleiotropic effects in humans. Recent studies have altered our interpretation of a disturbed magnesium balance both leading to hypomagnesemia and hypermagnesemia.

Methods: a narrative review of their clinical relevance is presented. Read More

CEN Case Rep 2018 Aug 22. Epub 2018 Aug 22.

Division of Clinical Nephrology and Rheumatology, Niigata University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, 1-757 Asahimachi-dori, Chuo-ku, Niigata, Niigata, 951-8510, Japan.

Hypermagnesemia is generally considered an exceptional iatrogenic condition usually caused by magnesium-containing cathartics. In particular, this condition often develops when magnesium-containing cathartics are administered to elderly patients with renal insufficiency or bowel movement dysfunction. Although magnesium oxide (MgO) is widely prescribed as a laxative, serum magnesium concentration has not been examined in most cases. Read More

Contrib Nephrol 2018 24;196:58-63. Epub 2018 Jul 24.

Background: Despite the prognostic significance of mineral and bone disorders in patients undergoing hemodialysis, very few studies have focused on magnesium metabolism in this population. Nephrologists have paid much attention to hypermagnesemia, which is sometimes caused by magnesium administration, but the clinical implication of low magnesium has been largely overlooked. Recently, several cohort studies have reported that lower serum magnesium levels are associated with an increased risk of all-cause and cardiovascular mortality among hemodialysis patients. Read More

Acute Med Surg 2018 Jul 21;5(3):222-229. Epub 2018 Feb 21.

Department of Nephrology Kurashiki Central Hospital Kurashiki Japan.

Aim: This study aimed to clarify the characteristics of patients who presented with severe hypermagnesemia and subsequently underwent emergency hemodialysis.

Methods: We investigated the age, gender, complications, clinical symptoms, causal drugs, electrocardiogram findings, and laboratory data of 15 patients.

Results: Magnesium oxide had been administered in all cases and 14 patients were over 65 years old. Read More

Nutr Rev 2018 Jul;76(7):526-538

Center for Clinical and Translational Science, University of Vermont, Burlington, Vermont, USA.

The negative health effects of inadequate magnesium intake are well established, but the extent of the problem of deficiency warrants further exploration. This review explores the dietary factors, such as changes in agricultural practices and dietary patterns, that affect magnesium consumption over time and examines the current adequacy of magnesium intake among adults in the United States. Large, cross-sectional, population-based data sets confirm over half the adult population in the United States does not consume adequate amounts of magnesium, although recent population-based studies show a steady and consistent recovery in magnesium consumption over the last several decades. Read More

Adv Chronic Kidney Dis 2018 May;25(3):291-295

Centre for Nephrology, Royal Free Hospital, London, UK.

This article explores the effects of CKD and end-stage kidney disease on magnesium balance. In CKD, there is decreased glomerular filtration of magnesium. Decreased tubular reabsorption can compensate to a degree, but once CKD stage 4 is reached there is a tendency toward hypermagnesemia. Read More

Adv Chronic Kidney Dis 2018 May;25(3):267-273

Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA; and Division of Transplantation, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA. Electronic address:

As with other electrolytes, magnesium homeostasis depends on the balance between gastrointestinal absorption and kidney excretion. Certain drugs used commonly in patients with CKD can decrease gastrointestinal ingestion and kidney reclamation, and potentially cause hypomagnesemia. Other magnesium-containing drugs such as laxatives and cathartics can induce hypermagnesemia, particularly in those with impaired glomerular filtration and magnesium excretion. Read More

J Vet Intern Med 2018 Jul 27;32(4):1359-1371. Epub 2018 Apr 27.

Department of Clinical Science and Services, Royal Veterinary College, University of London, London, United Kingdom.

Background: Hypomagnesemia is associated with increased mortality and renal function decline in humans with chronic kidney disease (CKD). Magnesium is furthermore inversely associated with fibroblast growth factor 23 (FGF23), an important prognostic factor in CKD in cats. However, the prognostic significance of plasma magnesium in cats with CKD is unknown. Read More

Am J Med Sci 2018 Apr 12;355(4):390-395. Epub 2017 Sep 12.

Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, Louisiana.; Southeast Louisiana Veterans Healthcare System, New Orleans, Louisiana.. Electronic address:

We report a case of fatal hypermagnesemia in a 53-year-old woman admitted for acute exacerbation of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and with a history of chronic constipation treated regularly with magnesium-containing laxatives. On admission, her magnesium level was 2.0mg/dL, which rose to a peak of 10. Read More

Support Care Cancer 2018 Aug 5;26(8):2809-2814. Epub 2018 Mar 5.

Department of Clinical & Administrative Pharmacy, University of Georgia College of Pharmacy, 1120 15th Street, HM 104, Augusta, GA, 30912, USA.

Purpose: Hematopoietic cell transplant (HCT) recipients often require intravenous (IV) magnesium repletion due to poor dietary intake, gastrointestinal loss, and use of concomitant magnesium wasting medications. Prolonging the IV magnesium infusion rate has been postulated to reduce renal clearance and improve retention; however, limited evidence supports this hypothesis.

Methods: We reviewed autologous and allogeneic HCT recipients (n = 82) who received IV magnesium at our institution between 2014 and 2016: 41 patients received IV magnesium at a prolonged rate of 0. Read More

BMC Pediatr 2018 02 13;18(1):55. Epub 2018 Feb 13.

Division of Neonatology, Kumamoto University Hospital, 1-1-1 Honjo, Chuo-ku, Kumamoto, 860-8556, Japan.

Background: Neonatal nonoliguric hyperkalemia (NOHK) is a metabolic abnormality that occurs in extremely premature neonates at approximately 24 h after birth and is mainly due to the immature functioning of the sodium (Na)/potassium (K) pump. Magnesium sulfate is frequently used in obstetrical practice to prevent preterm labor and to treat preeclampsia; this medication can also cause hypermagnesemia and hyperkalemia by a mechanism that is different from that of NOHK. Herein, we report the first case of very early-onset neonatal hyperkalemia induced by maternal hypermagnesemia. Read More

J Crit Care 2018 Apr 11;44:419-423. Epub 2018 Jan 11.

Intensive Care Medicine, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia. Electronic address:

Background: Intravenous magnesium is routinely administered in intensive care units (ICU) to treat arrhythmias after cardiothoracic surgery. There are no data on the pharmacokinetics of continuous magnesium infusion therapy.

Objective: To investigate the pharmacokinetics of continuous magnesium infusion, focusing on serum and urinary magnesium concentration, volume of distribution and half-life. Read More

Acta Anaesthesiol Scand 2018 May 16;62(5):648-657. Epub 2018 Jan 16.

Skåne University Hospital, Lund, Sweden.

Introduction: The aim of this study was to evaluate if magnesium deviations correlate with higher 180 day overall mortality or increased morbidity, compared to controls.

Methods: We conducted a retrospective study on 5369 patients with 22,003 magnesium values treated at the Adult Intensive Care Unit at Skåne University Hospital, Lund, Sweden during 2006-2014. The patients were retrospectively divided into a control group with only normal magnesium values 0. Read More

Blood Purif 2018 14;45(1-3):110-117. Epub 2017 Dec 14.

Background/aims: Both hypomagnesemia and hypermagnesemia have been associated with cardiovascular diseases, bone diseases, and mortality in dialysis patients. We aimed to investigate the prevalence of and influencing factors for abnormal serum Mg levels in patients on peritoneal dialysis (PD).

Methods: A cross-sectional study in Peking University People's Hospital recorded the demographic information, clinical characteristics, and laboratory data. Read More

Clin Exp Nephrol 2018 Jun 7;22(3):620-628. Epub 2017 Dec 7.

Department of Internal Medicine and Nephrology, San Giovanni Regional Hospital, Bellinzona, Switzerland.

Background: Ionized Magnesium (ion-Mg) represents the active biological fraction of the serum magnesium content. The assessment of total serum Mg (tot-Mg) might not accurately identify patients with hypo-or hyper-magnesaemie. In hemodialysis, serum tot-Mg levels in the upper part of the distribution, have been associated with reduced mortality and fewer vascular calcifications; thus, resulting in the tendency to increase the Mg concentration in the dialysate, traditionally set at 0. Read More

J Am Soc Nephrol 2018 Mar 30;29(3):991-999. Epub 2017 Nov 30.

Committee of Renal Data Registry, Japanese Society for Dialysis Therapy, Tokyo, Japan.

Magnesium is an essential mineral for bone metabolism. However, little is known about the relationship between magnesium and the risk of fractures. In this cohort study, we elucidated the association between serum magnesium level and the risk of incident hip fracture among patients undergoing hemodialysis. Read More

Clin J Am Soc Nephrol 2018 Feb 27;13(2):274-281. Epub 2017 Nov 27.

Nephrology, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka, Japan; and.

Background And Objectives: Circulating levels of anions that bind to magnesium and calcium are often altered in patients with CKD. However, it is unknown how these alterations affect the ionized fraction of magnesium and calcium.

Design, Setting, Participants, & Measurements: This cross-sectional study involved patients on maintenance hemodialysis and patients not on dialysis who visited the outpatient department of nephrology. Read More

Kidney Int 2018 03 10;93(3):580-588. Epub 2017 Nov 10.

Institute of Physiology, Christian-Albrechts-Universität zu Kiel, Kiel, Germany. Electronic address:

The tight junction proteins claudin-10 and -16 are crucial for the paracellular reabsorption of cations along the thick ascending limb of Henle's loop in the kidney. In patients, mutations in CLDN16 cause familial hypomagnesemia with hypercalciuria and nephrocalcinosis, while mutations in CLDN10 impair kidney function. Mice lacking claudin-16 display magnesium and calcium wasting, whereas absence of claudin-10 results in hypermagnesemia and interstitial nephrocalcinosis. Read More

BMC Anesthesiol 2017 Oct 17;17(1):140. Epub 2017 Oct 17.

Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, Mayo Clinic, 4500 San Pablo Rd, Jacksonville, Florida, 32224, USA.

Sugammadex, a modified gamma-cyclodextrin, has changed clinical practice of neuromuscular reversal dramatically. With the introduction of this selective relaxant binding agent, rapid and reliable neuromuscular reversal from any depth of block became possible. Sugammadex can reverse neuromuscular blockade without the muscarinic side effects typically associated with the administration of acetylcholinesterase inhibitors. Read More

Hemodial Int 2018 Jan 10;22(1):E6-E10. Epub 2017 Aug 10.

First Department of Internal Medicine, Nara Medical University, 840 Shijo-cho, Kashihara, Nara 634-8522, Japan.

Paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria is a rare clonal hematopoietic stem cell disorder characterized by intravascular hemolysis, hemoglobinuria, and inflammatory thrombotic state. Intravascular hemolysis in paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria (PNH) can lead to acute and chronic renal injury through hemoglobin-mediated toxicity. A 32-year-old pregnant woman with myelodysplastic syndrome was admitted to our hospital with severe preeclampsia. Read More

BMJ Case Rep 2017 Mar 21;2017. Epub 2017 Mar 21.

Department of Internal Medicine, University of New Mexico School of Medicine, Albuquerque, New Mexico, USA.

We report a case of hypermagnesemia associated with the use of milk of magnesia in a male patient with end-stage renal disease. After experiencing nausea and vomiting, he developed severe bradycardia and then asystole. Resuscitation efforts were successful; however, he developed atrial fibrillation with severe widening of the QRS and diffuse ST elevation, hypothermia, hypotension and apnoea requiring intubation. Read More

J Emerg Med 2017 May 17;52(5):741-743. Epub 2017 Feb 17.

UT Health Science Center at Houston-McGovern Medical School, Houston, Texas.

Background: Hypermagnesemia is rare and usually iatrogenic. Due to decreased renal function, older patients are generally more susceptible to hypermagnesemia than are younger patients. Because it is not one of the commonly assessed electrolytes in the blood work panel of patients, high levels are usually missed. Read More

Inflammopharmacology 2017 Aug 16;25(4):439-449. Epub 2017 Feb 16.

Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, University of Zagreb, Salata 11, P.O. Box 916, 10000, Zagreb, Croatia.

Aim: Stable gastric pentadecapeptide BPC 157, administered before a high-dose magnesium injection in rats, might be a useful peptide therapy against magnesium toxicity and the magnesium-induced effect on cell depolarization. Moreover, this might be an NO-system-related effect. Previously, BPC 157 counteracts paralysis, arrhythmias and hyperkalaemia, extreme muscle weakness; parasympathetic and neuromuscular blockade; injured muscle healing and interacts with the NOS-blocker and NOS-substrate effects. Read More

Yakugaku Zasshi 2017 05 26;137(5):581-587. Epub 2017 Jan 26.

Institute for Genome Research, University of Tokushima.

Magnesium oxide (MgO) tablets are widely used as laxatives in patients with constipation. Recently, the "Revision of Precautions on the Use of Magnesium Oxide" has been issued by the Japanese Pharmaceuticals and Medical Devices Agency, warning against the risk of hypermagnesemia with the use of MgO. However, the majority of physicians continue to administer MgO for constipation without adequately considering its safe use. Read More

Medicine (Baltimore) 2016 Dec;95(50):e5406

aSection for Clinical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Faculty of Medicine, Ramathibodi Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok bDivision of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, HRH Princess Maha Chakri Sirindhorn Medical Center, Srinakharinwirot University, Ongkharak, Nakhon Nayok cDepartment of Family Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Ramathibodi Hospital, Mahidol University dCardiology Unit, Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine Vajira Hospital, Navamindradhiraj University, Bangkok, Thailand eDepartment of Internal Medicine "F", Assaf Harofeh Medical Center (Affiliated to the Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel), Zerifin, Israel fCenter for Clinical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, The School of Medicine and Public Health, the University of Newcastle, Newcastle, NSW, Australia.

Background: Low serum magnesium (Mg) has been independently shown to increase risk of heart failure (HF), but data on the association between serum Mg concentration and the outcome of patients with HF are conflicting. The purpose of this systematic review and meta-analysis was to estimate the prognostic effects of hypermagnesemia and hypomagnesemia on cardiovascular (CV) mortality and all-cause mortality (ACM) of patients with HF.

Methods: Relevant studies were identified from Medline and Scopus databases. Read More

Curr Opin Pediatr 2017 Apr;29(2):187-198

Division of Pediatric Nephrology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, USA.

Purpose Of Review: Magnesium (Mg) imbalances are frequently overlooked. Hypermagnesemia usually occurs in preeclamptic women after Mg therapy or in end-stage renal disease patients, whereas hypomagnesemia is more common with a prevalence of up to 15% in the general population. Increasing evidence points toward a role for mild-to-moderate chronic hypomagnesemia in the pathogenesis of hypertension, type 2 diabetes mellitus, and metabolic syndrome. Read More

Saudi J Kidney Dis Transpl 2016 Nov-Dec;27(6):1162-1167

Department of Medicine A (M8); Laboratory of Kidney Pathology (LR00SP01), Charles Nicolle Hospital; Faculty of Medicine, University of Tunis El Manar, Tunis, Tunisia.

A phosphate binder combining calcium and magnesium offers an interesting therapeutic option to control hyperphosphatemia in dialysis patients. We investigated the effectiveness and tolerance of calcium acetate-magnesium carbonate (Ca-Mg). This is a 16-week prospective study including 16 dialysis patients. Read More

Blood Purif 2017 23;43(1-3):31-36. Epub 2016 Nov 23.

Department of Blood Purification, Chao-Yang Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China.

Background And Aim: The study aimed to investigate the potential contributing effect of serum magnesium on mortality in maintenance hemodialysis (MHD) patients.

Methods: The patients receiving regular MHD in March 2013 were involved. Baseline data including clinical data, anthropometrics and biochemical measurement were collected. Read More

Am J Med 2017 02 14;130(2):229.e5-229.e13. Epub 2016 Sep 14.

Division of Cardiovascular Diseases, Department of Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minn; Division of Pediatric Cardiology, Department of Pediatric and Adolescent Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minn. Electronic address:

Background: Although electrolyte disturbances may affect cardiac action potential, little is known about the association between serum magnesium and corrected QT (QTc) interval as well as clinical outcomes.

Methods: A consecutive 8498 patients admitted to the Mayo Clinic Hospital-Rochester cardiac care unit (CCU) from January 1, 2004 through December 31, 2013 with 2 or more documented serum magnesium levels, were studied to test the hypothesis that serum magnesium levels are associated with in-hospital mortality, sudden cardiac death, and QTc interval.

Results: Patients were 67 ± 15 years; 62. Read More

Int J Gynecol Cancer 2016 09;26(7):1320-6

*Division of Gynecologic Oncology, The West Clinic; and †Department of Preventive Medicine, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN.

Objective: The aim of this study was to assess the incidence of and risk factors for hypomagnesemia in patients undergoing gynecologic surgery by a gynecologic oncologist.

Methods: A retrospective chart review was performed on all patients undergoing surgery for gynecologic pathology from July 2011 to July 2015 by a single surgeon. Demographic data, surgical indication, surgery performed, preoperative laboratory values, postoperative laboratory values, and medical history were examined. Read More

Circ Arrhythm Electrophysiol 2016 09;9(9)

From the Department of Medicine, University at Buffalo, NY (B.R., G.H.G., A.B.C.); Department of Medicine, University of Kansas, Kansas City (Z.S.); Department of Medicine, Loma Linda University, CA (D.N.); and Division of Cardiac Electrophysiology, Great Lakes Cardiology P.C., Buffalo, NY (A.B., C.H.K., D.F.S.).

Background: Low serum magnesium (Mg) levels are associated with an increased risk of atrial fibrillation. Some studies have shown a benefit of Mg in facilitating pharmacological cardioversion. The role of an intravenous infusion of Mg alone in facilitating electric cardioversion is not clear. Read More

Minerva Pediatr 2016 Oct;68(5):384-5

Division of Neonatology, Department of Pediatrics, Adnan Menderes University Medical School, Aydın, Turkey -

Chudoku Kenkyu 2016 Mar;29(1):26-9

A 54-year-old female experienced rapid respiratory failure while being transported in an ambulance to our emergency department for evaluation and management of constipation and abdominal pain. The patient was on treatment with distigmine bromide for postoperative urination disorder and magnesium oxide for constipation. Increased salivary secretions, diminished respiratory excursion, type 2 respiratory failure (PaCO2 : 65 mmHg), low serum cholinesterase, and hypermagnesemia were detected. Read More

Sci Rep 2016 05 23;6:26341. Epub 2016 May 23.

Musculoskeletal Research Laboratory, Department of Orthopaedics &Traumatology, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, P.R. China.

Mg and its alloys have been considered as one of the most promising biodegradable medical devices, but it was still unclear whether hypermagnesemia involved health risks would occur in persons with kidney disease due to their deteriorated kidney function for Mg ions excretion from their body. In this study, we established a chronic renal failure (CRF) model in rats induced by adenine administration prior to Mg implantation, aiming to predict if CRF patients are suitable for the use of Mg implants. The results showed that Mg levels in serum, urine, feces and internal organs had no significant changes after Mg implantation for both normal and CRF rats. Read More

QJM 2016 Jul 24;109(7):453-459. Epub 2016 Mar 24.

From the 1 Department of Internal Medicine, Bassett Medical Center and Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons, Cooperstown, NY, USA.

Background: Reports of mortality due to magnesium dysregulation in the critical care setting are controversial. We performed a systematic review and meta-analysis to evaluate the association between hypomagnesemia and mortality in patients admitted to the intensive care unit.

Methods: Eligible studies assessing the association between hypomagnesemia or hypermagnesemia and mortality in the critical care setting were comprehensively searched in MEDLINE and EMBASE from their inception to September 2015. Read More

Surg Case Rep 2016 Dec 20;2(1):18. Epub 2016 Feb 20.

Department of Surgery and Science, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, 3-1-1 Maidashi, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka, 812-8582, Japan.

A 67-year-old man was diagnosed with rectal cancer. The tumor invaded the subserosal layer, but it was not large, and there was no sign of obstruction. Neo-adjuvant chemotherapy reduced the size of the tumor. Read More

Semin Dial 2016 05 25;29(3):247-50. Epub 2016 Feb 25.

Renal Electrolyte and Hypertension Division, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.

Hypermagnesemia is an uncommon electrolyte abnormality, due to the fact that magnesium toxicity is only seen in the setting of a massive exposure to exogenous magnesium, often in the setting of renal insufficiency. Here, we report a case of severe hypermagnesemia that resulted in complete paralysis that was secondary to Renacidin administration, a rarely used agent used for intra-renal pelvic or intra-vesicular instillation dissolution of struvite stones. The patient also had concurrent acute kidney injury (AKI). Read More

J Clin Diagn Res 2015 Dec 1;9(12):UL01. Epub 2015 Dec 1.

Assistant Professor, Department of Chest Disease, Faculty of Medicine, Harran University Medical School , Turkey .

Bol Med Hosp Infant Mex 2016 Jul - Aug;73(4):228-236. Epub 2016 Aug 4.

Former Director of Clinical Nephrology and Hypertension. Georgetown University Hospital, Washington, DC, USA.

Background: The prevalence of pediatric urolithiasis varies from 0.01-0.03%. Read More

Ren Fail 2016 16;38(1):50-6. Epub 2015 Dec 16.

a Department of Nephrology , 2nd Affiliated Hospital, Nanjing Medical University , Nanjing, Jiangsu Province , China and.

Chronic kidney disease-mineral and bone disorder (CKD-MBD) is an important complication in patients with end-stage renal disease. Since recent studies have shown that magnesium (Mg) disturbance plays an important role in CKD-MBD and cardiovascular mortality, the interest on magnesium has grown recently. Although much concern focused on the effect of Mg on parathyroid hormone (PTH) levels, however, the influence of PTH on serum Mg levels is nearly unexplored. Read More

Clin Case Rep 2015 Oct 2;3(10):827-31. Epub 2015 Sep 2.

University of Texas Health Science Center San Antonio, Texas.

We present a case of prominent hypocalcemia and hyperkalemia attributed to magnesium infusion in a preeclamptic patient. Iatrogenic hypermagnesemia is an underrecognized cause of hypocalcemia and hyperkalemia. Our report illustrates the effects of magnesium therapy on serum calcium and potassium, necessitating close electrolytes monitoring when used. Read More

Biol Trace Elem Res 2016 Jun 21;171(2):275-282. Epub 2015 Oct 21.

Department of Biostatistics and Epidemiology, Faculty of Health, Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd, Iran.

Depression is the most common mental disorder and involves many factors. The regulatory effects of magnesium on N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) channels make it a factor in the treatment of depression. The present study investigated the level of serum magnesium in subjects diagnosed with depression in the city of Yazd in Iran. Read More

Nutrients 2015 Sep 23;7(9):8199-226. Epub 2015 Sep 23.

Academy of Micronutrient Medicine, Essen 45130, Germany.

Magnesium is the fourth most abundant mineral in the body. It has been recognized as a cofactor for more than 300 enzymatic reactions, where it is crucial for adenosine triphosphate (ATP) metabolism. Magnesium is required for DNA and RNA synthesis, reproduction, and protein synthesis. Read More

Diagn Pathol 2015 Sep 14;10:157. Epub 2015 Sep 14.

Brain and Spinal Cord Injury Research Center, Neuroscience Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.

Background: The observed controversy that N-(4-cyanophenylmethyl)-4-(2-diphenyl)-1-piperazinehexanamide (LP-211), a selective serotonin (5-HT7) receptor agonist, may either modify or exacerbate imbalances in serum electrolyte concentrations and renal tissue of spinal cord trauma cases has not been reported yet. The aim of this study was to better understand the effects of a new 5-HT7 receptor agonist, LP-211, on serum electrolyte changes in spinal cord injured- (SCI) rats.

Methods: Sixty male rats were assigned to the following groups: A) Intact (saline as vehicle, 1 ml/kg, i. Read More

Ren Fail 2015 3;37(9):1518-21. Epub 2015 Sep 3.

a Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Department of Medicine , Mayo Clinic , Rochester , MN , USA and.

Background: The association between admission serum magnesium (Mg) levels and risk of developing septic shock in patients with systemic inflammatory response syndrome (SIRS) is limited. The aim of this study was to assess the risk of developing septic shock in hospitalized patients with SIRS with various admission Mg levels.

Methods: This is a single-center retrospective study conducted at a tertiary referral hospital. Read More