BMJ Case Rep 2017 Mar 21;2017. Epub 2017 Mar 21.

Department of Internal Medicine, University of New Mexico School of Medicine, Albuquerque, New Mexico, USA.

We report a case of hypermagnesemia associated with the use of milk of magnesia in a male patient with end-stage renal disease. After experiencing nausea and vomiting, he developed severe bradycardia and then asystole. Resuscitation efforts were successful; however, he developed atrial fibrillation with severe widening of the QRS and diffuse ST elevation, hypothermia, hypotension and apnoea requiring intubation. Read More

J Emerg Med 2017 May 17;52(5):741-743. Epub 2017 Feb 17.

UT Health Science Center at Houston-McGovern Medical School, Houston, Texas.

Background: Hypermagnesemia is rare and usually iatrogenic. Due to decreased renal function, older patients are generally more susceptible to hypermagnesemia than are younger patients. Because it is not one of the commonly assessed electrolytes in the blood work panel of patients, high levels are usually missed. Read More

Inflammopharmacology 2017 Feb 16. Epub 2017 Feb 16.

Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, University of Zagreb, Salata 11, P.O. Box 916, 10000, Zagreb, Croatia.

Aim: Stable gastric pentadecapeptide BPC 157, administered before a high-dose magnesium injection in rats, might be a useful peptide therapy against magnesium toxicity and the magnesium-induced effect on cell depolarization. Moreover, this might be an NO-system-related effect. Previously, BPC 157 counteracts paralysis, arrhythmias and hyperkalaemia, extreme muscle weakness; parasympathetic and neuromuscular blockade; injured muscle healing and interacts with the NOS-blocker and NOS-substrate effects. Read More

Yakugaku Zasshi 2017 May 26;137(5):581-587. Epub 2017 Jan 26.

Institute for Genome Research, University of Tokushima.

　Magnesium oxide (MgO) tablets are widely used as laxatives in patients with constipation. Recently, the "Revision of Precautions on the Use of Magnesium Oxide" has been issued by the Japanese Pharmaceuticals and Medical Devices Agency, warning against the risk of hypermagnesemia with the use of MgO. However, the majority of physicians continue to administer MgO for constipation without adequately considering its safe use. Read More

Medicine (Baltimore) 2016 Dec;95(50):e5406

aSection for Clinical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Faculty of Medicine, Ramathibodi Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok bDivision of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, HRH Princess Maha Chakri Sirindhorn Medical Center, Srinakharinwirot University, Ongkharak, Nakhon Nayok cDepartment of Family Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Ramathibodi Hospital, Mahidol University dCardiology Unit, Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine Vajira Hospital, Navamindradhiraj University, Bangkok, Thailand eDepartment of Internal Medicine "F", Assaf Harofeh Medical Center (Affiliated to the Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel), Zerifin, Israel fCenter for Clinical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, The School of Medicine and Public Health, the University of Newcastle, Newcastle, NSW, Australia.

Background: Low serum magnesium (Mg) has been independently shown to increase risk of heart failure (HF), but data on the association between serum Mg concentration and the outcome of patients with HF are conflicting. The purpose of this systematic review and meta-analysis was to estimate the prognostic effects of hypermagnesemia and hypomagnesemia on cardiovascular (CV) mortality and all-cause mortality (ACM) of patients with HF.

Methods: Relevant studies were identified from Medline and Scopus databases. Read More

Curr Opin Pediatr 2017 Apr;29(2):187-198

Division of Pediatric Nephrology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, USA.

Purpose Of Review: Magnesium (Mg) imbalances are frequently overlooked. Hypermagnesemia usually occurs in preeclamptic women after Mg therapy or in end-stage renal disease patients, whereas hypomagnesemia is more common with a prevalence of up to 15% in the general population. Increasing evidence points toward a role for mild-to-moderate chronic hypomagnesemia in the pathogenesis of hypertension, type 2 diabetes mellitus, and metabolic syndrome. Read More

Saudi J Kidney Dis Transpl 2016 Nov-Dec;27(6):1162-1167

Department of Medicine A (M8); Laboratory of Kidney Pathology (LR00SP01), Charles Nicolle Hospital; Faculty of Medicine, University of Tunis El Manar, Tunis, Tunisia.

A phosphate binder combining calcium and magnesium offers an interesting therapeutic option to control hyperphosphatemia in dialysis patients. We investigated the effectiveness and tolerance of calcium acetate-magnesium carbonate (Ca-Mg). This is a 16-week prospective study including 16 dialysis patients. Read More

Blood Purif 2017 23;43(1-3):31-36. Epub 2016 Nov 23.

Department of Blood Purification, Chao-Yang Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China.

Background And Aim: The study aimed to investigate the potential contributing effect of serum magnesium on mortality in maintenance hemodialysis (MHD) patients.

Methods: The patients receiving regular MHD in March 2013 were involved. Baseline data including clinical data, anthropometrics and biochemical measurement were collected. Read More

Am J Med 2017 Feb 14;130(2):229.e5-229.e13. Epub 2016 Sep 14.

Division of Cardiovascular Diseases, Department of Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minn; Division of Pediatric Cardiology, Department of Pediatric and Adolescent Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minn. Electronic address:

Background: Although electrolyte disturbances may affect cardiac action potential, little is known about the association between serum magnesium and corrected QT (QTc) interval as well as clinical outcomes.

Methods: A consecutive 8498 patients admitted to the Mayo Clinic Hospital-Rochester cardiac care unit (CCU) from January 1, 2004 through December 31, 2013 with 2 or more documented serum magnesium levels, were studied to test the hypothesis that serum magnesium levels are associated with in-hospital mortality, sudden cardiac death, and QTc interval.

Results: Patients were 67 ± 15 years; 62. Read More

Int J Gynecol Cancer 2016 Sep;26(7):1320-6

*Division of Gynecologic Oncology, The West Clinic; and †Department of Preventive Medicine, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN.

Objective: The aim of this study was to assess the incidence of and risk factors for hypomagnesemia in patients undergoing gynecologic surgery by a gynecologic oncologist.

Methods: A retrospective chart review was performed on all patients undergoing surgery for gynecologic pathology from July 2011 to July 2015 by a single surgeon. Demographic data, surgical indication, surgery performed, preoperative laboratory values, postoperative laboratory values, and medical history were examined. Read More

Circ Arrhythm Electrophysiol 2016 Sep;9(9)

From the Department of Medicine, University at Buffalo, NY (B.R., G.H.G., A.B.C.); Department of Medicine, University of Kansas, Kansas City (Z.S.); Department of Medicine, Loma Linda University, CA (D.N.); and Division of Cardiac Electrophysiology, Great Lakes Cardiology P.C., Buffalo, NY (A.B., C.H.K., D.F.S.).

Background: Low serum magnesium (Mg) levels are associated with an increased risk of atrial fibrillation. Some studies have shown a benefit of Mg in facilitating pharmacological cardioversion. The role of an intravenous infusion of Mg alone in facilitating electric cardioversion is not clear. Read More

Minerva Pediatr 2016 Oct;68(5):384-5

Division of Neonatology, Department of Pediatrics, Adnan Menderes University Medical School, Aydın, Turkey -

Chudoku Kenkyu 2016 Mar;29(1):26-9

A 54-year-old female experienced rapid respiratory failure while being transported in an ambulance to our emergency department for evaluation and management of constipation and abdominal pain. The patient was on treatment with distigmine bromide for postoperative urination disorder and magnesium oxide for constipation. Increased salivary secretions, diminished respiratory excursion, type 2 respiratory failure (PaCO2 : 65 mmHg), low serum cholinesterase, and hypermagnesemia were detected. Read More

Sci Rep 2016 May 23;6:26341. Epub 2016 May 23.

Musculoskeletal Research Laboratory, Department of Orthopaedics &Traumatology, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, P.R. China.

Mg and its alloys have been considered as one of the most promising biodegradable medical devices, but it was still unclear whether hypermagnesemia involved health risks would occur in persons with kidney disease due to their deteriorated kidney function for Mg ions excretion from their body. In this study, we established a chronic renal failure (CRF) model in rats induced by adenine administration prior to Mg implantation, aiming to predict if CRF patients are suitable for the use of Mg implants. The results showed that Mg levels in serum, urine, feces and internal organs had no significant changes after Mg implantation for both normal and CRF rats. Read More

QJM 2016 Jul 24;109(7):453-459. Epub 2016 Mar 24.

From the 1 Department of Internal Medicine, Bassett Medical Center and Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons, Cooperstown, NY, USA.

Background: Reports of mortality due to magnesium dysregulation in the critical care setting are controversial. We performed a systematic review and meta-analysis to evaluate the association between hypomagnesemia and mortality in patients admitted to the intensive care unit.

Methods: Eligible studies assessing the association between hypomagnesemia or hypermagnesemia and mortality in the critical care setting were comprehensively searched in MEDLINE and EMBASE from their inception to September 2015. Read More

Surg Case Rep 2016 Dec 20;2(1):18. Epub 2016 Feb 20.

Department of Surgery and Science, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, 3-1-1 Maidashi, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka, 812-8582, Japan.

A 67-year-old man was diagnosed with rectal cancer. The tumor invaded the subserosal layer, but it was not large, and there was no sign of obstruction. Neo-adjuvant chemotherapy reduced the size of the tumor. Read More

Semin Dial 2016 May 25;29(3):247-50. Epub 2016 Feb 25.

Renal Electrolyte and Hypertension Division, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.

Hypermagnesemia is an uncommon electrolyte abnormality, due to the fact that magnesium toxicity is only seen in the setting of a massive exposure to exogenous magnesium, often in the setting of renal insufficiency. Here, we report a case of severe hypermagnesemia that resulted in complete paralysis that was secondary to Renacidin administration, a rarely used agent used for intra-renal pelvic or intra-vesicular instillation dissolution of struvite stones. The patient also had concurrent acute kidney injury (AKI). Read More

J Clin Diagn Res 2015 Dec 1;9(12):UL01. Epub 2015 Dec 1.

Assistant Professor, Department of Chest Disease, Faculty of Medicine, Harran University Medical School , Turkey .

Ren Fail 2016 16;38(1):50-6. Epub 2015 Dec 16.

a Department of Nephrology , 2nd Affiliated Hospital, Nanjing Medical University , Nanjing, Jiangsu Province , China and.

Chronic kidney disease-mineral and bone disorder (CKD-MBD) is an important complication in patients with end-stage renal disease. Since recent studies have shown that magnesium (Mg) disturbance plays an important role in CKD-MBD and cardiovascular mortality, the interest on magnesium has grown recently. Although much concern focused on the effect of Mg on parathyroid hormone (PTH) levels, however, the influence of PTH on serum Mg levels is nearly unexplored. Read More

Clin Case Rep 2015 Oct 2;3(10):827-31. Epub 2015 Sep 2.

University of Texas Health Science Center San Antonio, Texas.

We present a case of prominent hypocalcemia and hyperkalemia attributed to magnesium infusion in a preeclamptic patient. Iatrogenic hypermagnesemia is an underrecognized cause of hypocalcemia and hyperkalemia. Our report illustrates the effects of magnesium therapy on serum calcium and potassium, necessitating close electrolytes monitoring when used. Read More

Biol Trace Elem Res 2016 Jun 21;171(2):275-82. Epub 2015 Oct 21.

Department of Biostatistics and Epidemiology, Faculty of Health, Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd, Iran.

Depression is the most common mental disorder and involves many factors. The regulatory effects of magnesium on N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) channels make it a factor in the treatment of depression. The present study investigated the level of serum magnesium in subjects diagnosed with depression in the city of Yazd in Iran. Read More

Nutrients 2015 Sep 23;7(9):8199-226. Epub 2015 Sep 23.

Academy of Micronutrient Medicine, Essen 45130, Germany.

Magnesium is the fourth most abundant mineral in the body. It has been recognized as a cofactor for more than 300 enzymatic reactions, where it is crucial for adenosine triphosphate (ATP) metabolism. Magnesium is required for DNA and RNA synthesis, reproduction, and protein synthesis. Read More

Diagn Pathol 2015 Sep 14;10:157. Epub 2015 Sep 14.

Brain and Spinal Cord Injury Research Center, Neuroscience Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.

Background: The observed controversy that N-(4-cyanophenylmethyl)-4-(2-diphenyl)-1-piperazinehexanamide (LP-211), a selective serotonin (5-HT7) receptor agonist, may either modify or exacerbate imbalances in serum electrolyte concentrations and renal tissue of spinal cord trauma cases has not been reported yet. The aim of this study was to better understand the effects of a new 5-HT7 receptor agonist, LP-211, on serum electrolyte changes in spinal cord injured- (SCI) rats.

Methods: Sixty male rats were assigned to the following groups: A) Intact (saline as vehicle, 1 ml/kg, i. Read More

Ren Fail 2015 3;37(9):1518-21. Epub 2015 Sep 3.

a Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Department of Medicine , Mayo Clinic , Rochester , MN , USA and.

Background: The association between admission serum magnesium (Mg) levels and risk of developing septic shock in patients with systemic inflammatory response syndrome (SIRS) is limited. The aim of this study was to assess the risk of developing septic shock in hospitalized patients with SIRS with various admission Mg levels.

Methods: This is a single-center retrospective study conducted at a tertiary referral hospital. Read More

Semin Dial 2015 Nov-Dec;28(6):564-77. Epub 2015 Aug 25.

Nephrology Service, IMIBIC, Hospital Universitario Reina Sofia, University of Cordoba, Cordoba, Spain.

Calcium, phosphorus, and magnesium homeostasis is altered in chronic kidney disease (CKD). Hypocalcemia, hyperphosphatemia, and hypermagnesemia are not seen until advanced CKD because adaptations develop. Increased parathyroid hormone (PTH) secretion maintains serum calcium normal by increasing calcium efflux from bone, renal calcium reabsorption, and phosphate excretion. Read More

Clin Exp Gastroenterol 2015 28;8:215-24. Epub 2015 Jul 28.

Ferring Pharmaceuticals Inc., Parsippany, NJ, USA.

Background: We performed a post hoc analysis of two clinical trials to assess whether sodium picosulfate and magnesium (Mg(2+)) citrate (Prepopik(®) [P/MC]), a dual-action bowel preparation for colonoscopy, has an impact on serum Mg(2+) levels and cardiac electrophysiology. Although rare, hypermagnesemia has been reported in patients consuming Mg(2+)-containing cathartics, especially patients who are elderly and have renal impairment.

Methods: Data were analyzed from two prospective, Phase III, randomized, assessor-blinded, active-control, multicenter, pivotal studies that investigated split-dose/day-before P/MC. Read More

Mayo Clin Proc 2015 Aug;90(8):1001-10

Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN. Electronic address:

Objective: To examine the prevalence of serum magnesium (Mg) alterations and outcomes in hospitalized patients.

Patients And Methods: All admissions to Mayo Clinic in Rochester, Minnesota, from January 1, 2009, through December 31, 2013 (288,120 patients), were screened. Admission Mg from each unique patient and relevant clinical data were extracted from the institutional electronic database. Read More

Int J Clin Pract 2015 Nov 21;69(11):1303-8. Epub 2015 Jul 21.

Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Department of Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA.

Background: The association between admission serum magnesium (Mg) levels and risk of acute respiratory failure (ARF) in hospitalised patients is limited. The aim of this study was to assess the risk of developing ARF in all hospitalised patients with various admission Mg levels.

Methods: This is a single-center retrospective study conducted at a tertiary referral hospital. Read More

ACG Case Rep J 2015 Jul 9;2(4):227-9. Epub 2015 Jul 9.

Department of Internal Medicine, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR ; Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR.

Hypermagnesemia is a rare and under-recognized cause of paralytic ileus. We report a case of a 21-year-old primigravida who was managed aggressively for preeclampsia and presented with postpartum paralytic ileus. Detailed history was employed to consider hypermagnesemia-induced ileus as the working diagnosis, and the patient improved with correction of the electrolyte imbalance. Read More

Am J Kidney Dis 2015 Dec 17;66(6):1056-66. Epub 2015 Jul 17.

Department of Nephrology, University of Duesseldorf, Duesseldorf, Germany.

Background: Low serum magnesium levels in patients with kidney disease have been linked to increased mortality. This study investigated whether similar associations existed in maintenance hemodialysis (HD) patients.

Study Design: Cohort study. Read More

Ren Fail 2015 Aug 23;37(7):1175-9. Epub 2015 Jun 23.

a Department of Medicine, Division of Nephrology and Hypertension , Mayo Clinic , Rochester , MN , USA and.

Background: The association between admission serum magnesium (Mg) levels and risk of in-hospital acute kidney injury (AKI) is limited. The aim of this study was to assess the risk of developing AKI in all hospitalized patients with various admission Mg levels.

Methods: This is a single-center retrospective study conducted at a tertiary referral hospital. Read More

Geriatr Gerontol Int 2016 May 16;16(5):600-5. Epub 2015 Jun 16.

Department of Family Medicine, Mie University School of Medicine, Tsu, Mie, Japan.

Aims: We investigated the relationship between renal function and serum magnesium concentration in elderly patients treated with magnesium oxide (MgO) in an outpatient setting of an urban hospital in Japan.

Methods: In the present study, 44 elderly outpatients (23 patients with constipation treated with daily oral MgO and 21 untreated patients in the control group) who visited Kameyama municipal medical center were enrolled. Variables were age, sex, weight, height, serum magnesium concentration, serum blood urea nitrogen level, serum creatinine level, use of other magnesium-containing supplements and symptoms associated with hypermagnesemia. Read More

West Afr J Med 2014 Jul-Sep;33(3):178-82

Department of Clinical Pathology, College of Medicine, University of Lagos, Lagos, Nigeria.

Background: Preeclampsia is a multisystem disorder associated with high maternal and perinatal mortality and morbidity. The cause of the disorder is largely unknown and its pathogenesis is complex and poorly understood. Calcium and magnesium are divalent ions which may have roles to play in the manifestations of the disease. Read More

Eur J Intern Med 2015 Sep 3;26(7):504-7. Epub 2015 Jun 3.

Department of Intensive Care Medicine, University Hospital Hamburg-Eppendorf, Martinistraße 5220246 Hamburg, Germany.

Background: Patients with electrolyte imbalances or disorders have a high risk of mortality. It is unknown if this finding from sodium or potassium disorders extends to alterations of magnesium levels.

Methods And Patients: In this cross-sectional analysis, all emergency room patients between 2010 and 2011 at the Inselspital Bern, Switzerland, were included. Read More

Am J Kidney Dis 2015 Sep 9;66(3):523-31. Epub 2015 Apr 9.

Loyola University Medical Center, Maywood, IL; Veterans Affairs Hospital, Hines, IL. Electronic address:

Disorders of magnesium homeostasis are very common in dialysis patients but have received scant attention. In this review, we address measurement of plasma magnesium, magnesium balance and the factors that affect magnesium flux during dialysis, the prevalence of hypo- and hypermagnesemia in dialysis patients, and the potential clinical significance of hypo- and hypermagnesemia in dialysis patients. Many factors can affect plasma magnesium concentration, including diet, nutritional status (including plasma albumin level), medications (such as proton pump inhibitors), and dialysis prescription. Read More

J Vet Emerg Crit Care (San Antonio) 2015 Mar-Apr;25(2):210-25. Epub 2014 Nov 26.

From the Animal Emergency Center and Specialty Services, Glendale, WI 52309.

Objective: To review magnesium physiology including absorption, excretion, and function within the body, causes of magnesium abnormalities, and the current applications of magnesium monitoring and therapy in people and animals.

Etiology: Magnesium plays a pivotal role in energy production and specific functions in every cell in the body. Disorders of magnesium can be correlated with severity of disease, length of hospital stay, and recovery of the septic patient. Read More

Ren Fail 2015 Feb 16;37(1):61-5. Epub 2014 Sep 16.

Department of Nephrology, Changhai Hospital, Second Military Medical University , Shanghai , China.

To explore the possible impact factors on daytime sleepiness among peritoneal patients from a single center in China. A cross-sectional study was conducted in 98 prevalent peritoneal dialysis (PD) patients using both the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI) questionnaire of sleep quality and the Epworth Sleepiness Scale (ESS) questionnaire of excessive daytime sleepiness (EDS). Biochemical differences between daytime sleepiness and non-daytime sleepiness population were evaluated, following univariate and multivariable analysis to find the risk factors on sleep disturbance. Read More

Kidney Int 2014 Jul;86(1):212

Servicio de Nefrología, IMIBIC, Hospital Universitario Reina Sofía, Córdoba, Spain.

J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2014 Oct 17;99(10):3873-8. Epub 2014 Jun 17.

Division of Nephrology (M.O., S.N., T.Sa., T.Shig.), Department of Internal Medicine, Wakayama Medical University, Kimiidera Wakayama City, Wakayama, 641-8509, Japan; and Japan Study Group of Assessing Initiation of Renal Replacement Therapy (F.K., R.A., Y.K., T.Shin., D.I., N.J., T.Y., M.I.), Wakayama, 641-8509, Japan.

Context: PTH is a critical factor in mineral homeostasis, and chronic kidney disease mineral and bone metabolism disorder is a very important problem in patients with renal failure. Abnormal levels of PTH, serum phosphate, and calcium influence chronic kidney disease mineral and bone metabolism disorder, but there is little information about the influence of magnesium (Mg) on PTH.

Objective: The aim of this study was to elucidate the correlation between magnesium and PTH levels in uremic patients just prior to beginning hemodialysis (HD) for the first time. Read More

Emerg Med Clin North Am 2014 May 19;32(2):349-66. Epub 2014 Feb 19.

Department of Emergency Medicine, University of Maryland School of Medicine, 110 South Paca Street, 6th Floor, Suite 200, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA; Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Maryland School of Medicine, 110 South Paca Street, 2nd Floor, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA. Electronic address:

Derangements of calcium, magnesium, and phosphate are associated with increased morbidity and mortality. These minerals have vital roles in the cellular physiology of the neuromuscular and cardiovascular systems. This article describes the pathophysiology of these mineral disorders. Read More

J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2014 Jul 14;99(7):E1311-5. Epub 2014 Apr 14.

Departments of Medicine, Physiology, and Human Genetics (G.N.H., L.C.), McGill University, and Calcium Research Laboratory and Hormones and Cancer Research Unit (G.N.H., L.C.), Royal Victoria Hospital, Montreal, Québec, Canada H3A 1A1; Department of Pediatrics (R.S.N.), University of California, San Diego, and Rady Children's Hospital San Diego, San Diego, California 92123; Diabetes and Endocrinology Unit (L.T.-S.), Hillel Yaffe Medical Center, Hadera 38100, Israel; and Departments of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, Medicine, and Genetics (B.Y.L.W, B.S.P.L., D.E.C.C.), University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada M4N 3M5.

Context: Familial hypocalciuric hypercalcemia (FHH) is an autosomal dominant disorder with three known subtypes: FHH1, FHH2, and FHH3. About 65% of FHH cases are FHH1, caused by inactivating mutations of the calcium-sensing receptor (CASR) gene. FHH3 was recently found to be caused by codon Arg15 (p. Read More

J Neurogenet 2014 Mar-Jun;28(1-2):86-97. Epub 2014 Feb 25.

Department of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School , Boston, Massachusetts , USA.

The molecular mechanisms of action of antipsychotic drugs (APDs) are not fully understood. Here, we characterize phenotypes of missense and knockout mutations in the Caenorhabditis elegans transient receptor potential melastatin (TRPM) channel ortholog gtl-2, a candidate APD target identified in a genome-wide RNAi (RNA interference) screen for Suppressors of Clozapine-induced Larval Arrest (scla genes). We then employ the developmental phenotypes of gtl-2(lf) mutants to validate our previous gtl-2(RNAi) result. Read More

Case Rep Nephrol 2014 6;2014:560746. Epub 2014 Jan 6.

Department of Nephrology, Brookdale University Hospital and Medical Center, Brooklyn, NY 11212, USA.

Hypermagnesemia is an uncommon but a potentially serious clinical condition. Over-the-counter magnesium containing products are widely used as antacids or laxatives. Although generally well tolerated in patients with normal renal function, their unsupervised use in the elderly can result in severe symptomatic hypermagnesemia, especially in those patients with concomitant renal failure and bowel disorders. Read More

Wiad Lek 2013 ;66(4):317-8

Katedra i Klinika Nefrologii, Dializoterapii i Chorób Wewnetrznych, Warszawski Uniwersytet Medyczny.

Hypermagnesemia, defined as a plasma total magnesium concentration greater than 1.2 mmol/l, is much less common than hypomagnesemia, however it may be also life-threatening. In this review causes, clinical presentation and treatment of hypermagnesemia is shortly reviewed. Read More

Handb Clin Neurol 2014 ;119:365-82

James J. and Joan A. Gardner Center for Parkinson's Disease and Movement Disorders, Department of Neurology, UC Neuroscience Institute, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH, USA. Electronic address:

Electrolyte and acid-base disturbances are common occurrences in daily clinical practice. Although these abnormalities can be readily ascertained from routine laboratory findings, only specific clinical correlates may attest as to their significance. Among a wide phenotypic spectrum, acute electrolyte and acid-base disturbances may affect the peripheral nervous system as arreflexic weakness (hypermagnesemia, hyperkalemia, and hypophosphatemia), the central nervous system as epileptic encephalopathies (hypomagnesemia, dysnatremias, and hypocalcemia), or both as a mixture of encephalopathy and weakness or paresthesias (hypocalcemia, alkalosis). Read More

Saudi J Kidney Dis Transpl 2013 Nov;24(6):1217-22

Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Kuwait University, Safat, Kuwait.

Refeeding syndrome (RS) is a serious and potentially fatal disorder. It is caused by a shift of fluids, sodium, potassium, magnesium and phosphorus as well changes in the metabolism of glucose, protein, fat and vitamins following the refeeding of malnourished patients, whether enterally or parenterally. RS has rarely been reported in patients with advanced kidney disease probably due to the pre-existing hyperphosphatemia, hypermagnesemia and hyperkalemia in these patients. Read More

J Hypertens 2013 Nov;31(11):2136-41; discussion 2141

aBeth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Department of Medicine bHarvard-MIT Division of Health Sciences and Technology cSchool of Public Health and Health Systems, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario, Canada.

Background: Although magnesium is important in the biology of blood pressure regulation, little clinical data exist on the association of hypermagnesemia and blood pressure.

Method: We examined the association of hypermagnesemia and SBP in a cross-sectional study of 10 521 ICU patients from a single tertiary care medical center, 6% of whom had a serum magnesium above 2.6 mg/dl at time of admission. Read More

J Forensic Sci 2013 Nov 10;58(6):1673-5. Epub 2013 Sep 10.

Department of Forensic Medicine, Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Hiroshima University, 1-2-3 Kasumi, Minami-ku, Hiroshima, 734-8553, Japan.

We report a fatal case of hypermagnesemia caused by oral ingestion of milk containing magnesium chloride as a folk remedy. The autopsy of the 75-year-old woman showed no injury or illness as the cause of death. Neither alcohol nor controlled drugs were found by the toxicological analysis. Read More