2,789 results match your criteria Hypereosinophilic Syndrome
Biomed Res Int 2018 5;2018:5698212. Epub 2018 Nov 5.
Allergy & Respiratory Diseases, DIMI Department of Internal Medicine, University of Genoa, IRCCS AOU San Martino-IST, Genoa, Italy.
The current developments of the new biological drugs targeting interleukin 5 (IL-5) and IL-5 receptor allowed to expand the treatment options for severe hypereosinophilic asthma. Clinicians will then be able to choose between antibodies targeting either circulating IL-5 or its receptor expressed on eosinophils and basophils. The available clinical trials consistently reported favorable results about the reduction of exacerbations rate, improvement in quality of life, and sparing of the systemic steroid use, with a favorable safety profile. Read More
Hematology Am Soc Hematol Educ Program 2018 Nov;2018(1):326-331
Human Eosinophil Section, Laboratory of Parasitic Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD.
Hypereosinophilic syndromes (HESs) are a heterogeneous group of rare disorders characterized by peripheral eosinophilia and eosinophilic end organ complications. Conventional therapies, including glucocorticoids and cytotoxic and immunomodulatory agents, have variable efficacy and significant toxicity. Although the recent development of agents that target eosinophils, including tyrosine kinase inhibitors and monoclonal antibodies, provides the possibility of more effective, less toxic approaches to treatment of HES, there are little available data to guide their use in these conditions. Read More
Medicine (Baltimore) 2018 Nov;97(48):e13425
Department of Critical Care Medicine, Nantong Third People's Hospital, Nantong University.
Rationale: Extensive thrombosis in the portal venous system caused by hypereosinophilic syndrome (HES) is rare, and there is no consensus on anticoagulant and thrombolytic treatments for arteriovenous thrombosis caused by HES.
Patient Concerns: The clinical data of a patient with extensive thrombosis in his portal venous system (superior mesenteric, splenic, hepatic, and portal veins), renal artery thrombosis, and mesenteric thrombosis caused by HES with secondary gastrointestinal bleeding and intestinal necrosis were retrospectively analyzed. Before admission, his eosinophil count increased to 7. Read More
Gut Liver 2018 10 19. Epub 2018 Oct 19.
Division of Gastroenterology, Chonnam National University Medical School, Gwangju, Korea.
Background/aims: Although eosinophilic liver infiltration (ELI) is not rare, few data exist regarding its clinical characteristics and etiology. Therefore, we evaluated these aspects to better understand the clinical implications of this lesion type, which is reasonably common in Korea.
Methods: Patients suspected of having ELI, based on abdominal computed tomography results obtained between January 2010 and September 2017, were enrolled in this retrospective study. Read More
Z Rheumatol 2018 Dec;77(10):907-922
Abt. für Rheumatologie, Immunologie und Rehabilitation, Kantonsspital St. Gallen, St. Gallen, Schweiz.
Eosinophilic granulocytes form peripheral effector cells controlled by Th2 lymphocytes, which cause local cell, tissue, and functional disorders of infiltrated organs via the release of cytotoxic basic proteins and oxygen radicals. Diseases associated with eosinophilia include systemic and organ-related forms. The lungs are involved in eosinophilic granulomatosis with polyangiitis (EGPA, formerly known as Churg-Strauss syndrome), acute and chronic eosinophilic pneumonia, as well as in an organ manifestation in hypereosinophilic syndrome and certain parasitic diseases. Read More
Front Immunol 2018 11;9:2346. Epub 2018 Oct 11.
Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.
Allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis (ABPA) is characterized by an early allergic response and late-phase lung injury in response to repeated exposure to antigens, as a consequence of persistent fungal colonization of the airways. Here, we summarize the clinical and pathological features of ABPA, focusing on thick mucus plugging, a key observation in ABPA. Recent findings have indicated that luminal eosinophils undergo cytolytic extracellular trap cell death (ETosis) and release filamentous chromatin fibers (extracellular traps, ETs) by direct interaction with . Read More
J Allergy Clin Immunol Pract 2018 Oct 11. Epub 2018 Oct 11.
CHU Lille, Département de Médecine Interne et Immunologie Clinique, Centre de Référence des Maladies Auto-immunes Systémiques Rares du Nord et Nord-Ouest de France (CeRAINO), University of Lille, Lille, France; Centre de Référence National des Syndromes Hyperéosinophiliques (CEREO), France; CHU Lille, Institut d'Immunologie, University of Lille, Lille, France; Inserm, CHU Lille, U995 - LIRIC - Lille Inflammation Research International Center, University of Lille, Lille, France. Electronic address:
Autoimmun Rev 2018 Dec 12;17(12):1268-1269. Epub 2018 Oct 12.
UMR1227, Lymphocytes B et Autoimmunité, Université de Brest, Inserm, LabEx IGO, Brest, France; Service de rhumatologie, Centre National de Référence des Maladies Auto-immunes Rares de l'Adulte CERAINO, CHU de Brest, Brest, France. Electronic address:
ANZ J Surg 2018 Oct 2. Epub 2018 Oct 2.
Acute Surgical Unit, Division of Surgery, Logan Hospital, Logan City, Queensland, Australia.
Blood 2018 Sep;132(13):1461
Indian J Ophthalmol 2018 Oct;66(10):1508-1511
Department of Oculoplasty, Sri Sankaradeva Nethralaya, Guwahati, Assam, India.
Hypereosinophilic syndrome (HES) is a spectrum of myeloproliferative disorder, which is characterized by persistent and marked blood eosinophilia and damage to multiple organs due to eosinophilic infiltration. Idiopathic HES is identified after ruling out all other causes of eosinophilia. Poor prognosis is usually associated with cardiac involvement and malignant transformation of blood cells. Read More
Respir Med Case Rep 2018 10;25:213-215. Epub 2018 Sep 10.
Department of Respiratory Medicine, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong University, Jinan, China.
Acute pulmonary embolism (PE) is a most dangerous complication that needs prompt treatment to reduce potentially death. There are many well-known prognostic factors indicate the morbidity and mortality in various thromboembolic events. Persistent eosinophilia in peripheral blood can lead to tissue infiltration and even organ damage, but the urgent event of thromboembolism in pulmonary provoked by eosinophil eosinophilia in idiopathic hypereosinophilic syndrome (HES) is relative an unusual presentation. Read More
Front Med (Lausanne) 2018 31;5:243. Epub 2018 Aug 31.
Department of Biomolecular Chemistry, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, United States.
Mediterr J Hematol Infect Dis 2018 1;10(1):e2018052. Epub 2018 Sep 1.
Internal Medicine (Clinical Hematology), Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, India -160012.
Objective: To determine the frequency, etiological spectrum and treatment outcome of hypereosinophilia (HE) and hypereosinophilic syndromes (HES) in a tropical setting.
Methods: A retrospective analysis of hospital data of five years (January 2009 to December 2013) and a comprehensive prospective evaluation of patients presenting with HE/HES over a period of 33 months (January 2014 to September 2016) was performed.
Results: HE/HES was diagnosed in a total of 125 patients during the study period with an estimated prevalence of 0. Read More
Pediatr Blood Cancer 2019 Jan 11;66(1):e27449. Epub 2018 Sep 11.
Department of Pediatrics, Hyogo Prefectural Amagasaki General Medical Center, Hyogo, Japan.
J Allergy Clin Immunol Pract 2018 Sep - Oct;6(5):1496-1504
UNC Kidney Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC.
Eosinophilic granulomatosis with polyangiitis (EGPA) (formerly Churg-Strauss syndrome) is a small vessel vasculitis associated with asthma and eosinophilia. Despite its rarity, continuous gains are being made in understanding the disease with knowledge advancements regarding its epidemiology, heterogeneous clinical manifestations, management, and outcomes. Large knowledge gaps remain, however, particularly surrounding pathophysiologic and diagnostic uncertainties. Read More
J Allergy Clin Immunol Pract 2018 Sep - Oct;6(5):1446-1453
Department of Medicine, Division of Allergy and Immunology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Ill. Electronic address:
The workup of a patient found to have eosinophilia should follow a thorough path with a detailed history and physical examination aimed at eliciting eosinophilic organ involvement, followed by histological confirmation whenever possible. The differential diagnosis of hypereosinophilia is extensive, but a rational approach beyond the history and physical examination including serologic, blood, and bone marrow cell analyses, genetic testing, and radiologic imaging can distinguish many of the causes. Often input from specialists (eg, hematology, dermatology, pulmonary, gastroenterology, and neurology) can help narrow down the possibilities and eventually result in a specific diagnosis. Read More
J Allergy Clin Immunol Pract 2018 Sep - Oct;6(5):1439-1444
Section of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wis. Electronic address:
The roles eosinophils are recognized to play in health and disease continue to evolve. Formerly, eosinophils were believed to fill a primary role in host defense against helminths, an intermediary one in the propagation of allergic conditions, and a pathologic one in clinical conditions characterized by systemic eosinophilia and eosinophilic infiltration of target organs. Eosinophils are increasingly understood to be positioned centrally within mammalian immune and inflammatory networks, possessing receptors for an array of inflammatory mediators and capable of producing numerous proinflammatory and homeostatic mediators. Read More
Curr Hypertens Rev 2018 Sep 3. Epub 2018 Sep 3.
Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles-90033 CA. United States.
Acute eosinophilic myocarditis (EM) is a rare form of heart failure that is characterized by myocardial eosinophilic infiltration usually in association with peripheral eosinophilia. The underlying cause is variable and can include allergic reactions, parasitic infection, idiopathic hypereosinophilic syndrome, malignancy, Loeffler's syndrome, Churg-Strauss syndrome (CSS), early giant cell myocarditis and malignancy. The course is potentially fatal, and early diagnosis and treatment with steroids is essential. Read More
Can J Cardiol 2018 Sep 5;34(9):1233.e13-1233.e15. Epub 2018 Jun 5.
Pathology Department, Hospital de Santa Cruz, Centro Hospitalar de Lisboa Ocidental, Lisbon, Portugal; Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal; Forensic Pathology, Central Branch, Instituto Nacional de Medicina Legal e Ciências Forenses, Coimbra, Portugal.
Hypereosinophilic syndrome is characterized by an overproduction of eosinophils that infiltrate and damage multiple organs. Cardiac dysfunction occurs frequently and is a main cause of morbidity and mortality. We describe the case of a middle-aged man diagnosed with a myeloproliferative neoplasm associated with hypereosinophilia and treated with imatinib. Read More
Med Ultrason 2018 Aug;20(3):399-400
"Carol Davila" University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Bucharest.
Internist (Berl) 2018 09;59(9):898-910
Abt. für Rheumatologie, Immunologie und Rehabilitation, Kantonsspital St. Gallen, St. Gallen, Schweiz.
Eosinophilic granulocytes form peripheral effector cells controlled by Th2 lymphocytes, which cause local cell, tissue, and functional disorders of infiltrated organs via the release of cytotoxic basic proteins and oxygen radicals. Diseases associated with eosinophilia include systemic and organ-related forms. The lungs are involved in eosinophilic granulomatosis with polyangiitis (EGPA, formerly known as Churg-Strauss syndrome), acute and chronic eosinophilic pneumonia, as well as in an organ manifestation in hypereosinophilic syndrome and certain parasitic diseases. Read More
S D Med 2018 Aug;71(8):362-366
Sanford Children's Hospital, Sioux Falls, South Dakota.
Eosinophilic esophagitis (EoE) is a chronic immune-mediated esophageal inflammatory disease that is becoming more widely recognized as a cause of feeding difficulties in infants and young children, as well as gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD)-like symptoms, dysphagia, and food impaction in children and adolescents. The diagnosis of EoE is clinicopathologic, based on endoscopic, histologic, and clinical findings. Patients with suspected eosinophilic esophagitis require an endoscopy with biopsies. Read More
Am J Hematol 2018 11 26;93(11):1337-1346. Epub 2018 Sep 26.
Department of Hematopathology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas.
The work-up of patients with hypereosinophilia (HE) is complex. Following the recently revised World Health Organization criteria, we retrospectively reviewed 125 patients who were referred to us to exclude a neoplastic cause of HE (2003-2016). The clinical laboratory work-up confirmed secondary HE in 25 (20%) patients; myeloid/lymphoid neoplasms with rearrangements of PDGFRA (n = 9) or PDGFRB (n = 2) (9%); HE associated with a well-defined myeloid neoplasm in 8 (6%); and abnormal bone marrow and/or molecular genetic abnormalities consistent with chronic eosinophilic leukemia (CEL), not otherwise specified (NOS) in 21 (17%) patients. Read More
CASE (Phila) 2018 Jun 14;2(3):114-117. Epub 2018 Apr 14.
East Carolina Heart Institute, Greenville, North Carolina.
Int J Surg Case Rep 2018 20;49:251-254. Epub 2018 Jul 20.
Takahashi Breast and Gastroenterology Clinic, Yamazaki Seiren Bldg. 2F, 6-2-22, Uehonmachi, Tennoji-Ku, Osaka City, Osaka 543-0001, Japan. Electronic address:
Introduction: Eosinophilic mastitis caused by eosinophil infiltration of the mammary gland is very rare. To date, no report has been published on treating patients with this disorder using anti-allergic drugs. Steroids are commonly used in these cases, but have greater burden. Read More
Pulm Circ 2018 Jan 1:2045894018793999. Epub 2018 Jan 1.
The First Bethune Hospital of Jilin University.
Am J Clin Pathol 2018 Oct;150(5):421-431
Division of Hematopathology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN.
Objectives: Determine ancillary test utilization for the workup of isolated eosinophilia in otherwise morphologically unremarkable bone marrow (BM).
Methods: We evaluated BM ancillary testing performed in cases with isolated eosinophilia and otherwise morphologically unremarkable BM. Cases with abnormal morphology (eg, dysplasia, basophilia) and/or findings suggestive of a disorder (eg, unexplained thromboses, lymphoma) are specifically excluded. Read More
Intensive Care Med 2018 Jul 13. Epub 2018 Jul 13.
Médecine Intensive Réanimation, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Nice, 06200, Nice, France.
Clin Rev Allergy Immunol 2018 Jul 12. Epub 2018 Jul 12.
Division of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA.
Hypereosinophilic syndrome and mastocytosis are relatively rare proliferative diseases encountered in the general population. However, allergists frequently consider these disorders in the differential of patients presenting with gastrointestinal, pulmonary, cutaneous, and allergic symptoms. Gastrointestinal symptoms are some of the most frequent and/or debilitating aspects of both disease states and in many cases lead to poor quality of life and functional limitation for the patient. Read More
Respir Med Case Rep 2018 19;25:30-32. Epub 2018 May 19.
Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA.
Hypereosinophilic syndrome (HES) is characterized by a persistently elevated eosinophil count associated with eosinophil-related end-organ damage and thromboembolic events, in the absence of an identifiable cause. We present a case of idiopathic HES with evidence of peripheral and tissue eosinophilia while on high dose prednisone, associated with muscle tension dysphonia, colitis, and jackhammer esophagus. The patient was treated with the interleukin-5 inhibitor, Mepolizumab, with resolution of symptoms including dyspnea, diarrhea and dysphonia. Read More
J Gastroenterol Hepatol 2018 Nov 10;33(11):1817. Epub 2018 Jul 10.
Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Niigata University, Niigata City, Niigata, Japan.
JAAD Case Rep 2018 Jun 30;4(5):443-445. Epub 2018 Apr 30.
The Department of Dermatology, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut.
Mol Clin Oncol 2018 Jul 21;9(1):35-39. Epub 2018 May 21.
Santa Terezinha University Hospital, Joaçaba, Santa Catarina 89600-000, Brazil.
Hypereosinophilic syndrome is a rare, chronic hematological disease characterized by a persistently elevated eosinophil count exceeding 1.5×10/l, following the exclusion of other potential etiologies. The systemic involvement of the disease causes tissue damage through eosinophil infiltration, and may affect various organs; cardiac complications are observed in 50-60% of cases, which are predominately attributed to endomyocardial fibrosis. Read More
Pathobiology 2018 Jun 29:1-14. Epub 2018 Jun 29.
Hypereosinophilia (HE) is defined as a persistent elevated eosinophil count of ≥1.5 × 109/L. HE can be one of the dominant manifestations of a hematopoietic myeloid neoplasm or secondary/reactive to an underlying medical condition. Read More
Pan Afr Med J 2017 28;28:270. Epub 2017 Nov 28.
Service de Cardiologie, Hôpital Habib Thameur, Tunis.
We report the case of a 30-year old man with no previous medical history and without cardiovascular risk factors, hospitalized for NYHA Class IV dyspnoea associated with palpitations in the Department of Cardiology. Clinical examination showed signs of cardiac decompensation. The patient didn't have fever, hepatosplenomegaly and palpable lymphadenopathies. Read More
An Bras Dermatol 2018 Jun;93(3):451-453
Department of Dermatology, Faculdade de Medicina de Botucatu, Universidade Estadual Paulista, Botucatu, SP, Brazil.
Hypereosinophilic syndrome is defined as persistent eosinophilia (>1500/µL for more than six months) associated with organ involvement, excluding secondary causes. It is a rare, potentially lethal disease that should be considered in cutaneous conditions associated with hypereosinophilia. We report a case of erythroderma as a manifestation of hypereosinophilic syndrome. Read More
Ann Pediatr Cardiol 2018 May-Aug;11(2):217-218
Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Clemenceau Medical Center, Beirut, Lebanon.
A 9-year-old boy with hypereosinophilic syndrome (HES) was referred for cardiac magnetic resonance (CMR) imaging following an abnormal echocardiogram that showed a large mass layered on the inferolateral wall of the left ventricle, causing secondary severe mitral regurgitation. Cardiac involvement in HES usually affects the ventricular apex. In our case, CMR confirmed the presence of a large mural thrombus of 0. Read More
Rev Med Interne 2018 Oct 11;39(10):782-791. Epub 2018 Jun 11.
Service des maladies infectieuses et de réanimation médicale, CHU Pontchaillou, 2, rue Henri-Le-Guilloux, 35033 Rennes cedex, France. Electronic address:
Non-infective endocarditis, also referred to as non-bacterial thrombotic endocarditis, represent a wide range of rare pathologies, often severe. This review gathered the data available in the literature, to decipher the major information collected on the pathophysiology, the diagnosis and the treatment of these heterogeneous diseases, often misdiagnosed. Characteristics of non-infective endocarditis are similar to infective endocarditis in terms of valvular lesions (mostly left-sided, with regurgitations and vegetations), and their complications (embolism). Read More
J Allergy Clin Immunol Pract 2018 Sep - Oct;6(5):1462-1482.e6. Epub 2018 Jun 12.
Department of Dermatology and Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minn.
Eosinophils are bone marrow-derived cells that infiltrate skin and mucous membrane in a broad spectrum of primary and reactive inflammatory diseases and malignancies. The eosinophil has potent proinflammatory activities, particularly, through the effects of its toxic granule proteins. In addition, eosinophils have prothrombotic and profibrotic activities. Read More
JAAD Case Rep 2018 Mar 4;4(2):175-178. Epub 2018 Feb 4.
Department of Dermatology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas.
Generalized morphea is associated with epoxy resin vapors and is characterized by the development of lesions shortly after exposure. Morphea presenting along with eosinophilic fasciitis (EF), or morphea/EF overlap, is rare and an indicator of poor prognosis and resistance to treatment. Here we present a case of generalized morphea/EF overlap linked to epoxy exposure. Read More
Niger J Clin Pract 2018 Jun;21(6):816-819
Department of Haematology, University College Hospital, Ibadan, Nigeria.
Atopic transverse myelitis is a rare disorder that is defined as a localized myelitis of an unknown cause in patients with either high immunoglobulin E (IgE) level or mite-specific IgE or coexistent atopic disease. It is a cause of intramedullary cord lesions, but its diagnosis does not need tissue confirmation. We report a case of a patient who presented with bladder and anal incontinence, paresthesia, and lower limb weakness. Read More
Clin Case Rep 2018 Jun 6;6(6):999-1005. Epub 2018 Apr 6.
Small Animal Hospital School of Veterinary Medicine College of Medical Veterinary and Life Sciences University of Glasgow Bearsden Road Glasgow G61 1QH UK.
Spinal lymphoma is a rare manifestation of a common canine hematopoietic neoplasia. Description of treatment, outcome, and MRI features are scarce. The latter can be heterogeneous, stressing the importance of lesion excision and analysis. Read More
J Allergy Clin Immunol Pract 2018 Jul - Aug;6(4):1162-1170. Epub 2018 Jun 2.
Department of Infectious Diseases and Immunity, Jessa Hospital. BIOMED Research Institute, University of Hasselt, Hasselt, Belgium.
A wide differential diagnosis must be considered in a patient presenting with urticarial plaques. Although acute and chronic urticaria are the commonest diagnoses, other differential diagnoses include polymorphous eruption of pregnancy, mast cell disorders, hypereosinophilic syndrome, urticarial vasculitis, pemphigoid, systemic lupus erythematosus, and autoinflammatory disease. This review will specifically address urticarial vasculitis and autoinflammatory syndromes. Read More
Int J Environ Res Public Health 2018 06 4;15(6). Epub 2018 Jun 4.
Pediatric Clinic, Department of Surgical and Biomedical Sciences, Università degli Studi di Perugia, Piazza Menghini 1, 06132 Perugia, Italy.
: Hypereosinophilia in children can be primary or secondary. Numerous malignant diseases can cause hypereosinophilia, but it is seldom caused by acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL). In the event of protracted hypereosinophilia, it is extremely important to make a correct differential diagnosis. Read More
Ann Allergy Asthma Immunol 2018 Aug 24;121(2):179-185. Epub 2018 May 24.
Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, Ohio; Division of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine and Perinatal Institute, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinatti, Ohio.
Objective: To describe key diagnostic considerations in patients with pulmonary infiltrates with eosinophilia, with a special emphasis on raising awareness of hypereosinophilic syndrome (HES), a disease that often involves the lungs and prompts investigation for clonal neoplastic processes that determine prognosis and treatment.
Data Sources: Studies and review articles were selected from PubMed and Scopus for relevance to pertinent topics.
Study Selections: The literature was screened for studies that described lung eosinophilia and HES. Read More
Int Heart J 2018 Jul 23;59(4):887-890. Epub 2018 May 23.
Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Saitama Medical Center, Jichi Medical University.
Hypereosinophilic syndrome (HES) is characterized by multi-organ damage that is associated with tissue hypereosinophilia. A persistently elevated eosinophilic count is also required for the diagnosis of HES. Although HES affects various organs, damage to pulmonary artery is rarely reported. Read More
Case Rep Otolaryngol 2018 26;2018:5965029. Epub 2018 Mar 26.
Department of Otorhinolaryngology and Head & Neck Surgery, University of Yamanashi, Yamanashi, Japan.
Hypereosinophilic syndrome (HES) is a systemic disease characterized by an increased peripheral blood eosinophil count accompanied by systemic organ dysfunction. HES is classified into idiopathic HES, primary (neoplastic) HES (HES), and secondary (reactive) HES (HES). In this case report, a patient who developed peripheral blood eosinophilia and granulation tissue in the pharynx and paranasal sinus, which was initially diagnosed as chronic eosinophilic leukemia (CEL), categorized as HES, but was eventually identified after the patient had died as natural killer/T-cell (NK/T) lymphoma, nasal type (ENKL), categorized as HES, is presented. Read More
G Ital Dermatol Venereol 2018 May 16. Epub 2018 May 16.
Dermatology Unit, Department of Physiopathology and Transplantation, Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda, Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milan, Italy.