Search Our Scientific Publications & Authors

J Pediatr Endocrinol Metab 2020 Jul 10. Epub 2020 Jul 10.

Department of Pediatrics, Nagasaki University Hospital, Nagasaki, Japan.

Background Denosumab is an inhibitor of receptor activator of nuclear factor kappa-B ligand, which strongly suppresses osteoclasts. Cherubism is a rare autosomal dominant disorder characterized by symmetrical swelling of the jaws, in which the bone is replaced by a fibrous granuloma containing osteoclast-like giant cells. Case presentation We report the efficacy and safety of denosumab treatment in a prepubertal boy with progressive cherubism. Read More

Clin Exp Otorhinolaryngol 2020 Jul 11. Epub 2020 Jul 11.

Section of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Pendik Training and Research Hospital, Marmara University Medical Faculty, Istanbul, Turkey.

Objectives.: As calcium included as a part of routine laboratory screening early diagnosis of primary hyperparathyroidism (PHPT) has been increased. Surgical resection of parathyroid adenoma or hyperplasia still is the mainstay of the treatment for most PHPT patients. Read More

Cureus 2020 Jun 4;12(6):e8435. Epub 2020 Jun 4.

Pediatric Endocrinology, Nemours Children's Hospital, Orlando, USA.

Severe hypercalcemia in diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA) among children is rare and can be life-threatening. Its exact etiology is not clear and several mechanisms related to dehydration and metabolic acidosis have been proposed. Rigorous hydration with the correct fluid choice usually corrects the hypercalcemia in those without other underlying causes of hypercalcemia such as hyperparathyroidism. Read More

Cureus 2020 Jun 2;12(6):e8417. Epub 2020 Jun 2.

Endocrinology, Anaheim Regional Medical Center, Anaheim, USA.

The most common underlying diagnosis of intracranial tumor pathology is metastatic disease, followed by primary brain tumors. Chondrosarcomatous metastatic disease of the brain is a rare subtype of this disease process. The patient presented with right-sided weakness. Read More

Intern Med 2020 Jul 7. Epub 2020 Jul 7.

First Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Occupational and Environmental Health, Japan.

A 53-year-old woman presented with bone pain and was diagnosed with osteomalacia because of hypophosphatemia, hyperphosphatasemia, bone pain, and radiographic findings. Because her intact-fibroblast growth factor 23 (FGF23) levels were high and contrast-enhanced computed tomography revealed a mass in the anterior ethmoid sinus, FGF23-related osteomalacia was diagnosed. The tumor was resected, but she developed hypercalcemia and elevated blood parathyroid hormone (PTH) levels. Read More

Dermatol Ther (Heidelb) 2020 Jul 7. Epub 2020 Jul 7.

Department of Dermatology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, USA.

Psoriasis is a skin condition that affects over 100 million people worldwide, while multiple myeloma (MM) accounts for 10% of all hematologic malignancies in the US. There has been limited research on the intersection of psoriasis and MM, and clinicians often face difficult decisions in treating patients diagnosed with both conditions. For instance, the management of psoriasis with systemic immunotherapies in MM patients can be challenging because of concern about immunosuppression and possible worsening of MM. Read More

Calcif Tissue Int 2020 Jul 8. Epub 2020 Jul 8.

Department of Endocrinology and Diabetes, Sir Charles Gairdner Hospital, Block C, Level 1, Hospital Avenue, Nedlands, WA, Australia.

Identification of variants in the calcium-sensing receptor (CASR) gene is an important means of distinguishing between familial hypocalciuric hypercalcaemia (FHH) and primary hyperparathyroidism. However, identification and bioinformatics analysis of genetic variants alone is now considered insufficient as definitive proof; additional functional assessment is required to diagnose FHH with certainty. We identified two novel variants, D433Y and C739Y, and one previously reported variant G509R in the CASR of four kindreds provisionally diagnosed with FHH and aimed to functionally characterise these variants to confirm the diagnosis. Read More

CEN Case Rep 2020 Jul 6. Epub 2020 Jul 6.

Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Department of Internal Medicine, The Jikei University School of Medicine, 3-25-8, Nishi-Shimbashi, Minato-ku, Tokyo, Japan.

Hypercalcemia is usually secondary to one etiology, although two coexisting etiologies can rarely cause hypercalcemia. Here, we report a 47-year-old woman with hypercalcemia caused by comorbid parathyroid adenoma and pulmonary tuberculosis. Primary hyperparathyroidism is the most common cause of hypercalcemia. Read More

EFSA J 2018 Aug 7;16(8):e05365. Epub 2018 Aug 7.

Following a request from the European Commission, the Panel on Dietetic Products, Nutrition and Allergies (NDA) was asked to revise the tolerable upper intake level (UL) for vitamin D for infants (≤ 1 year) set in 2012. From its literature review, the Panel concluded that the available evidence on daily vitamin D intake and the risk of adverse health outcomes (hypercalciuria, hypercalcaemia, nephrocalcinosis and abnormal growth patterns) cannot be used alone for deriving the UL for infants. The Panel conducted a meta-regression analysis of collected data, to derive a dose-response relationship between daily supplemental intake of vitamin D and mean achieved serum 25(OH)D concentrations. Read More

Lancet HIV 2020 Jul;7(7):e463-e471

Department of Global Health and Population, Harvard TH Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA; Department of Nutrition, Harvard TH Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA; Department of Epidemiology, Harvard TH Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA.

Background: Observational data suggest that low vitamin D status is associated with an increased incidence of pulmonary tuberculosis and mortality among people living with HIV. The primary aims of this study were to assess the effect of vitamin D supplementation on the risk of mortality and incidence of pulmonary tuberculosis among adults initiating antiretroviral therapy (ART).

Methods: This was a randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial of vitamin D supplementation among adults living with HIV who initiated ART and had serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D concentrations of less than 30 ng/mL at four large HIV care and treatment centres in Dar es Salaam, Tanzania. Read More

Endocr Connect 2020 Jul 1. Epub 2020 Jul 1.

C Khoo, Medicine, NUS Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, Singapore, 117597, Singapore.

Purpose: Primary hyperparathyroidism (PHPT) is common condition, affecting people of all ages and is mainly treated with parathyroidectomy. Cinacalcet has been widely used in secondary or tertiary hyperparathyroidism, but the use of cinacalcet in PHPT is less clear.

Methods: Searches were conducted in Medline and Embase for cinacalcet use in PHPT from induction to 10th April 2020. Read More

Dermatol Ther 2020 Jul 2. Epub 2020 Jul 2.

Department of Dermatology, Faculty of Medicine, Pamukkale University, Denizli, Turkey.

Clin Rheumatol 2020 Jul 1. Epub 2020 Jul 1.

Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Kocaeli Government Hospital, Gunes Street 41300, Kocaeli, Turkey.

Multiple myeloma (MM) is a malignant tumor originating from plasma cells that synthesize immunoglobulin in an abnormal amount and invade the bone marrow. The presenting symptoms have usually been severe bone pain, osteolytic bone damage and pathologic fractures, hypercalcemia, kidney damage, compromised immune function, and anemia. The patient age is typically over 40, with the majority of the cases diagnosed between ages 50 and 70. Read More

Front Surg 2020 16;7:30. Epub 2020 Jun 16.

Department of Transplant and Endocrine Surgery, Manchester Royal Infirmary, Manchester University NHS Foundation Trust, Manchester, United Kingdom.

Hypercalcaemia can be caused by many disorders. Primary hyperparathyroidism is the leading cause with parathyroidectomy being the definitive management. Familial hypocalciuric hypercalcaemia is a rarer cause in which resection of the parathyroid tissue does not result in normalized serum calcium. Read More

BMC Endocr Disord 2020 Jun 30;20(1):97. Epub 2020 Jun 30.

Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People's Hospital, Shanghai Diabetes Institute, Shanghai Clinical Center for Diabetes, Shanghai key Laboratory of Diabetes Mellitus, 600 Yishan Road, Shanghai, 200233, China.

Background: Hyperthyroidism-induced hypercalcemia has been reported previously, but hypercalcemia accompanied by severe osteoporosis and significant thymic enlargement in patients with hyperthyroidism is quite rare. We report the coexistence of hypercalcemia, osteoporosis and thymic enlargement in a patient with Graves' disease.

Case Presentation: A 22-year-old female was diagnosed as Graves' disease with obviously elevated serum calcium and reduced parathyroid hormone levels. Read More

Am J Med 2020 Jun 27. Epub 2020 Jun 27.

Department of Pathology, University of Arizona, Banner University Medical Center Tucson Campus, Tucson, AZ 85724, USA.

Endokrynol Pol 2020 Jun 29. Epub 2020 Jun 29.

Surgical Oncology, Garibaldi-Nesima Hospital, Via Palermo n° 636, 95122 Catania, Italy.

. Read More

Urologiia 2020 Jun(3):81-86

I.M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University of Ministry of Public Health of the Russian Federation, Moscow, Russia.

Kidney stone disease (KSD) is an actual problem of modern health care. By now, more than 80 monogenic forms of urolithiasis have been described. To diagnose such forms of KSD different molecular genetic technologies are used. Read More

Pediatr Nephrol 2020 Jun 25. Epub 2020 Jun 25.

Division of Pediatric Endocrinology, Department of Pediatrics, Koç University School of Medicine, Istanbul, Turkey.

Pediatr Nephrol 2020 Jun 25. Epub 2020 Jun 25.

Division of Pediatric Endocrinology, Department of Pediatrics, Koç University School of Medicine, Istanbul, Turkey.

Mediators Inflamm 2020 6;2020:1835836. Epub 2020 Jun 6.

Department of Hematology, Medical University of Lodz, Poland.

The aim of the study was to determine the levels of selected cytokines and chemokines in the serum of multiple myeloma (MM) patients treated with bortezomib-based regimens. A total of 71 MM patients were examined: 41 with primary refractory disease (17) or early relapse (28), and 30 who were bortezomib sensitive with no progression for at least six months. Patients who demonstrated CR or PR after bortezomib-based therapies longer than six months after treatment discontinuation were designated bortezomib sensitive. Read More

J Investig Med High Impact Case Rep 2020 Jan-Dec;8:2324709620936836

Department of Medicine, Albany Medical College, Albany, NY, USA.

Cinacalcet use is associated with risk of hypocalcemia; however, this risk has been mostly demonstrated in patients with chronic kidney disease. In this article, we describe a case of a 59-year-old male with primary hyperparathyroidism (PHPT), hypercalciuria, osteopenia, and normal kidney function who was started on cinacalcet for the management of recurrent hypercalcemia following prior unsuccessful parathyroidectomy. Within 6 months following cinacalcet commencement, he developed symptomatic and biochemical hypocalcemia requiring discontinuation of the medication and initiation of calcium supplementation. Read More

Front Cell Dev Biol 2020 5;8:435. Epub 2020 Jun 5.

Faculty of Dentistry, McGill University, Montréal, QC, Canada.

Metastatic bone disease is generally incurable and leads to pathological fractures, pain, hypercalcemia, spinal cord compression and decreased mobility. The skeleton is the major site of bone metastases from solid cancers, including breast and prostate carcinoma. Bone metastasis is facilitated by activation of bone-resorbing osteoclasts, terminally differentiated multinucleated cells formed by fusion from monocytic precursors. Read More

Front Oncol 2020 3;10:789. Epub 2020 Jun 3.

Medical Oncology, Bio-Medico University of Rome, Rome, Italy.

Bone is one of the preferential sites of distant metastases from malignant tumors, with the highest prevalence observed in breast and prostate cancers. Patients with bone metastases (BMs) may experience skeletal-related events, such as severe bone pain, pathological fractures, spinal cord compression, and hypercalcemia, with negative effects on the quality of life. In the last decades, a deeper understanding of the molecular mechanisms underlying the BM onset has been gained, leading to the development of bone-targeting agents. Read More

BMC Geriatr 2020 Jun 24;20(1):221. Epub 2020 Jun 24.

Internal Medicine Department, Faculty of Medicine, Federal University of Uberlândia, Uberlândia, Minas Gerais, Brazil.

Background: This case report, unlike the current literature related to vitamin D intoxication, aims to highlight the risk of self-medication, and how publicity boosts the acquisition of vitamins for different purposes, increasing consumption with no professional indication or supervision. This practice can pose a serious health risk to the population.

Case Presentation: Our patient, a brazilian retired 64-year-old female, presented to the emergency service with post-prandial food vomiting of undigested content and stabbing abdominal pain with worsening during palpation. Read More

Hormones (Athens) 2020 Jun 23. Epub 2020 Jun 23.

Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Marmara University School of Medicine, Istanbul, Turkey.

Parathyroid cancer is a rare malignancy and an uncommon cause of hyperparathyroidism. In the present study, we present seven cases of parathyroid carcinoma. The female ratio was 5/7 (71. Read More

FP Essent 2020 Jun;493:30-35

UNC Department of Family Medicine, 590 Manning Drive, Chapel Hill, NC 27599.

Multiple myeloma (MM) is a malignancy of bone marrow plasma cells that produce abnormal immunoglobulins. It is the second most common hematologic cancer and typically is diagnosed in individuals ages 65 to 74 years. MM is the final stage in a continuum that starts with monoclonal gammopathies of undetermined significance (MGUS), a premalignant condition characterized by production of abnormal immunoglobulins. Read More

Surg Case Rep 2020 Jun 22;6(1):145. Epub 2020 Jun 22.

Department of Breast and Endocrine Surgery, Tokyo Women's Medical University, 8-1 Kawada-cho, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, Japan.

Background: Parathyroid carcinoma as a cause of primary hyperparathyroidism in children is extremely rare. We report a case of parathyroid carcinoma which occurred in a 13-year-old girl who survived for more than 45 years after the first operation.

Case Presentation: A woman was admitted to our hospital for the treatment of recurrent parathyroid carcinoma in the neck. Read More

Vet Rec 2020 Jun 22. Epub 2020 Jun 22.

Koret School of Veterinary Medicine, The Robert H. Smith Faculty of Agriculture, Food and Environment, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Rehovot, Israel.

Background: Aerobic blood sample collection and processing results in increased serum pH and decreased ionised calcium (iCa) concentration. This prospective study aimed to determine the effect of pH and storage conditions on measured iCa concentration in serum samples obtained from dogs and cats and establish correction formulas for use in samples obtained aerobically.

Methods: Blood samples were collected from 44 dogs and 25 cats; iCa and pH were measured immediately under anaerobic conditions and in samples stored under several aerobic conditions. Read More

CMAJ 2020 Jun;192(25):E671-E675

Divisions of Paediatric Medicine (Lorenzo, Gill) and Endocrinology (Harrington), Department of Paediatrics, The Hospital for Sick Children and University of Toronto; Division of Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology (Nadeau), Department of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.

BMC Nephrol 2020 Jun 22;21(1):235. Epub 2020 Jun 22.

Department of Urology, Toranomon Hospital, 2-2-2 Toranomon, Minato-ku, Tokyo, 105-0001, Japan.

Background: Sarcoidosis is a multisystem inflammatory disorder and can affect any organ; however, ureteric involvement is extremely rare with only four cases reported in the literature to date, all of which were diagnosed with surgical ureteral resection including a nephroureterectomy. This study reports the first case of ureteric sarcoidosis controlled with medical therapy where a differential diagnosis was performed based on the diagnostic clue of hypercalcemia. A definitive diagnosis was established without surgical resection of the ureter. Read More

Thromb Res 2020 May 25;194:21-25. Epub 2020 May 25.

Department of Radiology, Haeundae Paik Hospital, Inje University College of Medicine, Pusan, Republic of Korea.

Introduction: This study aimed to determine the risk factors for subclinical umbilical catheter-related thrombosis (UCRT) and its association with clinical morbidities.

Materials And Methods: In infants without any symptoms associated with umbilical catheterization, the presence of thrombosis was monitored using abdominal ultrasonography within 1 week after umbilical catheter removal. The association between UCRT and the clinical variables was analyzed by comparing the groups with and without UCRT. Read More

Endocr Metab Immune Disord Drug Targets 2020 Jun 19. Epub 2020 Jun 19.

Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai. China.

Background: Sarcoidosis and Sjögren's syndrome (SS) are chronic multi-system inflammatory diseases of unknown origin that most commonly attack the salivary glands. Both of the diseases have vague and nonspecific symptoms, causing difficulties for the clinicians to distinguish between the two diseases. Most diagnostic criteria of SS exclude sarcoidosis. Read More

Endocrinol Diabetes Metab Case Rep 2020 Jun 4;2020. Epub 2020 Jun 4.

Department of Medicine and Surgery, Endocrine Unit, University of Insubria, Varese, Italy.

Summary: Brown tumors are osteoclastic, benign lesions characterized by fibrotic stroma, intense vascularization and multinucleated giant cells. They are the terminal expression of the bone remodelling process occurring in advanced hyperparathyroidism. Nowadays, due to earlier diagnosis, primary hyperparathyroidism keeps few of the classical manifestations and brown tumors are definitely unexpected. Read More

J Prim Care Community Health 2020 Jan-Dec;11:2150132720932411

Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA.

A 72-year-old gentleman who presented to the outpatient clinic for a preventive health appointment with symptoms of depression and fatigue was found to have persistent hypercalcemia on routine laboratory monitoring. Initial laboratory testing was consistent with primary hyperparathyroidism with elevation in parathyroid hormone and low vitamin D levels. Further imaging demonstrated an ectopic mediastinal parathyroid adenoma. Read More

SAGE Open Med Case Rep 2020 3;8:2050313X20926421. Epub 2020 Jun 3.

Department of Internal Medicine, Inova Fairfax Medical Campus, Falls Church, VA, USA.

The diagnosis of extrapulmonary tuberculosis in patients with end-stage renal disease can be challenging as the signs and symptoms are often non-specific. In this study, we present a case of extrapulmonary tuberculosis in an Ethiopian woman with end-stage renal disease who had subcarinal and right hilar lymphadenopathy, moderate sized right pleural effusion, hypercalcemia, and elevated parathyroid hormone-related protein in the setting of an elevated 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D. After being started on appropriate tuberculosis treatment, patient's parathyroid hormone-related protein level decreased and calcium level normalized. Read More

Case Rep Oncol 2020 May-Aug;13(2):578-582. Epub 2020 May 26.

Hamad Medical Corporation, Doha, Qatar.

Polycythemia vera is one of the myeloproliferative neoplasms that is distinguished by the uncontrolled production of blood cells and an increased red cell mass due to acquired mutation. It has many complications and it might increase the risk of other tumors. However, it does not cause hypercalcemia and is rarely associated with parathyroid adenoma. Read More

Ann Surg Oncol 2020 Jun 15. Epub 2020 Jun 15.

North Texas VA Health Care System, Dallas, TX, USA.

Background: Hyperparathyroidism substantially impairs quality of life, and effective treatment depends on timely referral to surgeons. We hypothesized that there would be race and gender disparities in the time from initial diagnosis of hyperparathyroidism to treatment with parathyroidectomy.

Methods: We reviewed administrative data on 2289 patients with hypercalcemia (calcium > 10. Read More

JBMR Plus 2020 Jun 27;4(6):e10362. Epub 2020 Apr 27.

Department of Endocrinology Monash Health Melbourne Australia.

Familial hypocalciuric hypercalcemia (FHH) is a group of autosomal dominant disorders caused by dysfunction of the calcium sensing receptor (CaSR) and its downstream signaling proteins, leading to generally asymptomatic hypercalcemia. During pregnancy, distinguishing FHH from primary hyperparathyroidism (PHPT) is important, as the latter is associated with adverse outcomes and can be treated surgically during pregnancy, whereas the former is benign. This case report highlights the difficulties in diagnosing FHH during pregnancy. Read More

Med Hypotheses 2020 Jun 7;144:109982. Epub 2020 Jun 7.

Department of Surgery, Division of Otolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, University of Connecticut Health, 263 Farmington Avenue, Farmington, CT 06030, USA. Electronic address:

Primary hyperparathyroidism (PHPT) is a common endocrine condition which disrupts physiologic calcium regulation. PHPT causes persistent hypercalcemia via the elevated and constant secretion of parathyroid hormone. Due to the effects of parathyroid hormone on target organs such as the bones, kidneys and gastrointestinal tract, untreated PHPT can lead to complications such as decreased bone mineral density, nephrolithiasis, and chronic abdominal pain, respectively. Read More

Int J Mol Sci 2020 Jun 9;21(11). Epub 2020 Jun 9.

Department of Biotechnological and Applied Clinical Sciences, University of L'Aquila, 67100 L'Aquila, Italy.

Bone metastases (BM) are a very common complication of the most prevalent human cancers. BM are extremely painful and may be life-threatening when associated with hypercalcaemia. BM can lead to kidney failure and cardiac arrhythmias and arrest, but why and how do cancer cells decide to "switch homes" and move to bone? In this review, we will present what answers science has provided so far, with focus on the molecular mechanisms and cellular aspects of well-established findings, such as the concept of "vicious cycle" and "osteolytic" vs. Read More

AACE Clin Case Rep 2020 May-Jun;6(3):e135-e140. Epub 2020 May 8.

Objective: Hypercalcemia of malignancy (HCM) is caused by 1 of 5 known mechanisms including systemic release of ectopic parathyroid hormone (PTH)-related protein (PTHrP), calcitriol, PTH, cytokines, or destruction of bone by osteolytic metastases. We report the first case of 2 simultaneous mechanisms for HCM in a patient with a peripheral nerve sheath tumor (PNST).

Methods: PubMed and Google Scholar searches were performed using "hypercalcemia of malignancy" as the search term. Read More

AACE Clin Case Rep 2020 May-Jun;6(3):e113-e116. Epub 2020 May 11.

Objective: Parathyroid carcinoma (PTC) has a high rate of recurrence, which typically occurs within 5 years of diagnosis involving locoregional sites. Immunosuppressive therapies pose a theoretical increased risk of malignancy. We report an atypical case of PTC recurrence in a patient receiving infliximab therapy for ulcerative colitis (UC). Read More

IDCases 2020 28;21:e00844. Epub 2020 May 28.

Department of Gastroenterology, Sir Gangaram Hospital, New Delhi, India.

Histoplasmosis is caused by . Like most fungal infections, histoplasmosis is common in immunocompromised patients. In immunocompetent patient, infection is generally asymptomatic and rarely turns into a disseminated form. Read More

Hosp Pharm 2020 Jun 21;55(3):163-167. Epub 2019 Feb 21.

Methodist University Hospital, Memphis, TN, USA.

Hypercalcemia is a relatively common problem that may require hospital admission based on severity. A treatment option for hypercalcemia is calcitonin given intramuscularly or subcutaneously. In 2015, calcitonin was on our health system formulary, but due to a sharp rise in cost, restrictions were placed to ensure appropriate utilization. Read More

Head Neck Pathol 2020 Jun 6. Epub 2020 Jun 6.

Institute of Pathology, Lausanne University Hospital and University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland.

We describe the histological, histochemical, and immunohistochemical features of an unusual neoplasm of the parathyroid gland showing the histologic criteria of a mixed neuroendocrine-nonneuroendocrine neoplasm (MiNEN). To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report of such a tumor. A 43-year old male presented with acute and severe abdominal pain due to acute pancreatitis. Read More

Cir Esp 2020 Jun 3. Epub 2020 Jun 3.

Servicio en Cirugía General y Aparato Digestivo, Hospital General Universitario Reina Sofía, Murcia, España.

Transpl Infect Dis 2020 Jun 5:e13354. Epub 2020 Jun 5.

Department of Hematology/Oncology, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR, USA.

Hypercalcemia is a common laboratory finding in patients with malignancy, as well as with granulomatous disease. We report the case of a 75-year-old man with multiple myeloma (MM) who presented with generalized weakness, fever, and intractable hypercalcemia. The hypercalcemia proved difficult to treat despite well-controlled MM, as well as adequate use of bisphosphonates and calcitonin. Read More

Osteoporos Int 2020 Jun 5. Epub 2020 Jun 5.

Endocrinology and Metabolism Department, Ankara Yildirim Beyazit University, Ankara, Turkey.

Primary hyperparathyroidism (PHPT) is the most common cause of hypercalcemia in the clinical setting and affects 0.3% of the population. Parathyroidectomy is the only definitive cure. Read More