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Ann Agric Environ Med 2019 Mar 19;26(1):103-108. Epub 2018 Sep 19.

Department of Paediatrics, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Krakow, Poland.

Introduction And Objectives: Insect stings are the second trigger of anaphylaxis in children and adolescents, causing a potentially life-threatening reactions. Hence health-related quality of life (HRQoL) is an important issue for Hymenoptera venom allergy (HVA) patients. The aim of this cross-sectional study was to evaluate the impact of HVA on young patients' HRQoL, including their socio-demographic characteristics. Read More

Allergy Asthma Proc 2019 Mar;40(2):116-122

Many risk factors that facilitate venom allergy and increase systemic reaction severity have been described in various studies, but the data are limited regarding this issue. We aimed to evaluate the impact of total immunoglobulin E (tIgE), specific IgE, and tryptase levels on the severity of systemic reactions in patients with a history of allergic reactions to Hymenoptera stings. Eighty-two patients with a history of allergic reaction to Hymenoptera venom admitted to our outpatient clinic between March 2016 and August 2017 were included. Read More

Pol Arch Intern Med 2019 03 14;129(3):160-166. Epub 2019 Feb 14.

INTRODUCTION Hymenoptera insect stings (ISs) in the head and neck (H&N) region are commonly considered to be a risk factor for grade IV systemic reactions (SRs) in patients with Hymenoptera venom allergy (HVA). However, clinical data addressing this issue are scarce. OBJECTIVES The aim of our study was to verify whether ISs in the H&N region were related to a higher risk of grade IV SRs in patients with HVA. Read More

Infect Dis Clin North Am 2019 Mar;33(1):17-38

Nuffield Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Oxford, John Radcliffe Hospital, Headington, Oxford OX3 9DU, UK. Electronic address:

This article discusses the epidemiology, prevention, clinical features, and treatment of venomous bites by snakes, lizards, and spiders; stings by fish, jellyfish, echinoderms, insects, and scorpions; and poisoning by ingestion of fish, turtles, and shellfish. Invertebrate stings cause fatalities by anaphylaxis, secondary to acquired hypersensitivity (Hymenoptera, such as bees, wasps, and ants; and jellyfish), and by direct envenoming (scorpions, spiders, jellyfish, and echinoderms). Simple preventive techniques, such as wearing protective clothing, using a flashlight at night, and excluding venomous animals from sleeping quarters, are of paramount importance to reduce the risk of venomous bites and stings. Read More

R I Med J (2013) 2019 Feb 1;102(1):16-22. Epub 2019 Feb 1.

Brown University Department of Dermatology.

Spending time outdoors can be rewarding. However, exposure to the sun, insect bites, and plant exposures may result in a wide range of dermatologic manifestations. In this article, we describe potential cutaneous manifestations of common wilderness exposures in New England including photodermatoses from prolonged sun exposure, phytodermatoses from plant exposures, and arthropod-bite reactions from common insects (mosquitos, spiders, ticks, hymenoptera, mites and chiggers). Read More

Cleve Clin J Med 2019 01;86(1):66-72

Department of Medicine and Pediatrics, University of Tennessee College of Medicine, Memphis, TN, USA.

Patients who have had anaphylaxis or who are at risk of it (eg, due to food allergy or Hymenoptera hypersensitivity) should carry an epinephrine autoinjector at all times. However, the risks and benefits must be considered on an individual basis, especially in patients with atherosclerotic heart disease, elderly patients on polypharmacy, patients receiving allergen immunotherapy, those with large local reactions to insect stings, and individuals with oral allergy syndrome. Read More

J Agromedicine 2019 Apr 29;24(2):146-156. Epub 2019 Jan 29.

b Department of Toxicology , North Carolina State University , Raleigh , NC , USA.

Objective: Ants, bees, hornets, wasps, and yellow jackets (insects in Order Hymenoptera) are potentially a serious concern to outdoor workers, as the venom from their stings can cause life-threatening allergic reactions. This study assessed the impacts of Hymenoptera stings and related worker training regimes of forestry workers across the United States (US).

Methods: A survey was distributed to nearly 2,000 outdoor workers in the forestry industry from four US regions (South, West, Northeast, and Midwest). Read More

J Fr Ophtalmol 2019 Jan 14;42(1):37-43. Epub 2018 Dec 14.

National institute of ophthalmology, faculty of medicine of Tunis (FMT), Tunisia university of Tunis El Manar, Tunis, Tunisia.

Purpose: To describe the ocular findings and management of Hymenoptera insect stings.

Methods: We treated and followed 8 patients with ocular Hymenoptera stings. All patients were admitted through emergencies and hospitalized at the Hedi Rays eye institute in Tunis. Read More

Am J Forensic Med Pathol 2019 Mar;40(1):52-57

From the University of North Dakota School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Grand Forks, ND.

Envenoming syndrome is a systemic toxic reaction to the inoculation of large volume of insect venom, typically after a swarm attack from bees. Africanized honey bees are notorious for their aggressive nature, and human deaths resulting from Africanized honey bee attacks are consistently reported. Whereas anaphylaxis is the most common lethal mechanism of injury, delayed deaths can also occur as a consequence of severe venom toxicity with resultant end organ damage. Read More

Acta Med Port 2018 Nov 30;31(11):618-623. Epub 2018 Nov 30.

Serviço de Imunoalergologia. Centro Hospitalar de São João. Porto. Portugal.

Introduction: Hymenoptera venom allergy is associated with significant morbidity and deterioration in health-related quality of life, and risk of fatal systemic reactions. Although venom immunotherapy is safe and the only effective treatment in allergic individuals, some patients prefer not to pursue this treatment. Since 2011, when the 50% reimbursement was stopped, patients must fully support the cost of immunotherapy. Read More

J Med Case Rep 2018 Oct 14;12(1):294. Epub 2018 Oct 14.

Department of Medicine, University of Peradeniya, Peradeniya, Sri Lanka.

Background: Wasp stings are commonly encountered worldwide and result in a variety of clinical manifestations including local and systemic reactions. Neurological and vascular complications are rarely reported following a wasp sting.

Case Presentation: A 69-year-old Sri Lankan Tamil man presented to our hospital with focal neurological deficit following multiple wasp stings; the deficit was confirmed to be an acute infarction on magnetic resonance imaging scan. Read More

Zhonghua Wei Zhong Bing Ji Jiu Yi Xue 2018 09;30(9):819-823

Department of Emergency, Taihe Hospital, Hubei University of Medicine, Affiliated Hospital of Hubei University of Medicine, Shiyan 442000, Hubei, China. Corresponding author: Xiao Min, Email:

Objective: To improve the diagnosis and treatment of wasp sting, summarize the experience, the experts from Chinese Society of Toxicology Poisoning and Treatment of Specialized Committee, Hubei Emergency Medicine Committee of Chinese Medical Association and Hubei Provincial Poisoning and Occupational Disease Union made the Expert consensus statement on standardized diagnosis and treatment of wasp stings in China on the development of domestic and oversea in this field. The consensus statement emphasized the idea of staged treatment, different treatments at different stages, and strived to achieve bundling and individuation. To achieve the four pairs of different concept as earlier as possible, the "two early" (early assessment and early treatment), the "two anti" (anti-anaphylaxis and anti-shock), namely the "two hormone" (adrenaline and glucocorticoid) and the "two hua" (hydration and alkalization), we could avoid or reduce subsequent organ failures, significantly shorten the course and improve prognosis of wasp sting victims. Read More

Clin Toxicol (Phila) 2019 Apr 11;57(4):240-245. Epub 2018 Oct 11.

c Community Medicine , Indira Gandhi Medical College , Shimla , India.

Aim: To study the epidemiology and outcome of acute kidney injury (AKI) caused by venomous animals.

Methods: A retrospective study of patients admitted at Indira Gandhi Medical College Hospital, Shimla, with AKI due to venomous animals over a period of 15 years (January 2003-December 2017). Medical records were evaluated for patient information on demographic factors, clinical characteristics, complications, and outcome. Read More

J Dtsch Dermatol Ges 2018 Oct;16(10):1228-1247

Department of Dermatology and Allergology, Skin Cancer Center Wiesbaden, Helios Dr. Horst Schmidt Clinics, Wiesbaden, Germany.

Hymenoptera venom allergy is the most common cause of anaphylactic reactions in adults. In children, it is the second most common cause after food-related anaphylaxis. Such reactions are primarily due to stings by honeybees (Apis) and certain social wasps (Vespula vulgaris and Vespula germanica in particular). Read More

Pediatr Allergy Immunol 2019 02 20;30(1):93-98. Epub 2018 Nov 20.

Paediatrics and Child Health, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland.

Background: Insect venom is the second most common cause of anaphylaxis outside of medical encounters. Stings cause over 20% of all anaphylactic deaths and 7% of anaphylaxis in children. To date, there have been no longitudinal studies of insect sting events or allergy in preschool children. Read More

DNA Cell Biol 2018 Dec 28;37(12):967-972. Epub 2018 Sep 28.

4 Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Institute of Respiratory Medicine, Taihe Hospital, Hubei University of Medicine, Shiyan, China.

Previous studies have shown that serum levels of interleukin-6 (IL-6), which plays an important role in the development of systemic inflammatory response syndrome (SIRS), is significantly increased in wasp sting patients. However, the association between IL-6 gene variants and the risk of SIRS development in these patients is not clearly understood. In this study, we investigated the association between IL-6 gene polymorphism in the promoter region and the risk of SIRS in wasp sting patients. Read More

Indian J Ophthalmol 2018 Oct;66(10):1466-1467

Tej Kohli Cornea Institute, L V Prasad Eye Institute, Hyderabad, Telangana, India.

Int Arch Allergy Immunol 2018;177(4):365-369. Epub 2018 Sep 3.

Allergy Unit, Department of Internal Medicine, University Hospital of Ancona, Allergy and Clinical Immunology School, Università Politecnica delle Marche, Ancona,

Cross-reactions between Polistes dominula and Vespula species are common in southern Europe. Currently, only CAP-inhibition demonstrates high accuracy in identifying genuine sensitizations, but this method is time-consuming and expensive, so a new approach is required. This study investigates skin tests, molecular diagnostics, total IgE (tIgE), and the Ves v 5/Pol d 5 (or vice versa) ratio. Read More

J Med Entomol 2019 Jan;56(1):254-260

School of Applied Biosciences, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, Republic of Korea.

To better understand the impact of social wasps on the health of people in South Korea, we analyzed requests to emergency services call centers for the removal of social wasp nests and the effect of Hymenoptera stings on human health between 2010 and 2014. There were 483,233 calls requesting removal of wasp nests and Hymenoptera stings caused 78,860 injuries and 49 deaths. The strong relationships between both the number of emergency calls and injuries, and urban density reflect the sensitivity of densely populated areas to potential threats from wasp and the increased awareness of the wasp nest removal service communicated by public education programs. Read More

Rev Soc Bras Med Trop 2018 Jul-Aug;51(4):560-562

Unidade de Terapia Intensiva, Departamento de Pediatria, Instituto Fernandes Figueira, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brasil.

Accidents related to Africanized honey bees are growing globally and are associated with multiple stings owing to the aggressive behavior of this species. The massive inoculation of venom causes skin necrosis and rhabdomyolysis leading to renal failure. Anaphylactic manifestations are more common and are treated using well-defined treatment protocols. Read More

J Vet Emerg Crit Care (San Antonio) 2018 Sep 13;28(5):476-482. Epub 2018 Aug 13.

Arizona Veterinary Emergency & Critical Care Center, Gilbert, AZ, 85233.

Objective: To describe the clinical presentation of a dog with spontaneous hemoperitoneum associated with anaphylactic shock from Hymenoptera envenomation.

Case Summary: An 8-year-old female neutered Beagle presented as an emergency for acute onset of collapse, hematemesis, and hematochezia. The dog was tachycardic, tachypneic, and hypotensive. Read More

An Bras Dermatol 2018 Jul-Aug;93(4):582-584

Graduate Program of Entomology, Universidade Federal de Pelotas, Pelotas (RS), Brazil.

Sclerodermus sp. is an aculeate insect (Hymenoptera: Bethylidae), measuring 2-4 mm in length. It is a parasitoid and needs termites as hosts to complete its life cycle. Read More

An Bras Dermatol 2018 Jul-Aug;93(4):570-572

Clinical, Allergological and Venereological Dermatology Section, Department of Medicine, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy.

A 59-year-old atopic man referred to for the onset of a diffused itching papular-purpuric eruption involving his trunk and legs but without systemic symptoms. History revealed that he started feeling itching after spending few hours in his basement. Direct examination of the environmental dust (www. Read More

J Insect Sci 2018 Jul;18(4)

Carl Hayden Bee Research Center, USDA-Agricultural Research Service, Tucson.

Honey bees (Apis mellifera) (Hymenoptera: Apidae) are social insects that have evolved a coordinated defensive response to ensure colony survival. Their nests may contain valuable resources such as pollen and nectar that are attractive to a range of insect and mammalian intruders and need protecting. With sufficient provocation, honey bees will mobilize and sting intruders, who are likely to incur additional stings. Read More

Clin Exp Allergy 2018 Dec 10;48(12):1735-1743. Epub 2018 Sep 10.

Department of Dermatology, Venereology, and Allergology, University Hospital Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany.

Background: The prevalence and predisposing factors of asymptomatic sensitization to Hymenoptera venom marker allergens are largely unknown.

Objective: To evaluate sensitization profiles in a group of 490 dermatologic patients without a history of sting-induced anaphylaxis.

Methods: Clinical data were collected using a structured questionnaire; sera were tested for total IgE and specific IgE to venom preparations, recombinant venom marker allergens, inhalative allergens, and cross-reactive carbohydrate determinants. Read More

Toxins (Basel) 2018 07 24;10(8). Epub 2018 Jul 24.

Laboratório de Biologia Molecular de Artrópodes-LBMA-IB-RC-UNESP (Univ Estadual Paulista), Av. 24-A, n_ 1515, Bela Vista, Rio Claro 13506-900, SP, Brazil.

Although systemic reactions caused by allergenic proteins present in venoms affect a small part of the world population, Hymenoptera stings are among the main causes of immediate hypersensitivity responses, with risk of anaphylactic shock. In the attempt to obtain therapeutic treatments and prophylaxis to hypersensitivity responses, interest in the molecular characterization of these allergens has grown in the scientific community due to the promising results obtained in immunological and clinical studies. The present review provides an update on the knowledge regarding the immune response and the therapeutic potential of Antigen 5 derived from Hymenoptera venom. Read More

Ulus Travma Acil Cerrahi Derg 2018 Jul;24(4):343-350

Department of Emergency Medicine, Karadeniz Technical University Faculty of Medicine,Trabzon-Turkey.

Background: To evaluate the distribution of bite and sting cases presenting to a district public hospital and the use of antivenom in scorpion sting and snake bite cases.

Methods: The demographic characteristics of patients with bites/stings reporting to a public hospital in 2014, the agent involved, the season of reporting, severity of clinical findings during presentation, and use of antivenom in scorpion sting and snake bite cases were evaluated retrospectively. χ2 test was used for statistical analysis. Read More

Clin Exp Allergy 2018 Sep 3;48(9):1222-1234. Epub 2018 Aug 3.

Jack Jumper Allergy Program, Royal Hobart Hospital, Hobart, TAS, Australia.

Background: The venomous stings of Jack Jumper ant (JJA; species of the Myrmecia pilosula taxonomic group) are a significant public health issue in parts of south-eastern and south-western Australia, causing anaphylaxis in approximately 3% of the population. Three allergenic peptides, Myr p 1, Myr p 2 and Myr p 3, and one histamine-releasing peptide, pilosulin 5, have been fully described, but there are at least 5 additional high molecular weight IgE-binding components that have not been identified.

Objective: To identify IgE-binding components in JJA venom (JJAV) and to relate the IgE recognition of these components to relevant clinical parameters. Read More

PLoS One 2018 25;13(6):e0199424. Epub 2018 Jun 25.

Red imported Fire Ant Research Centre, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China.

Susceptible individuals who have suffered painful stings caused by red imported fire ants, Solenopsis invicta, usually experience physical health effects such as fever, dizziness, generalized urticaria, or other systemic reactions such as anaphylactic shock. Whether S. invicta stings also have negative effects on mental health is not clear. Read More

Ann Allergy Asthma Immunol 2018 09 15;121(3):276-277. Epub 2018 Jun 15.

Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland.

Ann Allergy Asthma Immunol 2018 09 13;121(3):376-377. Epub 2018 Jun 13.

Allergy UnitGeneral HospitalCivitanova Marche, Italy.

Zhen Ci Yan Jiu 2018 Apr;43(4):251-4

Department of Acupuncture and Moxibustion, Bao'an Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shenzhen 518133, Guangdong Province, China.

Objective: To study the clinical efficacy and safety of bee-venom acupuncture therapy for rheumatoid arthritis (RA).

Methods: A total of 120 cases of RA patients were randomized into bee-sting acupuncture group (treatment) and western medicine group (control) in accordance with the random number table. The patients of the control group were treated by oral administration of Methotrexate (10 mg, once a week) and Celecoxlb (0. Read More

Orphanet J Rare Dis 2018 06 5;13(1):90. Epub 2018 Jun 5.

Division of Allergology, Department of Rheumatology,Immunology and Allergology, University Hospital Berne, Berne, Switzerland.

Background: Hereditary angioedema with C1 inhibitor deficiency (C1-INH-HAE) is a rare inherited disease. In most HAE-affected subjects, defined trigger factors precede angioedema attacks. Mechanisms of how trigger factors stimulate the contact activation pathway with bradykinin generation are not well elucidated. Read More

Toxicon 2018 Aug 26;150:198-206. Epub 2018 May 26.

Center of Allergy and Environment (ZAUM), Technical University of Munich and Helmholtz Center Munich, Ingolstädter Landstraße 1, 85764 Munich, Germany. Electronic address:

Honeybee (Apis mellifera) venom (HBV) represents an ideal model to study the role of particular venom components in allergic reactions in sensitized individuals as well as in the eusociality of Hymenoptera species. The aim of this study was to further characterize the HBV components C1q-like protein (C1q) and PDGF/VEGF-like factor 1 (PVF1). C1q and PVF1 were produced as recombinant proteins in insect cells. Read More

Int Arch Allergy Immunol 2018 22;176(2):101-105. Epub 2018 May 22.

Ambulatorio di Allergologia, Clinica San Carlo, Paderno Dugnano, Milan, Italy.

Mosquito bite is usually followed by a local reaction, but severe or systemic reaction may, in rare cases, occur. Allergic reactions to Aedes communis (Ac) may be underestimated due to the lack of reliable diagnostic tools. In this multicenter study, 205 individuals reporting large local reactions to Ac were enrolled and studied for cutaneous or IgE reactivity to Ac, Blattella germanica, Penaeus monodon, and Dermatophagoides pteronyssinus. Read More

BMC Res Notes 2018 May 21;11(1):327. Epub 2018 May 21.

Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Colombo, Colombo 8, Sri Lanka.

Background: Clinically significant manifestations of Hymenopteran envenomation is increasingly recognized in Sri Lanka. These clinical manifestations range from localized allergic reactions to end-organ failure and thrombotic-episodes. We report a case of 65 year old male who developed acute lower limb ischaemia after a sting of the hymenopteran Apis dorsata. Read More

Toxicon 2018 Aug 19;150:96-104. Epub 2018 May 19.

Southwestern Biological Institute, 1961 W. Brichta Drive, Tucson, AZ 85745, USA. Electronic address:

Many familiar Hymenoptera are brightly colored and can sting painfully-thus, their threat and clinical importance may be exaggerated. Most stinging insects only sting to defend themselves or their colonies from predators. The clinical nature of Hymenoptera envenomations contrasts that of other venomous animals, including other arthropods, primarily because allergic reaction, not direct intoxication, is the usual main concern. Read More

Arch Argent Pediatr 2017 10;115(5):s91-s98

PeerJ 2018 2;6:e4743. Epub 2018 May 2.

Department of Biology, Utah State University-Tooele, Tooele, UT, USA.

The stings of bees, wasps, and ants are something that catches the attention of anyone that experiences them. While many recent studies have focused on the pain inflicted by the stings of various stinging wasps, bees, or ants (Hymenoptera: Aculeata), little is known about how the length of the sting itself varies between species. Here, we investigate the sting length of a variety of aculeate wasps, and compare that to reported pain and toxicity values. Read More

BMJ Case Rep 2018 May 4;2018. Epub 2018 May 4.

Department of Anesthesiology, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, Florida, USA.

The clinically important human infections are mostly caused by the three species (eg, ) of out of the many progressively increasing identified species. transmitted by the arthropod vector, fleas, after cat bite is responsible for the rare multisystem cat scratch disease in humans. We present an extremely rare case of contracted presumably through a red ant bite. Read More

Clin Mol Allergy 2018 17;16. Epub 2018 Apr 17.

1Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, School and Division of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, University of Messina, Messina, Italy.

Background: Hymenoptera sting reactions are among life-threatening causes of allergy. Several epidemiology studies have assessed the risk of these kind of reactions, among the general population, around 3% of adults. This incidence increases among highly at risk populations such as outdoor workers. Read More

Toxicon 2018 Jun 11;148:64-73. Epub 2018 Apr 11.

Department of Acupuncture and Moxibustion, Dongfang Hospital, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, No. 6 Fangxingyuan 1st Block, Fengtai District, Beijing, 100078, China. Electronic address:

Bee venom is a very complex mixture of natural products extracted from honey bee which contains various pharmaceutical properties such as peptides, enzymes, biologically active amines and nonpeptide components. The use of bee venom into the specific points is so called bee venom therapy, which is widely used as a complementary and alternative therapy for 3000 years. A growing number of evidence has demonstrated the anti-inflammation, the anti-apoptosis, the anti-fibrosis and the anti-arthrosclerosis effects of bee venom therapy. Read More

Int Arch Allergy Immunol 2018 12;176(1):39-43. Epub 2018 Apr 12.

Allergology Department, Laikon General Hospital, Athens, Greece.

Background: The long-term protection provided by venom immunotherapy (VIT) is related to the dose administered and to its long duration; the latter, however, becomes inconvenient for patients in countries like Greece, with many islanders or inhabitants of distant mountainous areas. Maintenance interval prolongation reduces the number of office visits - saving time and money - and as a consequence contributes to the patients' compliance. The aim of this prospective study was to evaluate the safety and efficacy of VIT on a progressively prolonged maintenance interval (PPMI). Read More

Postgrad Med J 2018 07 6;94(1113):418-420. Epub 2018 Apr 6.

Department of Nephrology, Jawaharlal Institute of Postgraduate Medical Education and Research, Puducherry, India.

Ann Allergy Asthma Immunol 2018 04;120(4):424-428

Division of Pediatrics, Pediatric Allergy and Asthma, Faculty of Medicine, Hacettepe University School of Medicine, Ankara, Turkey. Electronic address:

Background: Venom immunotherapy (VIT) is safe in children, although adverse effects can occur.

Objective: To document adverse effects and to determine re-sting reactions and the efficacy of VIT in childhood.

Methods: We retrospectively analyzed data from children who had taken VIT from 2002 through 2015. Read More

Toxicon 2018 Jun 29;148:74-84. Epub 2018 Mar 29.

Toxicology & Pharmacology, University of Leuven (KU Leuven), O&N 2, PO Box 992, Herestraat 49, 3000 Leuven, Belgium. Electronic address:

Vespa tropica, a social wasp locally found in Thailand is responsible for many out off the record accidental stings due to close encounters with human activities and because of the animal's highly potent venom. Phospholipase (PLA) is one of the major proteins commonly found in insect venom. In this work, V. Read More

Curr Opin Allergy Clin Immunol 2018 06;18(3):190-197

Division of Rheumatology, Immunology and Allergy, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.

Purpose Of Review: Recognize the presentation of anaphylaxis for prompt management and treatment and to provide tools for the diagnosis of the underlying cause(s) and set up a long-term treatment to prevent recurrence of anaphylaxis.

Recent Findings: The recent description of phenotypes provides new insight and understanding into the mechanisms and causes of anaphylaxis through a better understanding of endotypes and biomarkers for broad clinical use.

Summary: Anaphylaxis is the most severe hypersensitivity reaction and can lead to death. Read More

Ann Allergy Asthma Immunol 2018 07 22;121(1):130-132. Epub 2018 Mar 22.

Allergy Unit, Department of Internal Medicine, University Hospital Ospedali Riuniti di Ancona Via Conca, Ancona, Italy.

Clin Toxicol (Phila) 2018 Oct 9;56(10):886-892. Epub 2018 Mar 9.

b China International Science and Technology Cooperation Base of Child Development and Critical Disorders , Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Child Development and Disorders , Chongqing , China.

Context: Soft tissue calcifications (STCs) were incidentally found in some of the Hymenoptera-stung (HS) children when they underwent computed tomography (CT) scans for evaluating complications of vital organs. Afterwards, a predilection of STCs to the children with severe complications was clinically noticed. A hypothesis was then developed that STCs secondary to HS may correlate with poor outcomes. Read More