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Vaccine 2019 Feb 22;37(8):1109-1117. Epub 2019 Jan 22.

Department of Microbiology, Yamagata Prefectural Institute of Public Health, Yamagata 1-6-6, Yamagata 990-0031, Japan.

Although coxsackievirus A6 (CV-A6) is generally recognized as a causative agent of herpangina in children, CV-A6 infections globally emerged as a new and major cause of epidemic hand-foot-and-mouth-diseases (HFMDs) around 2008. To clarify the longitudinal epidemiology of CV-A6, we carried out sequence and phylogenetic analyses for the VP1 and partially for the VP4-3D regions as well as antigenic analysis using 115 CV-A6 isolates and 105 human sera in Yamagata, Japan between 2001 and 2017. Phylogenetic analysis revealed that CV-A6 isolates were clearly divided into two clusters; strains in circulation between 2001 and 2008 and those between 2010 and 2017. Read More

Arch Pediatr 2019 Feb 11;26(2):80-85. Epub 2019 Jan 11.

Service des urgences pédiatriques, hôpital Armand-Trousseau, AP-HP, 26, avenue du Dr-Arnold-Netter, 75012 Paris, France; Inserm U1153, université Pierre-et-Marie-Curie, Paris VI, 75005 Paris, France.

Acute gingivostomatitis is relatively frequent in children; of viral origin, its diagnosis is usually straightforward. Acute gingivostomatitis is very painful and for many years, codeine, whose use was restricted in 2013, was widely employed in this context. The aim of this study was to ascertain the prevalence of acute stomatitis in pediatric emergency care, to evaluate the pain caused by stomatitis, and to determine the analgesic resources deployed both in the emergency department and at discharge, over the 5-year period preceding restriction of the use of codeine. Read More

Rev Inst Med Trop Sao Paulo 2018 Nov 8;60:e70. Epub 2018 Nov 8.

Tainan Municipal Hospital (Managed by Show Chwan Medical Care Corporation), Department of Occupational Medicine, Tainan, Taiwan.

Enterovirus A71 (EV-A71) infections are one of the main etiological agents of hand, foot and mouth disease (HFMD) and herpangina worldwide. EV-A71 infection is a life-threatening communicable disease and there is an urgent global need for the development of vaccines for its prevention and control. The morbidity rate of EV-A71 infection differs between countries. Read More

J Epidemiol 2018 Nov 10. Epub 2018 Nov 10.

Department of Public Health, Osaka City University Graduate School of Medicine.

Background: Severe pediatric cases of hand, foot, and mouth disease (HFMD), herpangina (HA), and associated complications caused by enterovirus 71 (EV71) infection have brought substantial public health impact in Asia. This study aimed to elucidate the epidemiology of these pediatric cases in Japan.

Methods: A nationwide survey was conducted using stratified random sampling of hospital pediatric departments. Read More

Vaccine 2018 11 11;36(46):7095-7104. Epub 2018 Oct 11.

Key Laboratory of Etiology and Epidemiology of Emerging Infectious Diseases in Universities of Shandong, Taishan Medical University, Taian 271000, China. Electronic address:

Coxsackievirus A6 (CVA6) and CVA10 are two of the major pathogens associated with hand, foot and mouth disease (HFMD) in children. The majority of CVA6 and CVA10 infections result in mild, self-limiting episodes (fever and herpangina) in pediatric populations; however, in some cases, can proceed to severe neurological disease and death. Efforts to mitigate viral transmission to decrease the morbidity and mortality associated with infection would be greatly strengthened by the availability of an efficacious CVA6 and CVA10 bivalent vaccine. Read More

Sci Adv 2018 Sep 19;4(9):eaat7459. Epub 2018 Sep 19.

State Key Laboratory of Molecular Vaccinology and Molecular Diagnostics, National Institute of Diagnostics and Vaccine Development in Infectious Diseases, School of Life Science, School of Public Health, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, P.R. China.

Coxsackievirus A10 (CVA10) recently emerged as a major pathogen of hand, foot, and mouth disease and herpangina in children worldwide, and lack of a vaccine or a cure against CVA10 infections has made therapeutic antibody identification a public health priority. By targeting a local isolate, CVA10-FJ-01, we obtained a potent antibody, 2G8, against all three capsid forms of CVA10. We show that 2G8 exhibited both 100% preventive and 100% therapeutic efficacy against CVA10 infection in mice. Read More

J Clin Virol 2018 Nov 8;108:43-49. Epub 2018 Sep 8.

Department of Microbiology, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, China; State Key Laboratory of Emerging Infectious Diseases, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China; Collaborative Innovation Centre for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China; Carol Yu Centre for Infection, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China.

Background: Coxsackievirus A6 (CV-A6) represents the predominant enterovirus serotype in Hong Kong, but its epidemiology in our population was unknown.

Objectives: To examine the clinical and molecular epidemiology of CV-A6 and detect emerging recombinant strains in Hong Kong.

Study Design: Nasopharyngeal aspirates (NPAs) from patients with febrile or respiratory illness were subject to RT-PCR for CV-A6 and sequencing of 5'-NCR and VP1. Read More

PLoS One 2018 20;13(9):e0204359. Epub 2018 Sep 20.

WHO WPRO Regional Polio Reference Laboratory and National Health Commission Key Laboratory for Medical Virology, National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, People's Republic of China.

Coxsackievirus A2 (CV-A2) has emerged as an important etiological agent in the hand, foot, and mouth disease and herpangina pathogen spectrum because of its high global prevalence. In the present study, we investigated the evolutionary dynamics of CV-A2 circulating in China. We analyzed a total of 163 entire VP1 sequences of CV-A2, including 74 sequences generated from the present study and 89 sequences collected from the GenBank database. Read More

PLoS One 2018 7;13(9):e0202316. Epub 2018 Sep 7.

Department of Internal Medicine, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital and Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Kaohsiung, Taiwan.

Background: Our previous study demonstrated that pediatricians prescribe antibiotics without proper clinical justification to patients with enterovirus infection, although antibiotics are not effective in treating the infections caused by these viruses. To improve the quality of healthcare, we aim to evaluate the association of clinical and demographic characteristics of patients and further to identify the determining factors for prescribing antibiotics to children experiencing enterovirus infection.

Methods: We retrospectively reviewed the medical records of children who were hospitalized between January 2008 and December 2016 with a diagnosis of herpangina or hand-foot-mouth disease (HFMD). Read More

Int J Infect Dis 2018 Oct 28;75:115-117. Epub 2018 Aug 28.

Institute of Occupational Medicine and Industrial Hygiene, National Taiwan University College of Public Health, Taipei, Taiwan; Department of Public Health, National Taiwan University College of Public Health, Taipei, Taiwan; Department of Environmental and Occupational Medicine, National Taiwan University College of Medicine and Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan.

Sex differences in childhood infections are commonly reported in case-only studies. In this population-based study of 278000 Taiwanese children followed from 3 months to 18 years of age during the period 2000-2012, age-trajectories of monthly numbers of all-cause healthcare visits and monthly rates of infection-specific healthcare visits were compared between boys and girls. For all-cause healthcare visits and for healthcare visits related to conjunctivitis, respiratory tract infections, enteritis, hand, foot, and mouth disease, and herpangina, there was good resemblance of age trajectories between boys and girls. Read More

PLoS One 2018 10;13(8):e0201726. Epub 2018 Aug 10.

Department of Pediatrics, Hanyang University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea.

Background: In 2009, a nationwide sentinel surveillance for hand-foot-mouth disease (HFMD) and herpangina (HA) with neurologic complications was initiated in South Korea. We used this surveillance system to investigate the clinical characteristics of patients with either HFMD or HA with neurologic complications, with the aim of determining risk factors for severe neurologic complications.

Methods: A retrospective review of medical records was conducted on all cases of HFMD and HA with neurologic complications that were reported in the national system between April 1, 2009 and December 31, 2014. Read More

J Periodontol 2018 Jun;89 Suppl 1:S74-S84

Division of Periodontology, Niigata University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Japan.

Periodontal health is defined by absence of clinically detectable inflammation. There is a biological level of immune surveillance that is consistent with clinical gingival health and homeostasis. Clinical gingival health may be found in a periodontium that is intact, i. Read More

J Clin Periodontol 2018 Jun;45 Suppl 20:S68-S77

Division of Periodontology, Niigata University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Japan.

Periodontal health is defined by absence of clinically detectable inflammation. There is a biological level of immune surveillance that is consistent with clinical gingival health and homeostasis. Clinical gingival health may be found in a periodontium that is intact, i. Read More

Res Dev Disabil 2018 Jun 27;77:76-86. Epub 2018 Apr 27.

Department of Speech Language Pathology and Audiology, Chung Shan Medical University and Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan. Electronic address:

Background And Aims: Delay and impairment in Speech and language are common developmental problems in younger populations. Hitherto, there has been minimal study of the association between common childhood infections (e.g. Read More

Emerg Microbes Infect 2018 Jan 10;7(1). Epub 2018 Jan 10.

State Key Laboratory of Molecular Vaccinology and Molecular Diagnostics, School of Life Sciences, School of Public Health, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361102, China.

Human enteroviruses (EVs) are the most common causative agents infecting human, causing many harmful diseases, such as hand, foot, and mouth disease (HFMD), herpangina (HA), myocarditis, encephalitis, and aseptic meningitis. EV-related diseases pose a serious worldwide threat to public health. To gain comprehensive insight into the seroepidemiology of major prevalent EVs in humans, we firstly performed a serological survey for neutralizing antibodies (nAbs) against Enterovirus A71 (EV-A71), Coxsackie virus A16 (CV-A16), Coxsackie virus A6 (CV-A6), Coxsackie virus A10 (CV-A10), Coxsackie virus B3 (CV-B3), Coxsackie virus B5 (CV-B5), Echovirus 25 (ECHO25), and Echovirus 30 (ECHO30) among the healthy population in Xiamen City in 2016, using micro-neutralization assay. Read More

Infez Med 2017 Dec;25(4):371-373

Department of Microbiology, Facultad de Medicina, Valladolid, Spain.

Rothia mucilaginosa, previously known as Stomatococcus mucilaginosus, is a Gram-positive coccus that is part of the oropharyngeal microbiota and upper respiratory tract. It is mainly related to infections in immunosuppressed patients. Given its complex microbiological identification, its prevalence may be underestimated. Read More

Zhongguo Zhen Jiu 2017 Jun;37(6):613-616

Chengnan Branch, the Fifth People's Hospital of Yuhang District, Hangzhou 311100, Zhejiang Province, China.

Objective: To observe the difference in the therapeutic effects on infantile herpetic angina among the treatments with western medication, acupuncture and the combined therapy of acupuncture and western medication.

Methods: One hundred and twenty children of herpetic angina were randomized into a western medication group, an acupuncture group and a combined therapy group, 40 cases in each one. Besides the basic treatment with symptomatic support, in the western medication group, ribavirin granules were prescribed for oral administration, 10 mg/kga day, three times a day, for 3 days. Read More

Hum Vaccin Immunother 2018 01 27;14(1):74-80. Epub 2017 Nov 27.

a Division Hepatitis Virus Vaccines , National Institutes for Food and Drug Control , Beijing , P. R. China.

Coxsackievirus B5 (CV-B5) is associated with various human diseases such as viral encephalitis, aseptic meningitis, paralysis, herpangina, and hand, foot and mouth disease (HFMD). However, there is currently no effective vaccine against CV-B5.The seroepidemiologic characteristics of CV-B5 remained unknown. Read More

Nat Commun 2017 10 2;8(1):762. Epub 2017 Oct 2.

Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Taoyuan, 33305, Taiwan.

Protective antibody levels are critical for protection from severe enterovirus 71 infection. However, little is known about the specificities and functional properties of the enterovirus 71-specific antibodies induced by natural infection in humans. Here we characterize 191 plasmablast-derived monoclonal antibodies from three enterovirus 71-infected children, each of whom shows a distinct serological response. Read More

Arch Pediatr 2017 Oct;24(10):1036-1046

CHU Clermont-Ferrand, laboratoire de virologie, Centre national de référence des entérovirus et des parechovirus, laboratoire associé, 63003 Clermont-Ferrand cedex, France; Université Clermont-Auvergne, LMGE UMR CNRS 6023, équipe EPIE, épidémiologie et physiopathologie des infections à entérovirus, 63000 Clermont-Ferrand, France. Electronic address:

Hand, foot and mouth disease (HFMD) and herpangina (HA) are common childhood diseases mostly associated with human enteroviruses (EV). Although usually benign illnesses, neurological complications may be observed during large epidemics when enterovirus A71 (EV-A71) is involved, as observed in the Asia Pacific Region and in China since the late 1990s. The occurrence of these complications warrants reinforcing the surveillance of the emergence of EV-A71 infections in France and Europe. Read More

PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2017 Sep 11;11(9):e0005899. Epub 2017 Sep 11.

Department of Infectious Diseases, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China.

Background And Aims: Enterovirus 71 (EV71) has caused great morbidity, mortality, and use of health service in children younger than five years in China. Vaccines against EV71 have been proved effective and safe by recent phase 3 trials and are now available in China. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the health impact and cost-effectiveness of a national EV71 vaccination program in China. Read More

J Med Virol 2018 01 12;90(1):34-40. Epub 2017 Sep 12.

Department of Microbiology, Yamagata Prefectural Institute of Public Health, Yamagata, Japan.

Although Saffold virus (SAFV) was reported as a novel human cardiovirus in 2007, no causative association between SAFV and clinical disease has been proven and the longitudinal epidemiology of SAFVs is not available. To establish the relationship between SAFVs and acute respiratory infections (ARIs) and to clarify the longitudinal epidemiology of SAFVs, 7258 nasopharyngeal specimens were collected from children with ARIs in Yamagata, Japan between 2008 and 2015. The specimens were inoculated on a microplate including six cell lines as part of routine surveillance, and molecular screening was performed for SAFVs using a reverse transcription (RT)-PCR method. Read More

Complement Ther Med 2017 Jun 12;32:61-65. Epub 2017 Apr 12.

Department of Chinese Medicine, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital and Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Kaohsiung, Taiwan. Electronic address:

Objective: Viral oral ulcers are common presentations in pediatric clinics. Although self-limiting, painful ulcerative lesions and inflamed mucosa can decrease oral intake and lead to dehydration. Despite the widespread use of Chinese herbal medicine (CHM) for pediatric upper respiratory disease in Taiwan, there is little evidence for its effectiveness as an antipyretic or in aiding ulcer healing for children with viral oral ulcers. Read More

Virusdisease 2017 Mar 14;28(1):111-114. Epub 2017 Feb 14.

Faculty of Medicine, Center of Excellence in Clinical Virology, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, 10330 Thailand.

Coxsackievirus (CV) is a member of the genus and the family . CV infection can cause herpangina, a disease characterized by multiple ulcers on the tonsils and soft palate affecting mostly young children. CV strains are categorized by serotypes. Read More

J Virol Methods 2017 08 20;246:21-26. Epub 2017 Apr 20.

National Institutes for Food and Drug Control, Beijing 100050, China. Electronic address:

Coxsackievirus B5 (CV-B5), an important Coxsackie B virus from genus Enteroviruse within the family Picornaviridae, has also been isolated from Hand, Foot, and Mouth Disease (HFMD) patients, and often associated with neurological manifestations. In this study, we found out that Coxsackievirus B3 (CV-B3) replicon RNA could be encapsidated with CV-B5 capsid to assemble infectious CV-B5 pseudovirus. We then utilized this single round infection system of CV-B5 to develop a neutralizing antibody quantification assay. Read More

J Virol 2017 07 9;91(13). Epub 2017 Jun 9.

Shandong Universities Key Laboratory of Etiology and Epidemiology of Emerging Infectious Diseases, Taishan Medical University, Taian, China

Coxsackievirus A10 (CVA10) is one of the major pathogens associated with hand, foot, and mouth disease (HFMD). CVA10 infection can cause herpangina and viral pneumonia, which can be complicated by severe neurological sequelae. The morbidity and mortality of CVA10-associated HFMD have been increasing in recent years, particularly in the pan-Pacific region. Read More

J Huazhong Univ Sci Technolog Med Sci 2017 Apr 11;37(2):293-299. Epub 2017 Apr 11.

Department of Pharmacy, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430022, China.

Andrographolide total ester sulfonate (ATES) injection is one of the products of traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) currently used against viral infection in China. ATES injection was approved for manufacturing and marketing in January 2002. It is indicated for acute respiratory infections, tonsillitis, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, influenza, foot and mouth disease, bronchiolitis, herpangina, mumps, infectious mononucleosis and psychosis. Read More

J Med Virol 2017 08 14;89(8):1395-1403. Epub 2017 Mar 14.

Center for Infectious Diseases, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, Hyogo, Japan.

Coxsackievirus A6 (CV-A6) is an enterovirus, which is known to cause herpangina. However, since 2009 it has frequently been isolated from children with hand, foot, and mouth disease (HFMD). In Japan, CV-A6 has been linked to HFMD outbreaks in 2011 and 2013. Read More

Medicine (Baltimore) 2017 Jan;96(4):e5827

aDepartment of Pharmacy, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Taiwan bDepartment of Pediatrics and Kawasaki Disease Center, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital and Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Taiwan cDepartment of Public Health, College of Health Sciences, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan.

Infants who are exposed to the rhinovirus or respiratory syncytial virus are at a higher risk of subsequently developing wheezing or asthma. This study aims to determine whether preschoolers with a history of symptomatic enterovirus infection are at an increased risk of developing allergic diseases or not.We used data from the Taiwan National Health Insurance Research Database from 1999 to 2006 for this nationwide population-based cohort study. Read More

Hum Vaccin Immunother 2017 04 21;13(4):823-830. Epub 2016 Oct 21.

a National Institute for Food and Drug Control , Beijing , China.

Herpangina (HA) and hand, foot, and mouth disease (HFMD) are common infectious diseases caused by human enteroviruses and frequently occurr in young children. Previous published studies have mainly focused on HFMD, while the HA epidemiological and etiological characteristics in mainland China have not been described. From June, 2013 to March, 2014, HA and HFMD patients were monitored in participants from clinical trial of EV-A71 vaccine conducted during 2012-2013. Read More

Sci Rep 2016 10 18;6:35388. Epub 2016 Oct 18.

Department of Clinical Laboratory, Children's Hospital of Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310013, PR China.

Herpangina, usually caused by coxsackie virus A, is prevalent in children spreading through the fecal-oral transmission and the respiratory droplets dissemination. Also, it is mostly asymptomatic and self-limiting. In our study, we found that large outbreak of herpangina in children occurred in the summer of 2015 in Hangzhou, China. Read More

J Am Acad Dermatol 2017 Jan 11;76(1):140-147. Epub 2016 Oct 11.

Dermatology, University of Pennsylvania Hospital, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. Electronic address:

Global temperatures continue to rise, reaching new records almost every year this decade. Although the causes are debated, climate change is a reality. Consequences of climate change include melting of the arctic ice cap, rising of sea levels, changes in precipitation patterns, and increased severe weather events. Read More

J Med Virol 2017 05 11;89(5):801-808. Epub 2016 Oct 11.

Faculty of Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Center of Excellence in Clinical Virology, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand.

Human rhinovirus (RV) most often causes mild upper respiratory tract infection. Although RV is routinely isolated from the respiratory tract, few studies have examined RV in other types of clinical samples. The prevalence of RV was examined in 1,294 stool samples collected mostly from children with acute gastroenteritis residing in Bangkok and Khon Kaen province of Thailand between January 2010 and October 2014. Read More

Arch Virol 2016 Dec 21;161(12):3463-3471. Epub 2016 Sep 21.

Department of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Children's Hospital of Dongguan, Dongguan, Guangdong, China.

Enteroviruses (EVs) are the etiological agents involved in most cases of hand, foot and mouth disease (HFMD) and herpangina (HA). Information on the epidemiology profiles of EVs in China is very limited, as the present surveillance system of China focuses on CAV16 and EV71, and no published data are available in Dongguan. The aim of this study is to determine the prevalence of EVs among patients with HFMD and HA in Dongguan, China, during 2015. Read More

Int J Environ Res Public Health 2016 09 9;13(9). Epub 2016 Sep 9.

Department of Occupational Medicine, Tainan Municipal Hospital, Tainan 701, Taiwan.

Enterovirus 71 (EV71) infections have a major public health impact in the Asia-Pacific region. We reviewed the epidemiology, pathogenesis, and molecular epidemiology of EV71 infection as well as EV71 vaccine development. Previous studies were found using the search terms "enterovirus 71" and "epidemiology" or "pathogenesis" or "molecular epidemiology" or "vaccine" in Medline and PubMed. Read More

Case Rep Hematol 2016 16;2016:4231276. Epub 2016 Aug 16.

Department of Laboratory Medicine, Uji-Tokushukai Medical Center, Uji 611-0042, Japan.

A previously healthy 74-year-old Japanese female was hospitalized with fever and high C-reactive protein. She developed palatal herpangina-like aphthous ulcers, localized intestinal wall thickening, terminal ileum ulcers, and an erythematous acneiform rash; thus Behçet's disease-like illness was suspected. Significant peripheral blood acute monocytosis developed during her hospitalization and acute monocytic leukemia (FAB M5b) with normal karyotype was diagnosed. Read More

BMC Infect Dis 2016 08 18;16(1):425. Epub 2016 Aug 18.

Division of Vaccine Research, Center for Infectious Diseases, Korea National Institutes of Health, Korea Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Osong-eup, Cheongju, Chungcheongbuk-do, 363-951, Republic of Korea.

Background: Enterovirus (EV) 71 is the main pathogen associated with hand, foot and mouth disease (HFMD) or herpangina. Outbreaks of HFMD caused by EV71 infection are associated severe neurological disease and high mortality rates in children. Several sporadic cases of EV71 infection occurred in the Republic of Korea (ROK) in 2000, and EV71 infections were not reported thereafter until 2006. Read More

BMC Infect Dis 2016 08 9;16:399. Epub 2016 Aug 9.

Laboratory of Emerging Infectious Diseases and Division of Laboratory Medicine, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, No. 253 Gong ye da dao zhong, Guangzhou, 510282, People's Republic of China.

Background: Enterovirus (EV)-related hand, foot, and mouth disease/herpangina (HFMD/HA) has been prevalent in Guangdong Province, China, since 2010.

Methods: Clinical data for EV-related HFMD/HA inpatients admitted to the Department of Paediatrics of Zhujiang Hospital from 2010 to 2013 were retrospectively reviewed. The corresponding EV serotypes were also determined by reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction or BLAST analysis of the sequenced partial lengths of the viral protein1/5'-untranslated region. Read More

Bing Du Xue Bao 2016 07;32(4):501-8

Enterovirus 71 (EV71) is a major agent of hand, foot, and mouth disease in children under five years of age. In some cases,infection with EV71 can result in herpangina, pulmonary edema and/or brainstem encephalitis. In recent years, many advances have been made towards an understanding of EV71 pathogenesis. Read More

J N J Dent Assoc 2016 ;87(1):12, 16

BMC Infect Dis 2016 Mar 16;16:128. Epub 2016 Mar 16.

Laboratory of Emerging Infectious Diseases and Division of Laboratory Medicine, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, No. 253 Gong Ye Da Dao Zhong, Guangzhou, 510282, China.

Background: A series of complications caused by enteroviruses, including meningitis, encephalitis, acute flaccid paralysis, acute cardiopulmonary failure, respiratory infection, and myocardial injury have been reported in hand, foot and mouth disease/herpangina (HFMD/HA). However, the complication of diarrhoea caused by enteroviruses has been neglected, and a summary of its clinical features and impact on HFMD/HA is unavailable.

Methods: We included inpatients with HFMD/HA admitted to the Paediatric Department of Zhujiang Hospital during 2009-2012. Read More

Southeast Asian J Trop Med Public Health 2015 Nov;46(6):1013-20

Human enterovirus (EV) infection causes hand, foot, and mouth disease (HFMD) and herpangina (HA). We studied the prevalence of enterovirus (EV) among patients with HFMD and HA in Thailand during 2013. We conducted a study in archived specimens of patients sent for screening for enterovirus. Read More

Vaccine 2016 Feb 6;34(7):974-80. Epub 2016 Jan 6.

Institute of Health Policy and Management, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan. Electronic address:

Objectives: This study aimed to assess the disease burden and economic impacts of human nonpolio enteroviruses (NPEV) and enterovirus A71 (EV-A71) infection in Taiwan.

Materials And Methods: We included children under five years old (n=983,127-1,118,649) with ICD-9-CM codes 0740 (herpangina) or 0743 (hand-foot-and-mouth disease) from the 2006 to 2010 National Health Insurance Database. Severity of enterovirus infection was assessed from outpatient/emergency visits, hospitalization (with/without intensive care unit [ICU] admission), infection with severe complications, and death. Read More

Zhonghua Er Ke Za Zhi 2015 Aug;53(8):610-5

Objective: To analyze the genotype, epidemic pattern and the characteristics of the disease of enteroviruses during the epidemic season of hand, foot and mouth disease (HMFD) in children from 2013 to 2014 in Beijing to provide the scientific evidence for prevention and treatment of HFMD.

Method: During April to September in 2013 and March to October in 2014, a total of 977 throat swabs were collected from children who visited the Children's Hospital Affiliated to Capital Institute of Pediatrics, including 147 from patients with HFMD in 2013, 343 with HFMD, 201 with atypical HFMD, 83 with herpangina, 25 with fever with convulsions, 64 fever with rash and 114 with rash in 2014. Enteroviruses universal type (EV), Enteroviruses type 71 (EV71) and Coxsackievirus group A 16 (CA16) were detected by real-time RT-PCR respectively. Read More

Epidemiol Infect 2016 05 23;144(7):1512-9. Epub 2015 Nov 23.

Institute of Occupational Medicine and Industrial Hygiene, National Taiwan University College of Public Health,Taipei,Taiwan.

The community burden of enterovirus is often monitored through syndromic monitoring systems based on reported cases of enterovirus-related infection (EVI) diagnoses. The extent to which this is affected by under- and over-diagnosis has not been reported. In Taiwan, children often make more than one healthcare visit during an episode of infection. Read More

Arch Virol 2016 Jan 19;161(1):213-7. Epub 2015 Oct 19.

Major Infectious Disease Control Key Laboratory and Shenzhen Public Service Platform of Pathogenic Microorganisms Repository, Shenzhen Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Shenzhen, 518055, People's Republic of China.

Coxsackievirus A8 (CV-A8), a member of the genus Enterovirus of the family Picornaviridae, can cause a variety of infectious diseases, such as hand, foot and mouth disease (HFMD), herpangina (HA), encephalitis, paralysis, myelitis, and meningitis. This is a first report of complete genome sequences of CV-A8 strains associated with HFMD/HA since the prototype strain Donovan was identified in 1949. The complete genome sequences of eight new CV-A8 strains showed 19. Read More

MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep 2015 Sep 4;64(34):940-3. Epub 2015 Sep 4.

Division of Viral Diseases, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Disease, CDC.

Enteroviruses (EVs) and human parechoviruses (HPeVs) are small, non-enveloped RNA viruses in the Picornaviridae family, which are known or suspected to cause a spectrum of clinical manifestations in humans. Although most infected persons are asymptomatic, mild presentations can include respiratory infections, herpangina, and hand, foot, and mouth disease. Among the more severe syndromes associated with EV and HPeV infection are acute flaccid paralysis, meningitis, encephalitis, myocarditis, and sepsis. Read More

Lancet Oncol 2015 Oct 28;16(13):1335-43. Epub 2015 Aug 28.

Graduate Institute of Clinical Medical Science and School of Medicine, College of Medicine, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan; Department of Nuclear Medicine and PET Center, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan. Electronic address:

Background: The association between enterovirus infections in children and risk of leukaemia is unclear. We aimed to assess the risk of leukaemia after enterovirus infection in children.

Methods: We did a nationwide retrospective cohort study by analysing data from the National Health Insurance Research Database (NHIRD) in Taiwan. Read More

J Infect Chemother 2015 Nov 25;21(11):776-82. Epub 2015 Aug 25.

School of Pharmacy, Nihon University, Chiba, Japan.

The incidence of common pediatric infectious diseases has been monitored officially at sentinel medical institutions in Japan. However, the numbers of affected patients are not provided. Prescription Surveillance (PS), which infers the number of patients with influenza, varicella, and gastrointestinal infections from data related to prescriptions at external pharmacies, provides estimates to the public the following morning. Read More