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Viruses 2022 05 17;14(5). Epub 2022 May 17.

Université Clermont Auvergne, LMGE CNRS 6023, UFR de Médecine et des Professions Paramédicales, 63001 Clermont-Ferrand, France.

Coxsackievirus A6 (CVA6) emerged as the most common enterovirus of seasonal outbreaks of hand-foot-and-mouth disease (HFMD). We investigated CVA6 genetic diversity among the clinical phenotypes reported in the paediatric population during sentinel surveillance in France between 2010 and 2018. CVA6 infection was confirmed in 981 children (mean age 1. Read More

Front Med (Lausanne) 2022 25;9:822796. Epub 2022 Apr 25.

Department of Laboratorial Science and Technology and Vaccine Research Center, School of Public Health, Peking University, Beijing, China.

Background: The changing pattern of pathogen spectrum causing herpangina in the time of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic was unknown. The purpose of this study was to investigate the changes on the molecular epidemiology of herpangina children during 2019-2020 in Tongzhou district, Beijing, China.

Method: From January 2019 to December 2020, children diagnosed with herpangina were recruited by the staff from Tongzhou Center for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) in Beijing. Read More

J Infect Public Health 2022 May 22;15(5):594-598. Epub 2022 Apr 22.

Department of Pediatrics, Chang Gung Children's Hospital, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Chang Gung University, College of Medicine, Taiwan.

Background: Appropriate mitigation strategy to minimize enterovirus (EV) transmission among children is essential to control severe EV epidemics. Scientific evidence for the effectiveness of case isolation and class suspension is lacking.

Methods: EV-infected children ≤ eight years are asked to stay at home for seven days. Read More

Front Pharmacol 2022 25;13:752978. Epub 2022 Feb 25.

Guangdong Provincial Hospital of Chinese Medicine, Guangdong Provincial, Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, The Second Clinical School of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China.

Acute infectious diseases constitute the most prevalent public health emergency (PHE) in China. Chinese herbal medicine (CHM) has long been used in the treatment of acute infections, but the overall evidence of its benefit and harm has not been comprehensively and systematically evaluated. We searched CBM, CNKI, Wanfang, PubMed, Cochrane Library, embase and preprint platforms to retrieve systematic reviews (SRs) on CHM for acute infectious. Read More

J Biomed Sci 2022 Feb 8;29(1):10. Epub 2022 Feb 8.

The Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan.

Background: Enterovirus A71 (EV-A71) is a neurotropic virus which may cause severe neural complications, especially in infants and children. The clinical manifestations include hand-foot-and-mouth disease, herpangina, brainstem encephalitis, pulmonary edema, and other severe neurological diseases. Although there are some vaccines approved, the post-marketing surveillance is still unavailable. Read More

Vestn Otorinolaringol 2021 ;86(5):97-102

Russian Medical Academy for Continuous Professional Education, Moscow, Russia.

Enterovirus infections are a group of acute infectious diseases caused by enteroviruses (including Coxsackie A and B viruses, ECHO viruses), which clinically present symptoms of damage to the central nervous system, cardiovascular system, gastrointestinal tract, muscular system, mucous membranes and skin, fever. This article presents a clinical case of patient , 12 years old, who admitted to an otorhinolaryngologist with clinical manifestations of herpangina. The diagnosis was confirmed by PCR. Read More

Euro Surveill 2021 10;26(43)

CHU Clermont-Ferrand, Laboratoire de Virologie, Centre National de Référence des entérovirus et parechovirus - Laboratoire Associé, Clermont-Ferrand, France.

We report a large-scale outbreak of hand, foot and mouth disease (HFMD) in France. As at 28 September 2021, 3,403 cases have been reported (47% higher than in 2018-19). We prospectively analysed 210 clinical samples; 190 (90. Read More

Viruses 2021 08 11;13(8). Epub 2021 Aug 11.

Department of Epidemiology, College of Public Health, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China.

Coxsackievirus A2 (CVA2) has emerged as an active pathogen that has been implicated in hand, foot, and mouth disease (HFMD) and herpangina outbreaks worldwide. It has been reported that severe cases with CVA2 infection develop into heart injury, which may be one of the causes of death. However, the mechanisms of CVA2-induced heart injury have not been well understood. Read More

Pediatr Int 2022 Jan;64(1):e14958

Department of Healthcare Epidemiology, School of Public Health in the Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan.

Background: To combat the coronavirus disease 2019 pandemic, many countries, including Japan, implemented policies limiting social activities and encouraging preventive behaviors. This study examines the influence of such policies on the trends of 10 infectious pediatric diseases: pharyngoconjunctival fever; group A streptococcal pharyngitis; infectious gastroenteritis; chickenpox; erythema infectiosum; hand, foot, and mouth disease; herpangina; respiratory syncytial virus; exanthem subitum; and mumps.

Methods: The research adopted a retrospective cohort study design. Read More

Virol J 2021 08 12;18(1):164. Epub 2021 Aug 12.

Department of Laboratory Medicine, The Affiliated People's Hospital, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang City, Jiangsu Province, China.

Background: Enterovirus 71 (EV-A71) is a highly infectious pathogen associated with hand, foot and mouth disease, herpangina, and various neurological complications, so it is important for the early detection and treatment of EV-A71. An aptamer is a nucleotide sequence that screened in vitro by the technology named systematic evolution of ligands by exponential enrichment technology (SELEX). Similar to antibodies, aptamers can bind to the targets with high specificity and affinity. Read More

Ital J Pediatr 2021 Jun 30;47(1):144. Epub 2021 Jun 30.

University Children's Hospital of Basel, Spitalstrasse 33, 4056, Basel, Switzerland.

The prevalence of oral ulcers in children is reported to be 9%, however diagnosis of oral lesions can be challenging, being an unspecific symptom of several diseases. Differential diagnosis can range from classic infectious disease of childhood (e.g. Read More

Integr Med Res 2021 Sep 2;10(3):100726. Epub 2021 Apr 2.

Centre for Evidence-Based Chinese Medicine, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China.

Background: Shufeng Jiedu capsule has been widely used in China for acute upper respiratory tract infections (AURTIs). The aim of this study was to evaluate its effectiveness and safety for AURTIs.

Methods: Randomized controlled trials comparing SFJD with conventional drug for patients with AURTIs were included. Read More

Front Med (Lausanne) 2021 26;8:656699. Epub 2021 Apr 26.

Department of Clinical Laboratory, Zunyi Medical University Third Affiliated Hospital, Zunyi, China.

Hand, foot and mouth disease (HFMD) and herpangina (HA), two of the most common childhood infectious diseases, are associated with enteroviruses (EVs) infection. The aim of this study was to identify the molecular epidemiology of enterovirus causing HFMD/HA in Zunyi, China, during 2019, and to describe the clinical features of the cases. We collected the information on demographic and clinical characteristics, laboratory data of laboratory-confirmed EVs associated HFMD/HA cases in Zunyi Medical University Third Affiliated Hospital between March 1 and July 31, 2019. Read More

Arch Public Health 2021 Apr 23;79(1):54. Epub 2021 Apr 23.

School of Public Health, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China.

Background: Although several measures have been taken to control hand foot and mouth disease (HFMD) and herpangina (HA), these two diseases have been prevalent in China for 10 years with high incidence. We suspected that adults' inapparent infection might be the cause of the continued prevalence of HFMD/HA infection in mainland China.

Methods: To explore the role of adults (especially caregivers) in the transmission process of HFMD/HA among children, 330 HFMD/HA cases and 330 healthy children (controls) were selected for a case-control study. Read More

Int J Infect Dis 2021 Jun 17;107:62-68. Epub 2021 Apr 17.

Department of Infectious Diseases, Children's Hospital of Fudan University, Shanghai, China. Electronic address:

Objectives: The treatment of acute herpangina is inconsistent. We aim to evaluate the effectiveness and safety of interferon α-2b spray versus Ribavirin for this disease.

Methods: A randomized, controlled trial was conducted in eight hospitals in China between 2016 and 2018. Read More

Emerg Microbes Infect 2021 Dec;10(1):619-628

Institute of Medical Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Kunming, People's Republic of China.

Enterovirus A71 (EV-A71) inactivated vaccines have been widely inoculated among children in Kunming City after it was approved. However, there was a large-scale outbreak of Enteroviruses (EVs) infection in Kunming, 2018. The epidemiological characteristics of HFMD and EVs were analysed during 2008-2018, which are before and three years after EV-A71 vaccine starting to use. Read More

Vaccines (Basel) 2021 Feb 27;9(3). Epub 2021 Feb 27.

Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Rutgers Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA.

Enterovirus A71 (EV-A71) is a major causative agent of hand, foot, and mouth disease (HFMD) and herpangina. Moreover, EV-A71 infection can lead to neurological complications and death. Vaccination is the most efficient way to control virus infection. Read More

Front Microbiol 2020 13;11:610568. Epub 2021 Jan 13.

Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan.

Infection with the re-emerging enterovirus 71 (EV-A71) is associated with a wide range of disease severity, including herpangina, encephalitis, and cardiopulmonary failure. At present, there is no FDA-approved therapeutics for EV-A71. Early diagnosis for the high-risk children is the key to successful patient care. Read More

PLoS One 2021 22;16(1):e0245529. Epub 2021 Jan 22.

Medical School and Jiangsu Provincial Key Laboratory of Medicine, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China.

Enterovirus A71 (EV-A71) has emerged as a clinically important neurotropic virus following poliovirus eradication. Recent studies have shown that human tonsillar epithelial cell lines (UT-SCC-60A and UT-SCC-60B) were susceptible to EV-A71, suggesting that human tonsillar crypt epithelium could be important in EV-A71 pathogenesis. However, the mechanism about how EV-A71 infects the upper oro-digestive tract remains largely unclear. Read More

Viruses 2021 Jan 4;13(1). Epub 2021 Jan 4.

Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Cagliari, Cittadella Universitaria Monserrato (Cagliari), 09042 Monserrato, Italy.

Enterovirus A71 (EV-A71) infection has emerged as a significant public health concern atthe global level. Epidemic events of EV-A71 have been reported worldwide, and this succession of outbreaks has heightened concern that EV-A71 may become a public health threat. In recent years, widespread A71 enterovirus also occurred in European countries. Read More

Front Microbiol 2020 14;11:615965. Epub 2020 Dec 14.

Institute of Virology and AIDS Research, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China.

Enteroviruses are a group of RNA viruses belonging to the family . They include human enterovirus groups A, B, C, and D as well as non-human enteroviruses. Enterovirus infections can lead to hand, foot, and mouth disease and herpangina, whose clinical manifestations are often mild, although some strains can result in severe neurological complications such as encephalitis, myocarditis, meningitis, and poliomyelitis. Read More

Acta Microbiol Immunol Hung 2020 Dec 5;67(4):201-208. Epub 2020 Dec 5.

1Department of Virology, National Public Health Center, Budapest, Hungary.

This report provides the findings of a retrospective surveillance study on the emergence and circulation of enteroviruses with their associated clinical symptoms over a nine-year period detected at the National Enterovirus Reference Laboratory in Hungary between 2010-2018.Enterovirus (EV) detection and genotyping were performed directly from clinical samples. From 4,080 clinical specimens 25 EV types were identified with a median age of patients of 5 years and 68% of all cases affected children aged 10 years or younger, although infections occurred in all age-groups. Read More

J Pediatric Infect Dis Soc 2021 Apr;10(4):398-407

Division of Viral Diseases, Center for Laboratory Control of Infectious Diseases, Korea Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Osong, Republic of Korea.

Background: Enteroviruses (EVs) occur frequently worldwide and are known to be associated with a broad spectrum of clinical manifestations from mild syndromes to neurological disease. To understand the epidemiology of EV in Korea, we characterized EV-infected cases during 2012-2019 based on national surveillance.

Methods: We collected specimens from patients with suspected EV infections and analyzed the data using real-time reverse-transcription polymerase chain reaction and VP1 gene sequencing. Read More

PeerJ 2020 15;8:e9991. Epub 2020 Oct 15.

Department of Laboratorial Science and Technology, School of Public Health, Peking University, Beijing, China.

Background: Herpangina is a highly infectious disease, which is usually prevalent in preschool children.

Methods: This study analyzed the clinical and pathogenic characteristics of herpangina children to demonstrate the epidemiology of herpangina. Clinical manifestations, laboratory indicators and pharyngeal swabs were collected from children with herpangina who were monitored by Tongzhou Center for Disease Control and Prevention in Beijing, 2008. Read More

Viruses 2020 09 23;12(10). Epub 2020 Sep 23.

WHO WPRO Regional Polio Reference Laboratory, National Health Commission Key Laboratory for Medical Virology, National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, No. 155, Changbai Road, Changping District, Beijing 102206, China.

Coxsackievirus A8 (CV-A8) is one of the pathogens associated with hand, foot and mouth disease (HFMD) and herpangina (HA), occasionally leading to severe neurological disorders such as acute flaccid paralysis (AFP). Only one study aimed at CV-A8 has been published to date, and only 12 whole-genome sequences are publicly available. In this study, complete genome sequences from 11 CV-A8 strains isolated from HFMD patients in extensive regions from China between 2013 and 2018 were determined, and all sequences from GenBank were retrieved. Read More

J Clin Virol 2020 09 7;130:104582. Epub 2020 Aug 7.

Key Laboratory of Public Health Safety, Ministry of Education, School of Public Health, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China. Electronic address:

Objectives: Enterovirus A71 (EV-A71) is the main pathogen of severe hand, foot, and mouth disease (HFMD). Commercial enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISAs) are widely used in Chinese hospitals for the rapid diagnosis of acute EV-A71 infections. We present an evaluation of the diagnostic performance of a commercial anti-EV-A71 IgM-capture ELISA kit. Read More

Sci Total Environ 2020 Nov 23;741:140469. Epub 2020 Jun 23.

Department of Pediatrics, National Hospital Organization Beppu Medical Center, 1473 Oaza-Uchikamado, Beppu, Oita 874-0011, Japan. Electronic address:

Environmental factors have been suspected to have effects on the development of Kawasaki disease. However, the associations have been conflicting. The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of air pollution, weather conditions, and epidemic infections on the risks for Kawasaki disease in Japan. Read More

Front Pharmacol 2020 15;11:693. Epub 2020 May 15.

Department of Clinical Chinese Pharmacy, School of Chinese Materia Medica, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China.

Background: Considering the limitations of broad-spectrum antiviral drugs for the treatment of herpangina and the extensive exploration of Chinese herbal injections (CHIs), systematic evaluation of the efficacy of different CHIs in the treatment of herpangina is a key imperative. In this study, we performed a network meta-analysis to investigate the efficacy of CHIs, including Reduning injection (RDN), Shuanghuanglian injection (SHL), Tanreqing injection (TRQ), Xiyanping injection (XYP), and Yanhuning injection (YHN), in the treatment of herpangina.

Methods: A systematic literature review including studies published before December 17, 2018, was conducted in several databases. Read More

J Infect Public Health 2020 Jul 27;13(7):963-969. Epub 2020 May 27.

School of Public Health, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China. Electronic address:

Background: Home quarantine as a non-pharmaceutical measure is a key strategy for preventing the spread of hand, foot, and mouth disease (HFMD) and herpangina (HA). However, the status of home quarantine remains unclear. This study aimed to provide a theoretical basis for the prevention and control of the HFMD and HA by investigating the situation and determining the factors influencing home quarantine in children with HFMD or HA. Read More

Int J Infect Dis 2020 Jul 19;96:538-540. Epub 2020 May 19.

Yancheng Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Yancheng, Jiangsu, China. Electronic address:

Objectives: To better understand the spectrums of pathogens causing herpangina and circulation of Coxsackievirus A4 in Yancheng, China.

Methods: Stool samples from herpangina and HFMD cases were collected. Real Time PCR Kits was used to identify Enterovirus 71, CV-A16 and CV-A6, and nested reverse transcription PCR (nRT-PCR) to detect the other enterovirus types. Read More