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Klin Monbl Augenheilkd 2019 Feb 18. Epub 2019 Feb 18.

Today, magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is considered the diagnostic tool of choice for eye and orbital pathologies. In this article, the MR image characteristics of relevant pathologies are illustrated with case-based examples in the context of clinical findings. Vascular pathologies (such as capillary and cavernous hemangioma), inflammatory diseases (such as endocrine orbitopathy), and neoplasms (such as lymphoma, uveal melanoma, retinoblastoma, and ocular/orbital metastasis) are described. Read More

World Neurosurg 2019 Feb 13. Epub 2019 Feb 13.

Department of Biotechnology and Life Sciences; Head and Neck Surgery and Forensic Dissection Research Center; Via Guicciardini, 9, Varese, Italy; Department of Otorhinolaryngology, University of Insubria-Varese, ASST Sette Laghi, Via Guicciardini, 9, Varese, Italy.

Backgrounds: Cryoprobe devices are used by ophthalmic and orbital surgeons for the extraction of fluid-filled intraorbital lesions. No series described cryo-dissection via an exclusive transnasal approach. The authors describe two cases of purely endoscopic transnasal removal of intraconal orbital hemangiomas with the aid of a dedicated cryoprobe. Read More

J Craniomaxillofac Surg 2018 Sep 20. Epub 2018 Sep 20.

University of Parma, Department of Maxillo Facial Surgery (Head: Prof. Enrico Sesenna), Italy.

Vascular malformations are often found inside the orbit. Isolated venous malformations (frequently misnamed as cavernous hemangiomas) are the most frequent among these. However, also lymphatic and arteriovenous malformations can affect the orbit. Read More

Stroke 2019 Feb 12:STROKEAHA118024058. Epub 2019 Feb 12.

From the Section of Neurosurgery, Biological Sciences Division, University of Chicago, IL (R.S., T.M., R.L., R.G., N.H., S.P.P., J.K., D.Z., S.B.L., Y.C., K.C., L.S., I.A.A.).

Background and Purpose- Previously, murine models Krit1 Msh2 and Ccm2 Trp53 showed a reduction or no effect on cerebral cavernous malformation (CCM) burden and favorable effects on lesional hemorrhage by the robust Rock (Rho-associated protein kinase) inhibitor fasudil and by simvastatin (a weak pleiotropic inhibitor of Rock). Herein, we concurrently investigated treatment of the more aggressive Pdcd10/Ccm3 model with fasudil, simvastatin, and higher dose atorvastatin to determined effectiveness of Rock inhibition. Methods- The murine models, Pdcd10 Trp53 and Pdcd10 Msh2 , were contemporaneously treated from weaning to 5 months of age with fasudil (100 mg/kg per day in drinking water, n=9), simvastatin (40 mg/kg per day in chow, n=11), atorvastatin (80 mg/kg per day in chow, n=10), or with placebo (n=16). Read More

Cureus 2018 Nov 30;10(11):e3663. Epub 2018 Nov 30.

Neurological Surgery, University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, USA.

Cavernous hemangiomas with an intrasellar extension are very rare, generally benign lesions that manifest by the compression of nearby structures. The presenting symptoms usually range from visual disturbances to an endocrine imbalance. Occasional extension into the cavernous sinus has been reported, which can cause cranial nerve compression. Read More

World Neurosurg 2019 Feb 5. Epub 2019 Feb 5.

Department of Neurosurgery, Beijing Tian Tan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China. Electronic address:

Objective: Cavernous sinus hemangiomas (CSHs) are rare vascular tumors. Stereotactic radiosurgery (SRS) is now an effective treatment for small CSHs. The optimum treatment for giant CSHs is still controversial. Read More

J Neurosurg Sci 2019 Feb 4. Epub 2019 Feb 4.

UOC Neurochirurgia, AO San Camillo-Forlanini, Rome, ITALY.

BMC Urol 2019 Jan 31;19(1):13. Epub 2019 Jan 31.

Department of Urology, First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen university, Guangzhou, 510080, China.

Background: Diagnosis of urethral cavernous hemangioma (UCH) is very rare. It can be easy to misdiagnose and mistreat due to its atypical clinical manifestations and a lack of relevant knowledge. The study is to explore the diagnosis, differential diagnosis, and treatment of UCH. Read More

Curr Opin Neurol 2019 Jan 28. Epub 2019 Jan 28.

Department of Neurology, Jefferson Comprehensive Epilepsy Center.

Purpose Of Review: MRI-guided stereotactic laser interstitial thermal therapy (LiTT) has been utilized in the surgical treatment of discrete, small epileptogenic lesions. This review summarizes the current literature and addresses the clinical application of this technique.

Recent Findings: LiTT has the potential to reduce the morbidity and discomfort of epilepsy surgery. Read More

Fetal Pediatr Pathol 2019 Jan 19:1-6. Epub 2019 Jan 19.

c Department of Gyneco-Obstetrics, Hospital Habib Bougatfa, Faculty of Medicine of Tunis, University of Tunis El Manar , Tunis , Tunisia.

Background: Congenital cutaneous hemangioma is a benign vascular lesion that is a leading cause of severe hemodynamic compromise in a fetus when it is of significant size and especially in association with arteriovenous malformation.

Case Report: A large cutaneous hemangioma involving the right arm of a 32-week-old male fetus was complicated by fetal hypotrophy, hydrops fetalis and neonatal death. Axillary arteriovenous fistulas and bilateral arterial carotid-subclavian anastomosis were demonstrated at autopsy. Read More

Acta Cardiol 2019 Jan 16:1-2. Epub 2019 Jan 16.

c Department of Thoracic and Vascular Surgery , Antwerp University Hospital , Edegem (Antwerp) , Belgium.

Zhong Nan Da Xue Xue Bao Yi Xue Ban 2018 Nov;43(11):1246-1250

Department of Geriatrics Neurology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha 410008, China.

Objective: To determine the etiologies and risk factors of intracerebral hemorrhage in young people.
 Methods: A total of 401 young patients with intracerebral hemorrhage were enrolled, and they were assigned into a 20-29 , a 30-39, and a 40-45 age group. The differences of various etiologies and risk factors among the three groups were analyzed. Read More

J Clin Neurosci 2019 Jan 4. Epub 2019 Jan 4.

LINT, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Nacional de Tucumán, Tucumán, Argentina; Chief of Department of Neurological Surgery, Hospital Padilla, Tucumán, Argentina.

A case is reported of a 19-year old patient with a supratentorial giant cavernous malformation (GCM). This was an incidental finding in the context of acute head trauma. Brain computed tomography (CT) scan and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) revealed a giant supratentorial right mass. Read More

Br J Ophthalmol 2019 Jan 5. Epub 2019 Jan 5.

Department of Neurosurgery, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea

Purpose: To evaluate the efficacy and safety of multisession gamma knife radiosurgery (GKRS) for orbital apex venous cavernous malformation causing optic neuropathy.

Methods: Retrospective cohort study in a single tertiary institution from January 2007 to December 2016 on patients who underwent multisession GKRS for orbital apex venous cavernous malformations causing optic neuropathy.

Results: There were 12 patients included in our study. Read More

Am Surg 2018 Dec;84(12):e524-e526

World J Gastrointest Oncol 2018 Dec;10(12):516-521

Department of Gastroenterology, Changzheng Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai 200003, China.

Background: Hemangioma of the small intestine is a rare vascular malformation. Before the advent of capsule endoscopy (CE) and balloon-assisted enteroscopy (BAE), preoperative diagnosis of this disease was extremely difficult.

Case Summary: In this study, we report a 24-year-old female with a large transmural small bowel cavernous hemangioma, which was diagnosed with CE and BAE preoperatively and removed successfully using minimally invasive surgery. Read More

Urol Case Rep 2019 Mar 15;23:52-54. Epub 2018 Dec 15.

Division of Urology, Department of Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Udayana/Sanglah Hospital, Bali, Indonesia.

Urinary hemangiomas are uncommon and can predispose any part of the urinary system. The urethra is infrequently involved and usually affected male urethra. We reported a sixty-three-year-old female patient with intermittent urethral bleeding due to tumor arising at the edge of the urethra. Read More

CASE (Phila) 2018 Dec 22;2(6):262-265. Epub 2018 Sep 22.

Department of Anesthesiology, Dartmouth Hitchcock Medical Center, Lebanon, New Hampshire.

Medicine (Baltimore) 2018 Dec;97(51):e13509

Department of Medical Ultrasonics, Institute of Diagnostic and Interventional Ultrasound, The First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-Sen University.

Rationale: Cavernous hemangiomas are benign vascular malformations that usually involve the skin, subcutaneous tissue, and liver. Described herein was multiple masses in the lung and liver mimicking metastasis, which was proved to be cavernous hemangiomas histologically.

Patient Concerns: A 78-year-old man with complaint of dizziness for 3 days was referred to the local hospital for medical attention. Read More

Int J Surg Case Rep 2018 24;53:479-482. Epub 2018 Nov 24.

Department of Urology, Hubei Cancer Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430079, PR China. Electronic address:

Introduction: Hemangiomas are benign tumor formations of capillaries and blood vessels which are commonly found in various organs. However they are extremely rare in urinary bladder accounting for only 0.6% of all urinary bladder tumors. Read More

J Clin Exp Hepatol 2018 Dec 19;8(4):474-477. Epub 2018 Jul 19.

Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, Department of Pathology New York, NY, USA 10029-6574.

Sclerosing hemangiomas of the liver are rare benign tumors of the liver. Although hepatic hemangiomas are the most common benign liver tumor, they are mostly cavernous in nature. A hepatic sclerosing hemangioma is defined by presence of fibrosis and hyalinization as a result of degenerative changes in a cavernous hemangioma. Read More

Case Rep Urol 2018 6;2018:4259563. Epub 2018 Nov 6.

Urology Department, La Rabta Hospital, Tunis, Tunisia.

Introduction: Paratesticular tumors are rarely observed among scrotal neoplasm. Various types of benign lesions are described. Cavernous hemangioma belongs to uncommon epididymal benign tumors. Read More

Medicine (Baltimore) 2018 Nov;97(48):e13448

Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico Centro Neurolesi "Bonino-Pulejo".

Rationale: Myotonic dystrophy type 1 (DM1) is an autosomal dominant disease caused by a cytosine, guanine, thymine (CTG) trinucleotide repeat expansion in the non-coding region of dystrophia myotonica protein kinase gene, causing a multisystem involvement. To date, few studies have been performed to evaluate skin features in DM1 patients, but none reported on the possible association between the disease and tongue hemangiomas.

Patients Concerns: We report a case of a 63-year-old woman affected by DM1 and presenting, at the intraoral examination, several swelling and buish lesions occurring on buccal and palatal mucosa, and in the anterior two-thirds and margins of the tongue. Read More

Oper Neurosurg (Hagerstown) 2018 Nov 28. Epub 2018 Nov 28.

Department of Neurosurgery, Lenox Hill Hospital, Zucker School of Medicine at Hofstra/Northwell, Hempstead, New York.

Oral Radiol 2018 May 23. Epub 2018 May 23.

Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Radiology and Diagnosis, School of Dental Medicine, Tsurumi University, 2-1-3 Tsurumi, Tsurumi Ward, Yokohama, Kanagawa, 230-8501, Japan.

Objective: Vascular malformations occur more rarely in bones than in soft tissue, with 0.5-1.0% of all intraosseous tumors occurring in the mandible. Read More

World Neurosurg 2018 Nov 24. Epub 2018 Nov 24.

Fluminense Federal University.

J Craniofac Surg 2019 Jan;30(1):193-195

Division of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Kagawa Prefectural Central Hospital, Kagawa.

Hemangiomas are benign vascular soft tissue tumors, which most frequently occur in the skin or subcutaneous tissue. Intramuscular hemangiomas typically occur in the trunk and extremities and less frequently in the head and neck. Among these, those occurring in the temporalis muscle are extremely rare. Read More

Asian J Neurosurg 2018 Oct-Dec;13(4):1292-1294

Department of Pathology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Raipur, Chhattisgarh, India.

We report a case of biopsy-proven retrobulbar lymphangioma in a 14-year-old girl. She presented with chief complaints of swelling in the left eye for 2 months. The patient underwent imaging evaluation and it was diagnosed as cavernous hemangioma, radiologically. Read More

Asian J Neurosurg 2018 Oct-Dec;13(4):1222-1224

Department of Neurosurgery, El Manar-Tunis university, Faculty of Medicine of Tunis, National Institute of neurology, Tunis, Tunisia.

Cavernous hemangioma of the orbit (CHO) is a benign slow-growing lesion of intracanal space. Bilateral orbital cavernous hemangiomas are extremely rare, so that only a few cases have been reported in scientific literature. A 54-year-old patient presented a 1-year history of impaired visual acuity of the left eye. Read More

BMC Surg 2018 Nov 20;18(1):103. Epub 2018 Nov 20.

Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Unit of General Surgery 2, University of Sassari, Sassari, Italy.

Background: Adrenal cavernous hemangiomas are very rare benign tumors that usually present as incidental findings on abdominal imaging. Preoperative differential diagnosis from other benign or malignant adrenal neoplasms may be challenging.

Case Presentation: A 70-year old man was referred for an 8-cm abdominal mass incidentally discovered on a contrast-enhanced computed tomography (CT) performed to investigate a pulmonary nodule. Read More

World Neurosurg 2019 Feb 15;122:453. Epub 2018 Nov 15.

Department of Neurosurgery, Changzheng Hospital, Naval Medical University, Neurosurgical Institute of Shanghai, Neurosurgical Institute of PLA, Shanghai, China. Electronic address:

This surgical video demonstrates a transclinoid-transcavernous approach for the resection of a cavernous sinus hemangioma (Video 1). The patient is a 42-year-old woman who presented with headache and blurred vision. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) demonstrated an enhancing mass in the right-side cavernous sinus and sella. Read More

World Neurosurg 2019 Feb 14;122:e1181-e1194. Epub 2018 Nov 14.

Department of Neurosurgery, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China; China National Clinical Research Center for Neurological Diseases, Beijing, China; Center of Brain Tumor, Beijing Institute for Brain Disorders, Beijing, China; Beijing Key Laboratory of Brain Tumor, Beijing, China. Electronic address:

Objective: The purpose of this study was to analyze the outcomes of cavernous sinus hemangiomas (CSHs) treated surgically, and to investigate factors that affect the gross total resection (GTR), newly developed or deteriorated cranial nerve injury (NDDCNI), and follow-up neurologic performance, and to further discuss the optimal treatment for CSHs.

Methods: Clinical data of 47 patients with CSHs treated surgically at our institution between 2012-2018 were retrospectively reviewed.

Results: GTR was achieved in 26 (55. Read More

Curr Eye Res 2018 Nov 15:1-5. Epub 2018 Nov 15.

a Department of Ophthalmology , No.2 People's Hospital of Yunnan Province , Kunming , China.

Objective: The aim of this study was to investigate the multimodality imaging features of retinal cavernous hemangiomas (RCHs).

Materials And Methods: The clinical data of three patients with RCH were reviewed and the imaging findings were analyzed.

Results: The color photographs of the fundus showed bead-like vesicles in the retina. Read More

An Sist Sanit Navar 2018 Dec 26;41(3):381-385. Epub 2018 Dec 26.

Complejo Hospitalario de Navarra.

Cavernous hemangiomas represent less than 1% of all bone tumours, with the vertebrae and the skull being the most common locations. These tumours are extremely rare in the bones of the nose, with very few cases published in the medical literature, where they have been reported in turbinates, vomer, nasal bones or perpendicular lamina of the ethmoid. They usually present as a tumour lesion that grows over time, involving the bone and even the soft tissues, which can cause complications such as nasal obstruction, bleeding, ulcerations and infection. Read More

Medicine (Baltimore) 2018 Oct;97(43):e12889

Departments of Neurosurgery.

Rationale: Chorea is a movement disorder characterized by randomly appearing involuntary movements of the face, neck, limbs, or trunk. Hemichorea is unilateral, involving one side of the body. Hemichorea is commonly caused by non-ketotic hyperglycemia and/or cerebrovascular injury to the contralateral basal ganglia. Read More

Case Reports Hepatol 2018 4;2018:7353170. Epub 2018 Oct 4.

Department of Diagnostic Pathology, Juntendo University Nerima Hospital, Japan.

We report here an extremely rare case of hepatic sclerosing hemangioma mimicking a biliary cystadenocarcinoma. A previously healthy 39-year-old woman was referred to our hospital because of a large tumor in the liver. Abdominal computed tomography revealed early peripheral ring enhancement in the arterial phase and slight internal heterogeneous enhancement in the delayed phase. Read More

J Cerebrovasc Endovasc Neurosurg 2018 Sep 30;20(3):176-180. Epub 2018 Sep 30.

Department of Neurosurgery, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, Korea.

Cavernous malformations (CMs) are angiographically occult vascular lesions, and their clinical presentations vary widely according to location of the lesion. Here, we reviewed three cases of CM located at the optic apparatus. All three patients experienced visual deterioration and underwent surgical resection. Read More

Surg Neurol Int 2018 3;9:198. Epub 2018 Oct 3.

Department of Pathology, Santa Rita Hospital, Santa Casa de Misericórdia de Porto Alegre Hospital Complex, Porto Alegre, Brazil.

Background: Hemangiomas are benign vascular malformations that can involve the spine. Pure epidural hemangiomas are rare and represent only 4% of all epidural lesions. Most hemangiomas are of the cavernous type; the capillary variant is atypical, and only ten cases have been reported in the literature. Read More

Medicine (Baltimore) 2018 Nov;97(44):e13098

Department of Neurosurgery, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan PR China.

Rationale: Central nervous system (CNS) solid cavernous hemangiomas are rare extra-axial anomalies that may sometimes resemble meningiomas. Due to their complex vascular nature, accurate preoperative diagnosis is important to avoid disastrous hemorrhage during operation. To the best of our knowledge this is the first case in an adolescent since all middle cranial fossa hemangioma cases reported in literature are adults in their 40s or 50s and all the pediatric cases are cystic. Read More

J Neuroimaging 2018 Oct 31. Epub 2018 Oct 31.

Department of Interventional Radiology, Sanford Aberdeen Clinic, Aberdeen, SD.

Congenital cerebrovascular anomalies in the pediatric age group are myriad with diverse etiologies. The purpose of this paper is to provide an imaging overview of congenital vascular malformations and vascular tumors, as these conditions are varied and the characteristic vascular abnormality may even suggest the underlying systemic condition in helping to guide further management. For example, the identification of an arterial anomaly such as agenesis/hypoplasia/duplication may warrant further evaluation for an associated syndrome. Read More

J Surg Case Rep 2018 Oct 23;2018(10):rjy283. Epub 2018 Oct 23.

Department of Pathology, Grande International Hospital, Dhapasi, Kathmandu, Nepal.

Hemangiomas are benign tumors comprising of ectatic blood vessels. Although common in the head and neck region, those occurring within the oral cavity and tongue are exceedingly rare. We report a 5-year-old boy with a swelling over the anterior third of tongue post failed conservative therapy eventually treated with surgical excision and confirmed histologically as a cavernous hemangioma probably first of its kind reported from Nepal. Read More

Front Neurol 2018 11;9:848. Epub 2018 Oct 11.

Department of Neurosurgery, Clinical Neuroscience Center, University Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland.

The best strategy to perform follow-up of patients with multiple cerebral cavernous malformations (mCCM) is unclear due to the unpredictable clinical course. Still, serial radiological follow-up is often performed. The objective of this work was to critically question whether active follow-up by serial imaging is justified and has an impact on clinical decision making. Read More

J Clin Neurosci 2018 Dec 16;58:218-221. Epub 2018 Oct 16.

Department of Neurosurgery, Peking University International Hospital, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing 102206, PR China; Department of Neurosurgery, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100050, PR China; China National Clinical Research Center for Neurological Diseases, Beijing 100050, PR China; Center of Stroke, Beijing Institute for Brain Disorders, Beijing 100050, PR China; Beijing Key Laboratory of Translational Medicine for Cerebrovascular Disease, Beijing 100050, PR China. Electronic address:

Dural cavernous angiomas (CAs) outside the middle cranial fossa are uncommon vascular lesions that generally present with benign clinical course compared to those within the middle cranial fossa. Aggressive invasion of these lesions is less common and mainly involves the skull. Dura sinus invasion and diffused nodular growth are exceedingly rare. Read More

Cureus 2018 Aug 6;10(8):e3113. Epub 2018 Aug 6.

Internal Medicine Residency, Florida Hospital-Orlando, Casselberry, USA.

Hemangiomas of the small intestine are rare and very difficult to diagnose preoperatively. Clinical presentations may include occult or massive gastrointestinal (GI) bleeding, obstruction, intussusception, and perforation. We report a 66-year-old Caucasian male patient with severe anemia secondary to occult GI bleeding from a cavernous hemangioma in the jejunum. Read More

J Clin Neurosci 2018 Dec 13;58:210-212. Epub 2018 Oct 13.

University of California San Francisco, Department of Neurological Surgery, San Francisco, CA, USA. Electronic address:

Background And Importance: Advances in minimally invasive (MIS) and mini-open surgical approaches have led to reductions in perioperative morbidity without compromising rates of resection of non-degenerative intradural spinal pathologies. Whether these approaches may be adapted for the surgical resection for intramedullary vascular malformations - such as cavernous malformations (CMs) - has yet to be reported. The authors describe a mini-open transspinous approach to resect a ruptured intramedullary CM of the conus medullaris. Read More

Isr Med Assoc J 2018 Oct;20(10):637-641

Department of Neurology, Assaf Harofeh Medical Center, Zerifin, Israel.

Background: Thymectomy is a reliable surgical method for treating patients with myasthenia gravis (MG) and benign tumors of the thymus. Despite the advantages of minimally invasive surgical approaches for resection of thymic neoplasms, there are still controversies regarding the superiority of one type of surgery over another.

Objectives: To report the results of our initial Israeli experience with robotic thymectomy in 22 patients with MG and suspected benign thymic tumors. Read More

Urology 2019 Jan 9;123:224-226. Epub 2018 Oct 9.

Department of Urology, Wan Fang Hospital, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan; Department of Urology, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan. Electronic address:

Urinary bladder hemangiomas are rare, especially in children and adolescents. We present a case of a 17-year-old young man with persistent gross hematuria for 1 month. Computed tomography revealed a 3. Read More

Indian J Pathol Microbiol 2018 Oct-Dec;61(4):587-589

Department of Surgery, Maulana Azad Medical College, New Delhi, India.

Sporadic adrenal medullary hyperplasia (AMH) is a rare entity and mimics pheochromocytoma clinically as well as pharmacologically. It is characterized by increase in adrenal medullary cells with the expansion of cells into areas normally not seen. A 59-year-old male presented with chronic hypertension and raised 24-h urinary normetanephrine levels. Read More

Arch Craniofac Surg 2018 Sep 20;19(3):214-217. Epub 2018 Sep 20.

Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Uijeongbu St. Mary's Hospital, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Uijeongbu, Korea.

Skeletal cavernous hemangiomas are rare, benign tumors that may involve the supraorbital rim and orbital roof. However, such involvement is extremely rare. We report a case of skeletal cavernous hemangioma of the frontal bone involving the orbital roof and rim. Read More

J Craniofac Surg 2018 Nov;29(8):e790-e792

Ocular Tissue Engineering Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences.

Cavernous hemangioma (CH) is the most common benign tumor of the orbit which can expand the bony orbit by gradual growth of a large tumor. In this article, the authors report a 28-year-old man presented with a longstanding unilateral proptosis secondary to a huge orbital CH which also caused optic disc deformation and bone erosions in the adjacent orbital walls. The optic disc deformities resolved after the tumor removal. Read More