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Neuro Endocrinol Lett 2017 Jan;37(8):525-533

Institute of Hygiene, Faculty of Medicine, Comenius University in Bratislava, Slovakia.

HIV Infection resulting in AIDS remains serious global public health problem. In the fight with the global health problem plays a key role a simple, reliable and fast diagnostics. An important method in diagnostics is the identification and detection of viral capside p24 antigen levels. Read More

Brain Nerve 2013 Mar;65(3):275-81

Tokyo Metropolitan Cancer and Infectious Disease Center, Japan.

Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) induces acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) in humans. Neurological complications occur frequently in patients with AIDS. About 20 to 40% of all these patients develop neurological symptoms, and in about 10% of AIDS patients, the onset of the disease is characterized by neurological symptoms. Read More

Clin Neurol Neurosurg 2013 Jul 12;115(7):995-1002. Epub 2012 Nov 12.

Department of Neurology, National Institute of Mental Health and Neurosciences, Bangalore 560029, India.

Background: Focal brain lesions (FBL) in HIV/AIDS frequently pose a diagnostic dilemma as the etiology varies from infective (tuberculoma, toxoplasmosis and tuberculous abscesses) to neoplastic lesions like lymphoma. For determining etiology, advanced neuroimaging techniques, serological and molecular biological tests have been evolved with varying sensitivities/specificities. Stereotactic biopsy (STB) of the lesions is reserved for lesions unresponsive to appropriate therapy. Read More

CNS Drugs 2012 Feb;26(2):123-34

Department of Neurology, School of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21287-7613, USA.

In the era of highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART), HIV-1-associated neurocognitive disorder (HAND) continues to be a common and significant morbidity among individuals infected with HIV. The term HAND encompasses a spectrum of progressively severe CNS involvement, ranging from asymptomatic neurocognitive impairment and minor neurocognitive disorder through to the most severe form of HIV-associated dementia (HAD). While the incidence of HAD has declined significantly with HAART, the milder forms of HAND persist. Read More

Braz J Infect Dis 2011 Jul-Aug;15(4):356-9

Department of Neurology, Instituto de Infectologia Emílio Ribas, São Paulo, Brazil.

Background: Cerebral toxoplasmosis (CT) continues to cause significant morbidity and mortality in human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-infected patients in Brazil. In clinical practice, the initial diagnosis is usually presumptive and alternative diagnosis tools are necessary. Our objective was to evaluate whether the detection of high titers of IgG anti-Toxoplasma gondii and T. Read More

J Neurol Sci 2009 Dec 25;287(1-2):79-83. Epub 2009 Sep 25.

Neurology Unit, University Hospital, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil.

Chemokines are chemoattractant cytokines involved in the immune response of a wide variety of diseases. There are few studies assessing their role in opportunistic infections in HIV-infected patients. In this study, we measured CC and CXC chemokines in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) samples obtained from 40 HIV-infected patients with or without opportunistic infections of the central nervous system (CNS). Read More

Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 2010 Jan 25;104(1):24-8. Epub 2009 Aug 25.

Departamento de Medicina Tropical, Universidade Federal de Pernambuco, Recife, PE, Brazil.

Cerebral toxoplasmosis among individuals with AIDS may be difficult to diagnose and needs to be differentiated from other neurological diseases. A validation study was performed on real-time PCR for detecting the B1 gene of Toxoplasma gondii in the blood and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) of AIDS patients with cerebral toxoplasmosis. The study included 135 AIDS patients divided into two groups: Group I comprised 85 patients with neurotoxoplasmosis; and Group II comprised 50 patients with non-toxoplasmic neurological diseases. Read More

J Microbiol Immunol Infect 2008 Oct;41(5):386-92

Department of Internal Medicine, National Taiwan University Hospital and National Taiwan University College of Medicine, Taipei, Taiwan.

Background And Purpose: Clinical manifestations and outcome of toxoplasmic encephalitis (TE) in patients at late stage of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection have not been previously reported in Taiwan. The aim of this study was to describe the clinical and radioimaging characteristics and treatment response in HIV-infected patients with TE in Taiwan.

Methods: Medical records of all HIV-infected patients who were diagnosed as having TE between June 1994 and December 2006 at the National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan, were reviewed by use of a standardized case record form. Read More

BMC Infect Dis 2007 Dec 21;7:147. Epub 2007 Dec 21.

Eduardo de Menezes Hospital, FHEMIG, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brasil.

Background: In the central nervous system, HIV replication can occur relatively independent of systemic infection, and intrathecal replication of HIV-1 has been observed in patients with HIV-related and opportunistic neurological diseases. The clinical usefulness of HIV-1 RNA detection in the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) of patients with opportunistic neurological diseases, or the effect of opportunistic diseases on CSF HIV levels in patients under HAART has not been well defined. We quantified CSF and plasma viral load in HIV-infected patients with and without different active opportunistic neurological diseases, determined the characteristics that led to a higher detection rate of HIV RNA in CSF, and compared these two compartments. Read More

Fortschr Neurol Psychiatr 2005 Oct;73(10):577-86

Neurologische Klinik des Universitätsklinikums Düsseldorf.

After the introduction of highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) in 1996 the neurological manifestations of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV-1)-infection did not decline in incidence and prevalence like the other complications of immunodeficiency; in contrast, due to the longer survival times of HAART treated HIV-1-positive individuals, prevalence of virus associated neurological disease increased during the last years, as international studies underline. Therefore, clinicians and HIV-therapists should be able to diagnose HIV-1-associated neurological disease even in early stages. This article describes symptoms and signs, neuro-imaging and cerebrospinal fluid findings as well as therapy options in primary HIV-1-associated neurological disease like encephalo- and myelopathy and polyneuropathy. Read More

Front Biosci 2006 Jan 1;11:718-32. Epub 2006 Jan 1.

Center for Neurovirology and Cancer Biology, Laboratory of Neuropathology and Molecular Pathology, Temple University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19122, USA.

Infection with HIV-1 has spread exponentially in recent years to reach alarming proportions. It is estimated than more than 33 million adults and 1.3 million children are infected worldwide. Read More

Clin Immunol 2005 May;115(2):133-7

Servicio de Histocompatibilidad e Inmunogenética, Servicio de Inmunología y Servicio de Infectología. Hospital Julio C. Perrando, Resistencia, Chaco, Argentina.

Unlabelled: A total of 220 individuals were included in this study, 112 HIV-seronegative healthy individuals and 108 HIV-1-infected patients involving: 18 AIDS patients with Toxoplasmic encephalitis (AIDS-TE), 49 AIDS patients without TE, and 41 asymptomatic patients, were genotyping for DR and DQ loci by molecular biology techniques. Fisher's Exact test was used for statistical analysis. HLA-DQB*0402 and DRB1*08 alleles were associated with a high risk to develop opportunistic infections with neurological involvement, mainly Toxoplasma encephalitis in relationship with subjects healthy (OR = 20. Read More

Can J Neurol Sci 2004 May;31(2):235-41

Department of Pathology, London Health Sciences Centre, University of Western Ontario, Canada.

Background: The nervous system is a major target of HIV-1 infection and site of many complications of AIDS. Most of our knowledge pertaining to the range and frequency of neuropathology in HIV-1/AIDS is from large centres outside Canada in different social and health care settings. The goal of the present study was to describe HIV-1/AIDS-associated neuropathology before and during the era of highly active antiretroviral therapy at a Canadian teaching centre. Read More

Ter Arkh 2004 ;76(4):18-20

Aim: To analyse the results of a 15-year study of opportunistic diseases in AIDS patients.

Material And Methods: The spectrum of opportunistic diseases were made in AIDS patients in respect to clinical, laboratory and autopsy data for the periods: 1987-1992 (n = 27, 25 deaths--92.6%), 1993-1997 (n = 95, 58 deaths--61. Read More

Arch Pediatr 2003 Sep;10(9):833-4

AIDS 2000 May;14(8):995-1000

Community Programs for Clinical Research on AIDS Statistical and Data Management Center, Division of Biostatistics, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis 55455-0378, USA.

Objectives: To test the hypothesis that Kaposi's sarcoma (KS) protects against four central nervous system (CNS) diseases in HIV-1-infected individuals.

Study Population And Design: The study population of 9404 subjects included participants in Terry Beirn Community Programs for Clinical Research on AIDS (CPCRA) protocols who were enrolled between September 1990 and September 1998. This was an observational study. Read More

J Neurovirol 2000 Apr;6(2):156-63

Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Bari, 70126 Bari, Italy.

Matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) have been identified as mediators of brain injury in HIV-associated neurological diseases. The activity of the 72 kDa gelatinase A (MMP-2) and 92 kDa gelatinase B (MMP-9) was detected by zymography in the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) of 138 HIV-infected patients (40 with AIDS dementia, 83 with brain opportunistic infections and 15 neurologically asymptomatic), 26 HIV-seronegative individuals with inflammatory neurological diseases (IND) and 12 HIV-seronegative subjects with noninflammatory neurological diseases (NIND). MMP-2 was present in all CSF samples from HIV-seropositive and HIV-seronegative individuals, including those of subjects with NIND. Read More

Neuroimaging Clin N Am 1997 Aug;7(3):581-92

Department of Neurology, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.

Human immunodeficiency virus type 1 infection is frequently associated with complications of the nervous system, involving all levels of the neuraxis. Many of these represent focal disorders, such as toxoplasmosis, lymphoma, and progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy. This article reviews the salient clinical and biological features of these disorders. Read More

J Infect 1997 Jul;35(1):41-6

Laboratoire de Virologie, Bâtiment I.R.F.P.P.S., CHU, Lille, France.

Procalcitonin (ProCT) is a recently described marker of severe sepsis. It was decided to assess the value of proCT as a marker of secondary infection in patients infected with HIV-1. ProCT plasma levels were measured by immunoluminometric assay in a prospective study in 155 HIV-infected individuals: 102 asymptomatic and 53 with lever or suspected secondary infections. Read More

AIDS 1997 ;11 Suppl B:S43-54

Project RETRO-CI, Abidjan, Côte d'Ivoire.

Progression from seroconversion to the development of AIDS in Africa may be shorter than in industrialized countries, but there are insufficient data to be certain. Although the data are not always directly comparable, survival after an AIDS diagnosis appears to be substantially shorter in African countries and this may be partly because of later diagnosis of AIDS in Africa, but may also be because of environmental factors such as increased exposure to pathogens of high virulence and lack of access to care. Tuberculosis and bacterial infections are the most important causes of morbidity and mortality among hospitalized patients. Read More

Ophthalmology 1996 Jun;103(6):899-906

Kresge Eye Institute, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI, USA.

Purpose: Progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy (PML) is increasingly described as a late complication of the acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS). The purpose of this study is to evaluate retrospectively the ophthalmologic, clinical, and investigational aspects of AIDS-associated PML.

Methods: The authors evaluated ten patients in whom ophthalmologic manifestations developed in the course of AIDS-associated PML. Read More

J NeuroAIDS 1996 ;1(4):59-69

, Level 2, 376 Victoria Street, Syndey NSW, 2010, Australia.

A prospective, case-control study was undertaken to characterise seizures occurring in the context of human immunodeficiency type-1 (HIV-1) infection. Fifty consecutive patients with a documented seizure were enrolled along with fifty control patients. Among cases the median CD4 cell count was 8/mm3 and 84% had a prior AIDS defining illness; 14/mm3 and 80% among the control group. Read More

Curr Top Microbiol Immunol 1996 ;219:209-22

Department of Infectious Diseases, Catholic University, Rome, Italy.

Bildgebung 1995 Dec;62(4):310-9

Neurologische Klinik, Universität Düsseldorf, Germany.

Since 1983, central nervous system (CNS) involvement in acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS) is well recognized. Imaging methods are important in diagnosing AIDS-related primary and secondary CNS processes as HIV-1-associated encephalopathy, cerebral toxoplasmosis, primary CNS lymphoma, cytomegalovirus (CMV) encephalitis, progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy (PML), and infectious spinal cord granulomas. This paper presents a review of typical AIDS-related CNS findings as seen in morphological radiologic techniques, i. Read More

Rev Soc Bras Med Trop 1995 Oct-Dec;28(4):409-13

Disciplina de Doenças Infecciosas e Parasitárias, Hospital Universitário Antonio Pedro, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade Federal Fluminense, Niterói, RJ.

The authors report the use and the outcome of claritromycin associated with pyrimethamine in the treatment of toxoplasma encephalites in two patients with AIDS. Both patients had the diagnosis stablished on clinical grounds, positive sorology (IgG) for toxoplasmosis and computed-tomographic (CT) scan of the brain showing lesions consistent with T. gondii encephalitis. Read More

Sao Paulo Med J 1994 Jul-Sep;112(3):587-90

Department of Rheumatology, Hospital do Servidor Público Estadual de São Paulo, Brazil.

Few cases of AIDS associated to manifestations suggesting Behçet's syndrome have been reported. This case is of a young married woman who presented, during a period of 7 years, clinical manifestations consistent with the late diagnosis of Behçet's syndrome, when she developed recurrent lymphomonocytic meningoencephalitis. At this time, she was found to be infected by HIV-1. Read More

J Neurol 1994 Jun;241(7):407-14

Neurologische Klinik und Poliklinik, Georg-August-Universität Göttingen, Germany.

We evaluated 49 paired cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) and serum samples of 35 patients infected with the human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) for laboratory evidence of cytomegalovirus (CMV) infection. The patients were grouped according to clinical criteria as probable CMV encephalitis/polyradiculomyelitis, CMV retinitis, cerebral toxoplasmosis, progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy, HIV-1-related cognitive/motor complex, HIV-1-associated myelopathy, and other neurological diseases. Paired CSF and serum samples were analysed for CMV deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) by polymerase chain reaction (PCR), quantitative intrathecal synthesis of immunoglobulin G (IgG) antibodies specific for recombinant phosphoprotein 150 (pp150) of CMV and CMV-specific serum IgM. Read More

AIDS 1993 Dec;7(12):1569-79

Projet RETRO-CI, Abidjan, Côte d'Ivoire.

Background: HIV disease is epidemic in Africa, but associated mortality, underlying pathology and CD4+ T-lymphocyte counts have not previously been evaluated in a representative study. Such data help to determine the management of HIV-positive people. Both HIV-1 and HIV-2 infections are prevalent in Côte d'Ivoire, and the pathology of HIV-2 infection in Africa is unclear. Read More

Ann N Y Acad Sci 1993 Oct;693:93-106

Department of Pathology (Neuropathology), Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York 10461.

Children with AIDS frequently have neurological manifestations due to complications of immunodeficiency or intrinsic effects of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) on the central nervous system (CNS). The most common neurological disorders not directly related to HIV-1 infection include cerebrovascular disease and lymphoma. Global anoxic-ischemic and necrotizing encephalopathies are frequent, while CNS hemorrhages and arteriopathies are less frequent. Read More

Rev Neurol (Paris) 1993 ;149(6-7):421-3

Dept. of Neurology, King Faisal University, Dammam, Arabie Saoudite.

A 33-year-old Saudi woman presented with right hemiballismus of recent onset. Brain CT showed a left thalamo-subthalamic lesion which was thought initially to be a metastasis or a tuberculoma. The presence of severe subacute diarrhea, multiple lymphadenopathies and lymphopenia suggested an acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS). Read More

Can J Neurol Sci 1992 Nov;19(4):442-52

Department of Pathology, UCLA Center for Health Sciences 90024-1732.

Neuropathological findings from 39 acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS) autopsies of primarily neurologically symptomatic patients and 7 brain biopsies from AIDS patients performed at St. Paul's Hospital, Vancouver, British Columbia are reported. Autopsy findings included human immunodeficiency virus-1 (HIV)-type multinucleated giant cell (MNGC)-associated encephalitis seen in 17 patients, toxoplasmosis in 7 patients, and cytomegalovirus encephalitis and/or microglial nodule-associated nuclear inclusions in brain parenchyma in 9 patients. Read More

Baillieres Clin Neurol 1992 Apr;1(1):175-209

Westminster Hospital, London, UK.

HIV-1-related neurological diseases, excluding opportunistic infections and HIV encephalitis, are considered here. Most occur in severely immunosuppressed patients, with CD4 counts of under 200 x 10(6) l-1. Primary brain lymphoma and metastases from systemic non-Hodgkin's lymphoma, the second commonest cause of cerebral mass lesions in AIDS, are usually aggressive B cell tumours. Read More