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Int J Mol Sci 2022 Mar 19;23(6). Epub 2022 Mar 19.

Department of Chemistry and The RNA Institute, University at Albany, State University of New York, 1400 Washington Avenue, Albany, NY 12222, USA.

Pathogenic CUG and CCUG RNA repeats have been associated with myotonic dystrophy type 1 and 2 (DM1 and DM2), respectively. Identifying small molecules that can bind these RNA repeats is of great significance to develop potential therapeutics to treat these neurodegenerative diseases. Some studies have shown that aminoglycosides and their derivatives could work as potential lead compounds targeting these RNA repeats. Read More

Front Immunol 2020 14;11:595068. Epub 2020 Dec 14.

Infectious Diseases Department, The First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China.

We present a case of a 37-year-old man with HIV infection who had been on antiretroviral therapy for one year. He was admitted to our hospital with red and swollen eyes, acute onset progressive exophthalmos, and intermittent diplopia endured for 7 days. His symptoms, exam, and imaging led to a diagnosis of immune reconstitution inflammatory syndrome associated orbital myositis. Read More

AIDS Res Ther 2020 07 9;17(1):38. Epub 2020 Jul 9.

Department of Respiratory Medicine, Nagasaki University Hospital, Sakamoto 1-7-1, Nagasaki City, Nagasaki, 852-8501, Japan.

Background: Vacuolar encephalomyelopathy, a disregarded diagnosis lately, was a major neurological disease in the terminal stages of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-1 infection in the pre-antiretroviral therapy (ART) era. Granulomatous-lymphocytic interstitial lung disease (GLILD) was classically identified as a non-infectious complication of common variable immunodeficiency; however, it is now being recognized in other immunodeficiency disorders. Here, we report the first case of GLILD accompanied by vacuolar encephalomyelopathy in a newly diagnosed HIV-infected man. Read More

Clin Infect Dis 2018 06;67(1):105-111

Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego.

Background: Treatment of acute human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection (AHI) decreases transmission and preserves immune function, but AHI diagnosis remains resource intensive. Risk-based scores predictive for AHI have been described for high-risk groups; however, symptom-based scores could be more generalizable across populations.

Methods: Adults who tested either positive for AHI (antibody-negative, HIV nucleic acid test [NAT] positive) or HIV NAT negative with the community-based San Diego Early Test HIV screening program were retrospectively randomized 2:1 into a derivation and validation set. Read More

Am J Emerg Med 2016 Apr 29;34(4):760.e3-5. Epub 2015 Aug 29.

Mercer University School of Medicine, Macon, GA.

Acute rhabdomyolysis is a rare phenomenon in the emergency setting almost exclusively associated with trauma, drugs, and recent upper respiratory and gastrointestinal infection. Rare reports in the literature have highlighted adult patients presenting with rhabdomyolysis as 1 component in a constellation of symptoms in acute HIV-1 seroconversion; however, there are few reports of rhabdomyolysis as the sole presenting symptom. This case highlights the importance of investigating HIV and other sexually transmitted diseases in pediatric cases of rhabdomyolysis in the emergency care setting. Read More

AIDS Res Hum Retroviruses 2014 Dec;30(12):1162-9

Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, Infectious Diseases Unit, S. Orsola-Malpighi Hospital, Alma Mater Studiorum University of Bologna , Bologna, Italy .

To evaluate the frequency of myopathy and serum creatine kinase (CK) elevation associated with the use of the integrase inhibitor raltegravir we conducted a retrospective, cohort analysis assessing the incidence of skeletal muscle toxicity among HIV-infected patients treated with raltegravir. Adult HIV-infected patients who started a raltegravir-containing therapy were enrolled into the study. The skeletal muscle toxicity was defined by the presence of one or more of the following parameters: (1) isolated and significant CK elevation without signs or symptoms; (2) diffuse myalgia without weakness; (3) proximal muscle weakness; (4) rhabdomyolysis. Read More

Braz J Infect Dis 2015 Jan-Feb;19(1):1-7. Epub 2014 Sep 16.

Exercise Pathophysiology Research Laboratory and Cardiology Division, Hospital de Clinicas de Porto Alegre, Porto Alegre, Brazil; Serra Gaucha College, Caxias do Sul, Brazil. Electronic address:

Background: the impact of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) on lung function is well known and associated with a reduction in pulmonary ventilation. Moreover, the use of highly active antiretroviral therapy has been associated with mitochondrial dysfunction and decreased muscle strength. However, there is scarce information about the factors associated with inspiratory muscle weakness in these patients. Read More

HIV Med 2014 Jan 6;15(1):40-9. Epub 2013 Sep 6.

Infectious Diseases Department, University Hospital Ramón y Cajal, Madrid, Spain; Health Research Institute Ramón y Cajal (IRYCIS), Madrid, Spain.

Objectives: Inversion of the CD4:CD8 ratio (< 1) has been identified as a hallmark of inmmunosenescence and an independent predictor of mortality in the general population. We aimed to assess the association between the CD4:CD8 ratio and markers of age-associated disease in treated HIV-infected patients with good immunovirological response.

Methods: A cross-sectional analysis was conducted in 132 HIV-infected adults on antiretroviral therapy (ART), with plasma HIV RNA < 50 HIV-1 RNA copies/mL for at least 1 year, CD4 count > 350 cells/μL and age < 65 years. Read More

J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr 2013 Apr;62(5):525-33

Clinical Research Program, St. Vincent's Centre for Applied Medical Research, Sydney, Australia.

Objective/design: Raltegravir is uncommonly associated with rhabdomyolysis and grade 3-4 creatine kinase (CK) elevation. In this cross-sectional study, we compared the prevalence of skeletal muscle toxicity in HIV-infected adults receiving raltegravir with that of a control group.

Methods: Adults receiving combination antiretroviral therapy were recruited consecutively. Read More

West Indian Med J 2013 ;62(4):377-9

Institute of Infectious Diseases and Public Health, Universita Politecnica delle Marche, Ancona, Italy.

Sustained increase of serum creatine phosphokinase (CPK) concentrations and muscle abnormalities have been reported in patients taking raltegravir (RAL). In this report, we describe a case of sustained and asymptomatic increase of serum CPK concentrations associated with raltegravir, zidovudine, and lamivudine in an HIV-1 experienced patient with intolerance to protease inhibitor, abacavir and penicillin during 32 weeks of continuous drug monitoring. Read More

Afr Health Sci 2012 Mar;12(1):74-6

Department of Medicine, Niger Delta University, Wilberforce Island, Amasomma, Bayelsa State, Nigeria.

Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection has been implicated as a trigger for various autoimmune diseases, one of which is dermatomyositis. This is a very rare autoimmune disease characterised by myopathy, typical cutaneous signs and variable systemic manifestations. To our knowledge, the association of this rare disease with HIV infection has not been previously reported in Nigeria. Read More

HIV Med 2013 Apr 23;14(4):247-51. Epub 2012 Sep 23.

Department of Infection and Tropical Medicine, Royal Victo, ria Infirmary, Newcastle-upon-Tyne, UK.

Objective: The aim of the study was to determine the prevalence and risk factors for HIV-associated fatigue in the era of highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART).

Methods: A cross-sectional survey of 100 stable HIV-infected out-patients was carried out. Severity of fatigue was measured using the Fatigue Impact Scale (FIS). Read More

AIDS Res Hum Retroviruses 2012 Sep 21;28(9):1089-94. Epub 2012 Feb 21.

Infectious Diseases Department, Hospital Carlos III, Madrid, Spain.

Human infection with the xenotropic murine leukemia virus-related virus (XMRV) has been associated controversially with prostate cancer and chronic fatigue syndrome. Information is lacking about the mechanisms of transmission and potential risk groups for XMRV infection. Plasma and peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) from individuals with retroviral infections, chronic viral hepatitis, autoimmune diseases, prostate cancer, chronic fatigue syndrome, and blood donors were tested for XMRV markers. Read More

AIDS Res Ther 2011 Aug 16;8:30. Epub 2011 Aug 16.

Department of Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, 615 Michael Street, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA.

Background: Separately, chronic alcohol ingestion and HIV-1 infection are associated with severe skeletal muscle derangements, including atrophy and wasting, weakness, and fatigue. One prospective cohort study reported that 41% of HIV-infected patients met the criteria for alcoholism, however; few reports exist on the co-morbid effects of these two disease processes on skeletal muscle homeostasis. Thus, we analyzed the atrophic effects of chronic alcohol ingestion in HIV-1 transgenic rats and identified alterations to several catabolic and anabolic factors. Read More

AIDS 2010 Apr;24(7):1088-90

AIDS 2010 Jan;24(3):473-5

Joint Bone Spine 2009 Oct 11;76(5):550-2. Epub 2009 Jun 11.

Service des Maladies Infectieuses et Tropicales, Hôpital Tenon, AP-HP, Paris, France.

An immune reconstitution syndrome (IRS) occurs in between 10% and 25% of patients starting highly active antiretroviral treatment (HAART). A 49-year-old patient presents a tenosynovitis 6 weeks after HAART initiation. In our patient, exhaustive tests for infectious, inflammatory and drug-related causes of tenosynovitis were negative. Read More

Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 2008 Oct 19;295(4):E964-73. Epub 2008 Aug 19.

Department of Cellular and Molecular Physiology, The Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, Pennsylvania 17033, USA.

The mechanism by which human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-1 infection in humans leads to the erosion of lean body mass is poorly defined. Therefore, the purpose of the present study was to determine whether transgenic (Tg) rats that constitutively overexpress HIV-1 viral proteins exhibit muscle wasting and to elucidate putative mechanisms. Over 7 mo, Tg rats gained less body weight than pair-fed controls exclusively as a result of a proportional reduction in lean, not fat, mass. Read More

AIDS Res Ther 2008 Apr 25;5. Epub 2008 Apr 25.

Pulmonary, Allergy and Critical Care Medicine, Atlanta VA Medical Center and Emory University School of Medicine, 1670 Clairmont Road, Decatur, GA 30033, USA.

Background: Human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) infection and the consequent acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) has protean manifestations, including muscle wasting and cardiomyopathy, which contribute to its high morbidity. The pathogenesis of these myopathies remains partially understood, and may include nutritional deficiencies, biochemical abnormalities, inflammation, and other mechanisms due to viral infection and replication. Growing evidence has suggested that HIV-1-related proteins expressed by the host in response to viral infection, including Tat and gp120, may also be involved in the pathophysiology of AIDS, particularly in cells or tissues that are not directly infected with HIV-1. Read More

Expert Opin Ther Targets 2007 Jun;11(6):835-51

Istituto Pasteur-Fondazione Cenci Bolognetti, Dipartimento di Studi Farmaceutici, Università di Roma La Sapienza, Piazzale Aldo Moro 5, I-00185 Roma, Italy.

In contrast to genetic aberrations, epigenetic aberrations can be reversed by the use of histone acetyltransferase (HAT), histone deacetylase (HDAC), SIRT, or histone methyltransferase (HMT) inhibitors. A well-known HDACi, suberoylanilide hydroxamic acid, has been recently approved for the treatment of cutaneous T cell lymphoma, and a number of HDACi are in clinical trials as anticancer drugs. In addition, HDACi could be useful in antimalarial and antifungal therapies and can reactivate the HIV-1 expression in latent cellular reservoirs, thus suggesting the use in a combination therapy with highly active antiretroviral therapy. Read More

Rev Med Interne 2007 May 29;28(5):322-5. Epub 2007 Jan 29.

Service de médecine interne et maladies infectieuses, hôpital Clermont-tonnerre, 29240 Brest, France.

Introduction: Acute human immunodeficiency virus type 1 infection is a clinical and biological misleading and often undiagnosed illness. Laboratory studies frequently demonstrate abnormalities. Acute rhabdomyolysis is rarely reported. Read More

Int J STD AIDS 2006 Jan;17(1):61-2

Worcestershire HIV Clinic, Worcestershire Acute Hospitals NHS Trust, Worcestershire Royal Hospital, Charles Hastings Way, Worcester WR5 1DD, UK.

Creatine phosphokinase (CPK) estimations are done routinely in some HIV clinics, irrespective of patient symptoms. We studied patients attending the Worcestershire HIV clinic between 1987 and 2001 to identify whether routine elevations in serum levels of CPK in patients with HIV were associated with clinical features of muscle disease (CFMD), and whether such elevations influenced patient management. There was no association between CFMD and a rise in CPK. Read More

Mitochondrion 2004 Jul;4(2-3):169-73

Hawaii AIDS Clinical Research Program, John A Burns School of Medicine, University of Hawaii at Manoa, 3675 Kilauea Avenue, Young Building 5th Floor, Leahi Hospital, Honolulu, HI 96816, USA.

We describe a 50-year-old Caucasian man with a family history of myoclonic epilepsy associated with ragged red fibers (MERRF) and a diagnosis of Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV). The patient had multiple risk factors for contracting HIV and was being followed in our clinic at the time of his diagnosis. Initial testing following seroconversion revealed a baseline CD4+ T-lymphocyte count of 652 x 10(6)cells/l and a HIV-1 RNA of 14,781 copies/ml. Read More

Enferm Infecc Microbiol Clin 2004 Oct;22(8):503-4

AIDS 2004 Jul;18(10):1403-12

Objective: To investigate progressive, severe neuromuscular weakness associated with lactic acidosis in some HIV-infected patients after exposure to nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors (NRTI).

Methods: HIV-associated neuromuscular weakness syndrome (HANWS) was retrospectively identified and classified based on the level of diagnostic certainty: possible (progressive weakness owing to neuromuscular disease), probable (progressive neuromuscular weakness with documented exclusion of confounding causes), or definite (progressive weakness and electrophysiological or pathological evidence of neuromuscular pathology).

Results: Of 69 patients identified with HANWS, 27 had definite HANWS, 19 probable, and 23 possible. Read More

Lancet Infect Dis 2003 Oct;3(10):609-10

Department of Infectious Diseases, General Hospital and Macchi Foundation, Varese, Italy.

AIDS 2003 May;17(8):1266-7

Comp Immunol Microbiol Infect Dis 2001 Jan;24(1):1-20

Laboratorio Virus Animales, Centro de Microbiología v Biologia Celular, Instituto Venezolano de Investigaciones Científicas, Caracas, Venezuela.

The bovine immunodeficiency virus (BIV)/New Zealand (Oryctolagus cuniculus) rabbit model was used to study events that underlie the early and chronic stages of viral replication, routes and time course of viral dissemination and the distribution of the virus in the lymphoid. nonlymphoid and mucosa associated tissues. The results indicated that BIV, a lentivirus with genetic relatedness to the HIV, induced changes of clinical (anorexia, weight loss, muscular wasting, diarrhea, hypoalgesia, torticollis), immunological (recurrent T- and B-cell dysfunctions) and histopathological (lymphadenopathy, splenomegaly) nature that closely parallels those described for cat (Fly), monkey (SIV) and human (HIV) lentiviral diseases. Read More

Ann Intern Med 2000 Aug;133(3):192-6

Warren Grant Magnuson Clinical Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases Intramural AIDS Program. National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA.

Background: An association between use of zidovudine and didanosine and a rare but life-threatening syndrome of hepatic steatosis, lactic acidosis, and myopathy has been reported.

Objective: To describe the syndrome of hepatic steatosis, lactic acidosis, and myopathy in four patients taking stavudine.

Design: Case series. Read More

Semin Neurol 1999 ;19(2):165-76

Department of Neurology, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA.

HIV-1 infection in children and adolescents can cause progressive neurologic disease, affective brain growth, motor function, and neurodevelopment. In addition, myelopathies, neuropathies, myopathies, strokes, and psychiatric or behavioral manifestations can be a result of HIV-1 infection, OI, or toxicities of treatment interventions. CNS OI are important causes of morbidity and mortality, often mimicking the HIV-1 associated neurologic syndromes. Read More