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Medicine (Baltimore) 2021 Jun;100(22):e25962

Division of General Surgery, Changhua Christian Hospital, Changhua.

Rationale: Gynecomastia is a common benign breast disorder in men. Surgical management of gynecomastia includes that of a subcutaneous mastectomy with or without concurrent liposuction. Herein, the authors presented a case of complicated gynecomastia (gynecomastia with concurrent foreign body injection) which was successfully managed with an innovative technique that offered acceptable operative time, minimal complications, good recovery and satisfactory aesthetic outcome. Read More

Acta Endocrinol (Buchar) 2020 Oct-Dec;16(4):524-525

Pathology, Granada, Spain.

Cureus 2021 Apr 23;13(4):e14645. Epub 2021 Apr 23.

Radiology, Augusta University Medical College of Georgia, Augusta, USA.

Siliconomas are rare conditions stemming from uses of silicone injections for soft tissue augmentation, most commonly in the breast and buttocks areas. Siliconomas are known to present with suspicious morphology that mimics cases of embolism or systemic metastasis as the silicone travels through blood and lymphatics. We present the case of a 45-year-old HIV-positive male who presented with siliconomas in the breast region, chest heaviness, shortness of breath, dyspnea, and a physical exam showing gynecomastia. Read More

J Family Med Prim Care 2021 Feb 27;10(2):648-651. Epub 2021 Feb 27.

Consultant Endocrinologist K S Hegde Medical Academy Nitte University Mangalore, Karnataka, India.

Objective: Gynecomastia is benign enlargement of breast in male. It is postulated that its development is primarily due to a mismatch in ratio of oestrogen and androgen at breast tissue. The aim of this study was to highlight the clinical features, presentation and hormonal parameters at the time of consultation. Read More

Andrology 2021 May 25. Epub 2021 May 25.

Unit of Reproductive Endocrinology, First Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Medical School, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece.

Background: Gynecomastia (GM) is the benign proliferation of glandular tissue in the male breast. It is a common condition, which may occur physiologically and shows three age peaks during a male's lifespan: infancy, puberty, and senescence. An underlying pathology may be revealed in 45%-50% of adult men with GM, such as aggravating medications, systemic diseases, obesity, endocrinopathies, or malignancy. Read More

J Plast Reconstr Aesthet Surg 2021 Apr 20. Epub 2021 Apr 20.

Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada; Faculty of Medicine, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada. Electronic address:

Purpose: Several technologies and innovative approaches continue to emerge for the optimal management of gynecomastia by plastic surgeons; the present study investigates the role of radiation therapy in this context.

Methods: A systematic review was performed to evaluate the utility of radiotherapy for the prevention and treatment of gynecomastia incidence or recurrence by plastic surgeons.

Results: Fifteen articles met the inclusion criteria for review. Read More

J Plast Reconstr Aesthet Surg 2021 Apr 22. Epub 2021 Apr 22.

Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Washington University in St. Louis, School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, United States. Electronic address:

Background: Persistent public misconceptions of plastic and reconstructive surgery (PRS), ambiguity between cosmetic versus reconstructive surgical procedures, and subjective interpretation of aesthetics can result in undervaluing of the field. Our study analyzes how patient context (cosmetic or reconstructive/restorative cues) affect public perception of outcomes and value of surgery.

Methods: We distributed Qualtrics™ surveys to laypersons via Amazon Mechanical Turk. Read More

J Clin Imaging Sci 2021 19;11:21. Epub 2021 Apr 19.

Department of Radiology, Pôle Santé République, Clermont-Ferrand, France.

Most of male breast masses are benign with gynecomastia being the most common entity encountered. Primary male breast cancer accounts for less than 1% of the total number of breast cancer. Male breast can be affected by a variety of conditions affecting the female breast with less frequency due to the lack of hormonal influence and consequent glandular sub-development. Read More

BMJ Case Rep 2021 May 4;14(5). Epub 2021 May 4.

Department of Endocrinology, Sri Ramachandra Institute of Higher Education and Research, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India.

We present a case of a 25-year-old man who came to our Endocrine Clinic for evaluation of short stature. He had a history of sensorineural hearing loss, hypertrichosis and hyperpigmentation with the thickening of the skin below the hip, gynecomastia and autoimmune haemolytic anaemia. Investigations showed that he had hypergonadotropic hypogonadism. Read More

Lung India 2021 May-Jun;38(3):289-292

Department of Pulmonary Medicine, Rajagiri Hospital, Kochi, Kerala, India.

Aesthetic Plast Surg 2021 May 3. Epub 2021 May 3.

Plastic and Reconstructive Microsurgery, Careggi University Hospital, Viale Giacomo Matteotti 42, 50132, Florence, Italy.

Background: Gynecomastia is a common finding in males. Clinical aspect varies widely in world populations showing peculiar hallmarks according to different body shapes reflecting personal expectations; therefore, a surgical plan must be tailored on individual basis to all type of patients.

Materials And Method: A total of 522 patients, treated for bilateral gynecomastia from January 2007 to January 2019, were included and reviewed in this retrospective study. Read More

Eur J Pediatr 2021 May 2. Epub 2021 May 2.

Department of Paediatric and Adolescent Endocrinology, University College London Hospital, 250 Euston Road, London, NW1 2PQ, UK.

The aim was to define the true incidence of gynaecomastia in adolescent boys with Klinefelter syndrome (KS) and to observe testosterone treatment effects on its duration by examination of the prospectively collected data from a specialist referral clinic for boys with KS, with comparison being made with KS boys identified by a historical newborn chromosome screening programme, together with chromosomally normal controls. Fifty-nine boys over age 13 years were referred to a specialist KS clinic; 21 developed gynaecomastia. The comparator was 14 KS boys identified at birth and 94 chromosomally normal control boys. Read More

Dermatopathology (Basel) 2021 Apr 15;8(2):103-106. Epub 2021 Apr 15.

Dermatopathologie Friedrichshafen, 88048 Friedrichshafen, Germany.

Smooth muscle hamartoma are usually solitary and congenital, may affect the genital area and nipples. Histopathologically, they are characterized by the presence of mature smooth muscle bundles. We present a 40 year-old male with bilateral nipple enlargement excised with clinical suspicion of bilateral leiomyoma. Read More

Saudi Med J 2021 May;42(5):574-577

From the Unity of Plastic Surgery (Cannistrà), Bichat C.B. Hospital, and from the Pediatric Surgery Department (Al-Shaqsi), Armand Trousseau Hospital, Paris, France.

Objectives: To describe the surgical approach to the treatment of iatrogenic gynecomastia via peri-areolar incision.

Methods: In this study, we describe our experience in the surgical management of iatrogenic hormonal gynecomastia with our technique described for idiopathic gynecomastia. We treated 70 patients with gynecomastia at a plastic surgery unit between 2000 and 2016. Read More

Plast Reconstr Surg 2021 May;147(5):1084-1086

From The Wall Center for Plastic Surgery; the Department of Plastic Surgery, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center; the Division of Plastic Surgery, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center; and Northshore Plastic Surgery.

Plast Reconstr Surg 2021 May;147(5):1072-1083

From private practice.

Background: Male chest definition surgery and patients complaining of breast tissue overgrowth have been increasing in recent decades. After the authors' first report of pectoral etching in 2012, patients and surgeons became more aware about gynecomastia resection when performing pectoral enhancement. The authors present their experience with pectoral high-definition liposculpture in addition to inverted-omega incision resection for gynecomastia. Read More

Breast Cancer (Auckl) 2021 8;15:11782234211002496. Epub 2021 Apr 8.

Department of Pathology, Portuguese Institute of Oncology of Lisbon, Lisbon, Portugal.

Background: Male breast carcinoma (male BC) is an uncommon neoplasia without individualized strategies for diagnosis and therapeutics. Low overall survival (OS) rates have been reported, mostly associated with patients' advanced stage and older age. Intratumoral heterogeneity versus homogeneity of malignant epithelial cells seems to be an important factor to consider for the development of combination therapies with curative intention. Read More

J Med Imaging Radiat Oncol 2021 Apr 21. Epub 2021 Apr 21.

Department of Medical Imaging, Royal Perth Hospital, Perth, Western Australia, Australia.

We present an exceptionally rare case of primary breast follicular lymphoma in a male patient, who presented to us with gynaecomastia for investigation. To our knowledge there have only been two other cases published in the literature to date. In Western Australia, there have been no cases in at least the past 10 years. Read More

Endocrinol Diabetes Metab Case Rep 2021 Apr 1;2021. Epub 2021 Apr 1.

Department of Internal MedicineNorthwest Clinics, Alkmaar, the Netherlands.

Summary: Gynecomastia is a symptom with a potential high disease burden. It has a variety of underlying causes, such as malignant, drug-related or hormonal. The presence of gynecomastia can be explained in thyrotoxicosis due to a concomitant disbalance of sex hormones. Read More

Eur J Breast Health 2021 Apr 31;17(2):173-179. Epub 2021 Mar 31.

Department of Radiology, Ege University Faculty of Medicine, İzmir, Turkey.

Objective: In this study, we aimed to determine the prevalence of gynecomastia by evaluating computed tomography (CT) images of male patients who were admitted to our hospital during the coronavirus disease-2019 (COVID-19) pandemic.

Materials And Methods: This study included a total of 1,877 patients who underwent chest CT for prediagnosis of COVID-19 pneumonia between March 15 and May 15, 2020. All images were evaluated for the presence of gynecomastia. Read More

Eur J Breast Health 2021 Apr 31;17(2):103-111. Epub 2021 Mar 31.

Department of Pathology, Sonoscan Healthcare, West Bengal, India.

Objective: This study aimed to determine the cytodiagnostic spectrum of various male breast lesions, which were corroborated on histopathology as appropriate, to describe the process of the cytomorphology of some uncommon pathological lesions, and to discuss the reasons of their misdiagnoses.

Materials And Methods: In this 8-year study, a total of 114 patients underwent fine needle aspiration cytology (FNAC). In a representative case, nipple discharge from an 8-month-old child was examined. Read More

Acta Medica (Hradec Kralove) 2021 ;64(1):42-45

Fingerland Department of Pathology, University Hospital Hradec Králové, Faculty of Medicine Hradec Králové, Charles University, Czech Republic.

Disorders of sexual development (DSD) refers to a group of diseases that links the mismatch between an individual's genetic and gonadal development and its phenotype. Ovotesticular DSD (true hermaphroditism) is one such disease, in which both male and female gonads are present. A 15-year-old boy with a history of surgery for non-palpable testis was examined due to bilateral gynecomastia and known gonosomal mosaic of Klinefelter syndrome. Read More

Surg Innov 2021 Apr 8:15533506211008076. Epub 2021 Apr 8.

Department of Plastic & Reconstructive Surgery, 35470INHS Asvini, Mumbai, India.

Gynecomastia, benign enlargement of the male breast is the most common breast pathology amongst males. The most widely used modality of treatment is liposuction under general anesthesia. To date however there is no published study that specifically addresses to use tumescent anesthesia & use of tranexamic acid in it for excision of gynecomastia. Read More

J Pediatr Endocrinol Metab 2021 Apr 14;34(4):521-525. Epub 2020 Dec 14.

Division of Pediatric Endocrinology, Department of Pediatrics, UCLA David Geffen School of Medicine, Los Angeles, CA, USA.

Objective: We present a case of an unusual cause of prepubertal gynecomastia.

Case Presentation: Enlargement of breast tissue in males, or gynecomastia, is a rare condition in prepubescent boys. We describe an 8-year-old male who developed unilateral gynecomastia secondary to marked dietary soy consumption. Read More

S Afr J Surg 2021 Mar;59(1):7-11

Department of Surgery, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, South Africa.

Background: The spectrum of male breast disease (MBD) and its relative proportions is not well documented. This study aims to describe the demographics, clinical, radiological and histopathological characteristics of the spectrum of MBD managed at Charlotte Maxeke Johannesburg Academic Hospital (CMJAH).

Methods: This is a retrospective, descriptive study of all male patients diagnosed with MBD at CMJAH between 1 January 2016 and 31 December 2018. Read More

Hum Mol Genet 2021 May;30(7):575-594

Regenerative Medicine Program, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, Ontario K1H 8L6, Canada.

The PHF6 mutation c.1024C > T; p.R342X, is a recurrent cause of Börjeson-Forssman-Lehmann Syndrome (BFLS), a neurodevelopmental disorder characterized by moderate-severe intellectual disability, truncal obesity, gynecomastia, hypogonadism, long tapering fingers and large ears (MIM#301900). Read More

Br J Gen Pract 2021 Apr 26;71(705):185-188. Epub 2021 Mar 26.

Nightingale Breast Centre, Manchester University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Manchester; Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, University of Manchester, Manchester.

Aesthetic Plast Surg 2021 Mar 23. Epub 2021 Mar 23.

ProEstetica Medical Center, Str. Paris, 40 A, 011814, Bucharest, Romania.

Breast Dis 2021 Mar 19. Epub 2021 Mar 19.

Breast Cancer Surgery Unit, Army General Hospital, Athens, Greece.

Cysts represent the most common cause of a breast mass in women. On the contrary, in men, the presence of a benign apocrine cyst is an exceedingly rare occurrence, with only a few cases reported in the literature. We describe herein a case of benign apocrine breast cyst without concurrent gynecomastia in a 41-year-old male. Read More

J Pediatr Urol 2021 Jun 24;17(3):346-352. Epub 2021 Feb 24.

Department of Urology, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, USA.

Klinefelter syndrome (KS) is an uncommon chromosomal disorder in males that has a variable clinical appearance. Classic KS involves an extra X chromosome, (47, XXY), although other variations may exist, including a milder mosaic form as well as multiple extra sex chromosomes with more dramatic phenotypes. KS is underdiagnosed, especially pre-pubertally, owing to a paucity of concrete clinical signs; however, diagnostic rates increase during and after puberty, as the consequences of hypergonadotropic hypogonadism begin to manifest. Read More