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MMW Fortschr Med 2019 Feb;161(3):44-47

Klinik und Poliklinik für Innere Medizin II, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Ismaninger Str. 22, D-81675, München, Deutschland.

J Antimicrob Chemother 2019 Feb 18. Epub 2019 Feb 18.

WHO Collaborating Centre for Gonorrhoea and Other Sexually Transmitted Infections, National Reference Laboratory for Sexually Transmitted Infections, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Health, Örebro University, Örebro, Sweden.

Background: Lack of effective treatment of gonorrhoea due to increasing antimicrobial resistance in Neisseria gonorrhoeae is a serious threat to the management and control of the infection. Novel antimicrobials are required to prevent the infection becoming untreatable.

Objectives: Herein, we investigated the in vitro activity of a novel small-molecule antimicrobial with a new mechanism of action, SMT-571, against a large collection of clinical N. Read More

Clin Infect Dis 2019 Feb 15. Epub 2019 Feb 15.

Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Alabama at Birmingham.

Background: Trichomonas vaginalis virus (TVV) is a non-segmented, 4.5-5.5 kbp, double-stranded RNA virus infecting T. Read More

Front Public Health 2019 31;7. Epub 2019 Jan 31.

Department of Urology, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA, United States.

Male circumcision (MC) is proven to substantially reduce men's risk of a number of sexually transmitted infections (STIs). We conducted a detailed systematic review of the scientific literature to determine the relationship between MC and risk of STIs and associated conditions in women. Database searches by "circumcision women" and "circumcision female" identified 68 relevant articles for inclusion. Read More

Can Fam Physician 2019 Feb;65(2):112-115

Associate Professor in the School of Nursing at the University of Ottawa in Ontario and a nurse practitioner at the Sexual Health Clinic in Ottawa.

Sex Transm Dis 2019 Feb 11. Epub 2019 Feb 11.

California Preterm Birth Initiative, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA.

Background: Few studies have examined the relationship between sexually transmitted infections (STIs) and preterm birth (<37 weeks gestation) by subtype (<32 weeks, 32 - 36 weeks, spontaneous, provider-initiated). Here, we evaluate the odds of preterm (by subtype) and early term (37 and 38 weeks gestation) birth in women with an STI compared to a propensity score matched reference population.

Methods: The sample was selected from California births in 2007-2012. Read More

ACS Infect Dis 2019 Feb 13. Epub 2019 Feb 13.

Gepotidacin is a first-in-class triazaacenaphthylene novel bacterial topoisomerase inhibitor (NBTI). The compound has successfully completed phase II trials for the treatment of acute bacterial skin/skin structure infections and for the treatment of uncomplicated urogenital gonorrhea. It also displays robust in vitro activity against a range of wild-type and fluoroquinolone-resistant bacteria. Read More

Sex Transm Dis 2019 Mar;46(3):199-205

Background: Presumptive antibiotic treatment is common for suspected chlamydia (CT) and gonorrhea (GC) infections before laboratory confirmation to prevent complications, reduce loss-to-follow-up, and interrupt transmission. We assessed this practice in sexually transmitted disease (STD) and family planning clinics.

Methods: We performed a retrospective analysis of data from clinics in Virginia in 2016 using administrative data merged with electronic laboratory reporting data. Read More

J Nepal Health Res Counc 2019 Jan 28;16(41):473-475. Epub 2019 Jan 28.

Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Institute of Medicine, Tribhuvan University, Kathmandu, Nepal.

Rational use of drugs has immense impact on quality health care. Developing nations have 80% essential drug list prescription. Even though WHO estimates 15-25% antibiotics prescription in these regions, majority of Nepalese patients are prescribed more than one antibiotic in addition to inappropriate prescription in 10%-42% patients. Read More

Evid Based Complement Alternat Med 2019 10;2019:7631531. Epub 2019 Jan 10.

Laboratory of Research in Applied Microbiology (LAPEMA), University of Franca, Avenida Dr. Armando Salles de Oliveira 201, 14404-600 Franca, SP, Brazil.

Trees of the genus are native to the tropical regions of Latin America and Western Africa. sp is widely used as a popular medicine and it has various ethnopharmacological indications, including gonorrhea, bronchitis, asthma, skin ulcers, ulcers, sore throat, uterine infections, general inflammations, cancer, and leishmanioses. Kaurenoic acid is a naturally occurring diterpene found in and has been used as an anti-inflammatory, treatment of ulcer, leishmaniasis, and cancer. Read More

Enferm Infecc Microbiol Clin 2019 Feb 4. Epub 2019 Feb 4.

Vall d'Hebron Institut de Recerca, Barcelona, España; GeITS de la Sociedad Española de Enfermedades Infecciosas y Microbiología Clínica (SEIMC), Madrid, España; Servicio de Microbiología, Hospital Universitario Vall d'Hebron, Barcelona, España; Departamento de Genética y Microbiología, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, España. Electronic address:

Gonococcal infection is a current public health problem worldwide, being the second most prevalent bacterial sexually transmitted infection. The etiologic agent is Neisseria gonorrhoeae, a gram-negative diplococcus, and mainly causes urethritis in men. In women up to 50% of infections can be asymptomatic. Read More

Diagn Microbiol Infect Dis 2019 Jan 14. Epub 2019 Jan 14.

UCLA Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA.

There are no commercially available Food and Drug Administration-cleared rapid tests for Neisseria gonorrhoeae antimicrobial susceptibility testing. This study evaluated the performance of a laboratory-developed real-time polymerase chain reaction assay for genotyping the gyrA gene to determine antimicrobial susceptibility to ciprofloxacin. Validation and clinical performance of the gyrA assay were evaluated across 3 geographic locations (Los Angeles, San Francisco, Philadelphia). Read More

J Infect Dis 2019 Jan 31. Epub 2019 Jan 31.

Deputy Director, Division of Antiviral Products Office of Antimicrobial Products, Office of New Drugs Center for Drug Evaluation and Research U.S. Food and Drug Administration 10903 New Hampshire Avenue Building 22, Room 6370, Silver Spring MD.

Using published data, we found a direct correlation between the incidence of rectal gonorrhea and HIV infection in MSM who were not using oral pre-exposure prophylaxis. HIV incidence was predicted using rectal gonorrhea incidence as the determinant in regression analysis. The observed correlations suggest the rectal gonorrhea incidence can potentially serve as a predictor of HIV incidence. Read More

Prim Care 2019 Mar 24;46(1):157-173. Epub 2018 Dec 24.

Residency in General Preventive Medicine and Public Health, Florida Department of Health, Palm Beach County, 800 Clematis, West Palm Beach, FL 33401, USA.

This article discusses sexually transmitted infections (STI) screening and focuses on reportable STIs. This includes gonorrhea, chlamydia, syphilis, and human immunodeficiency virus. Hepatitis B and C, trichomonas, and herpes are covered as well. Read More

Dtsch Med Wochenschr 2019 Feb 31;144(3):165-170. Epub 2019 Jan 31.

Abteilung Infektiologie, Klinik für Innere Medizin II, Universitätsklinikum Freiburg.

The incidence of sexually transmitted infections like syphilis or gonorrhea is still rising, particularly in the high-risk population of men having sex with men (MSM). Neisseria gonorrhoeae is capable to develop resistance to all antibiotics previously or currently used for treatment. Dual antimicrobial therapy with ceftriaxone and azithromycin is considered the current empirical first-line therapy. Read More

Microb Genom 2019 Jan 30. Epub 2019 Jan 30.

Infection Genomics, Wellcome Sanger Institute, Wellcome Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridgeshire, UK.

Gonorrhoea infections are on the increase and strains that are resistant to all antimicrobials used to treat the disease have been found worldwide. These observations encouraged the World Health Organization to include Neisseria gonorrhoeae on their list of high-priority organisms in need of new treatments. Fortunately, concurrent resistance to both antimicrobials used in dual therapy is still rare. Read More

Evol Appl 2019 Feb 3;12(2):337-349. Epub 2019 Jan 3.

Glycobiology Research and Training Center University of California, San Diego La Jolla California.

causes the sexually transmitted disease gonorrhea exclusively in humans and uses multiple strategies to infect, including acquisition of host sialic acids that cap and mask lipooligosaccharide termini, while restricting complement activation. We hypothesized that gonococci selectively target human anti-inflammatory sialic acid-recognizing Siglec receptors on innate immune cells to blunt host responses and that pro-inflammatory Siglecs and pseudogene polymorphisms represent host evolutionary adaptations to counteract this interaction. can indeed engage multiple human but not chimpanzee CD33rSiglecs expressed on innate immune cells and in the genitourinary tract--including Siglec-11 (inhibitory) and Siglec-16 (activating), which we detected for the first time on human cervical epithelium. Read More

JAMA 2019 Jan;321(4):335

Mil Med Res 2019 01 29;6(1). Epub 2019 Jan 29.

Division of Infectious Diseases, Naval Medical Center San Diego, 34800 Bob Wilson Drive, Ste 201, San Diego, CA, 92134, USA.

Background: Pharyngeal and anorectal reservoirs of gonorrhea (GC) and chlamydia (CT) are increasingly recognized among heterosexual women. While a number of studies performed at sexually transmitted disease (STD) clinics have found a high prevalence of extragenital GC/CT infection, such screening is typically not offered during routine primary care visits for women. We sought to define the prevalence of and factors associated with extragenital GC/CT among women in the U. Read More

J Ethnopharmacol 2019 Jan 24. Epub 2019 Jan 24.

Dept. of Applied Chemistry, Federal University Dutsin-Ma, Katsina State, Nigeria; National Center for Natural Products Research, School of Pharmacy, The University of Mississippi, University, MS 38677, USA.

Ethnopharmacological Relevance: Ackee plant (Blighia sapida K. D. Koenig) (Sapindaceae) is used in Sub-Saharan African where it has its origin and in different parts of the world (The Caribbean, North and South America, Europe) traditionally to manage numerous ailments like backache, constipation, cancer, fever in young children, gonorrhea, dysentery, psychosis, hernia, stomach ache, malaria, rheumatism, typhoid and several others. Read More

Sex Transm Dis 2019 Jan 19. Epub 2019 Jan 19.

Department of Epidemiology, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia.

Background: Sexually transmitted infections (STIs) are associated with an increased risk of HIV acquisition and transmission. We estimated the proportion of HIV incidence among men who have sex with men attributable to infection with the two most common bacterial STIs, Neisseria gonorrhoeae (NG) and Chlamydia trachomatis (CT).

Methods: We used a stochastic, agent-based model of a sexual network of MSM with co-circulating HIV, NG, and CT infections. Read More

Sex Transm Dis 2019 Jan 19. Epub 2019 Jan 19.

Melinta Therapeutics, Lincolnshire.

Background: We evaluated single oral dose delafloxacin versus single intramuscular (IM) ceftriaxone in participants with uncomplicated urogenital gonorrhea (primary objective). Secondary objectives included the efficacy, safety, and tolerability of delafloxacin versus ceftriaxone for uncomplicated urogenital, rectal, and/or pharyngeal gonorrhea.

Methods: In this open-label, multicenter study, 460 participants at 25 study centers were randomized (2:1) to receive a single 900mg oral dose of delafloxacin or 250mg IM ceftriaxone. Read More

Sex Transm Dis 2019 Jan 19. Epub 2019 Jan 19.

Department of Biomedical & Health Informatics, University of Missouri-Kansas City School of Medicine, Kansas City, MO, USA.

Background: Current guidelines recommend screening for extragenital gonorrhea (GC) and chlamydia (CT) only among men having sex with men (MSM). Extragenital GC and CT is associated with treatment failure and disease transmission. The prevalence of exragenital GC/CT infections in women and in men having sex with women (MSW) are less well studied. Read More

PLoS One 2019 23;14(1):e0209064. Epub 2019 Jan 23.

Departments of Global Health and Medicine, University of Washington Schools of Medicine and Public Health; and Center for AIDS & STD, Seattle, WA, United States of America.

Introduction: Interactive computer-based interventions (ICBI) are potentially scalable tools for use in real-world settings to promote sexual health and prevent sexually transmitted infections (STIs) and unintended pregnancies. We developed and assessed the feasibility and acceptability of an ICBI for promoting adolescent and young adult sexual health, and the effectiveness of the intervention in reducing unprotected sex, STIs, and unintended pregnancy.

Methods: This pilot randomized controlled trial enrolled STI Clinic patients, in Seattle, Washington, who were 14-24 years old and reported unprotected vaginal sex during the last 2 months. Read More

Pediatr Emerg Care 2019 Jan 21. Epub 2019 Jan 21.

From the Division of Emergency Medicine and.

Objectives: In the United States, adolescents account for nearly half of the newly diagnosed sexually transmitted infections annually, and many of these infections are asymptomatic. Adolescents often seek care in pediatric emergency departments; thus, the emergency department is an important setting to implement adolescent sexually transmitted infection screening. Before implementation, baseline data reflecting current screening rates of symptomatic and asymptomatic patients were needed. Read More

Nurse Pract 2019 Feb;44(2):35-41

Patrick O'Byrne is an associate professor and NP at the University of Ottawa School of Nursing in Ottawa, Ontario, Canada.

Chlamydia and gonorrhea are the most commonly diagnosed bacterial sexually transmitted infections (STIs), and both are increasing in incidence. Because these STIs are often asymptomatic and found at extragenital sites, such as the pharynx and rectum, it is important that clinicians know when and how to screen for them. This article reviews recent updates to Canadian screening guidelines, including the evidence that led to updates on this topic. Read More

JMIR Public Health Surveill 2019 Jan 15;5(1):e11357. Epub 2019 Jan 15.

Center for Research and Education in Advanced Transportation Engineering Systems, Rowan University, Glassboro, NJ, United States.

Background: The literature in statistics presents methods by which autocorrelation can identify the best period of measurement to improve the performance of a time-series prediction. The period of measurement plays an important role in improving the performance of disease-count predictions. However, from the operational perspective in public health surveillance, there is a limitation to the length of the measurement period that can offer meaningful and valuable predictions. Read More

BMJ Open 2019 Jan 17;9(1):e022510. Epub 2019 Jan 17.

Department of Infectious Disease Epidemiology, Imperial College London, London, UK.

Objective: We evaluated the performance of nucleic acid amplification tests (NAATs) using vaginal specimens in comparison to specimens from the cervix or urine in their ability to detect chlamydia and gonorrhoea infection in women based on patient infection status (PIS).

Design: Systematic review.

Data Sources: EMBASE and Ovid MEDLINE databases were searched through 3 October 2017. Read More

Am J Prev Med 2019 Mar 15;56(3):352-358. Epub 2019 Jan 15.

Division of STD Prevention, National Center for HIV/AIDS, Viral Hepatitis, STD, and TB Prevention, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia.

Introduction: The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention allocates funds annually to jurisdictions nationwide for sexually transmitted infection prevention activities. The objective of this study was to assess the effectiveness of federal sexually transmitted infection prevention funding for reducing rates of reported sexually transmitted infections.

Methods: In 2017-2018, finite distributed lag regression models were estimated to assess the impact of sexually transmitted infection prevention funding (in 2016 dollars per capita) on reported chlamydia rates from 2000 to 2016 and reported gonorrhea rates from 1981 to 2016. Read More

J Antimicrob Chemother 2019 Jan 11. Epub 2019 Jan 11.

Centre for Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Melbourne School of Population and Global Health, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia.

Rates of bacterial sexually transmitted infections (STIs) continue to rise, demanding treatments to be highly effective. However, curing infections faces significant challenges due to antimicrobial resistance in Neisseria gonorrhoeae and Mycoplasma genitalium and especially treating STIs at extragenital sites, particularly rectal chlamydia and oropharyngeal gonorrhoea. As no new antimicrobials are entering the market, clinicians must optimize the currently available treatments, but robust data are lacking on how the properties or pharmacokinetics of antimicrobials can be used to inform STI treatment regimens to improve treatment outcomes. Read More

J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr 2019 Jan 8. Epub 2019 Jan 8.

Department of Medicine , University of Washington, Seattle, WA, US.

Background: Men who have sex with men (MSM) with bacterial STDs are at elevated risk for HIV. We evaluated the integration of pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP) referrals into STD partner services (PS) for MSM.

Setting: King County, Washington METHODS:: Disease Intervention Specialists (DIS) in King County attempt to provide PS to all MSM with early syphilis and, as resources allow, MSM with gonorrhea or chlamydia. Read More

MBio 2019 Jan 15;10(1). Epub 2019 Jan 15.

Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The University of Iowa, Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City, Iowa, USA

is quickly becoming untreatable due to its acquisition of resistance to multiple antimicrobials. It is vital that we begin to understand the mechanisms by which this is occurring. The paper by C. Read More

Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2019 Jan 14. Epub 2019 Jan 14.

Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Uniformed Services University of Health Sciences, Bethesda, MD, United States

There is a pressing need for drug development for gonorrhea. Here we describe pharmacokinetics/pharmacodynamics (PK/PD) analysis of extended-spectrum cephalosporins (ESC) against drug-susceptible and drug-resistant gonococcal strains in a murine genital tract infection model. PK determined in uninfected mice displayed a clear dose response in plasma levels following single doses of ceftriaxone (CRO) (intraperitoneal) or cefixime (CFM) (oral). Read More

Sex Transm Dis 2019 Feb;46(2):105-111

From the Department of Epidemiology, Fielding School of Public Health.

Background: Among men who have sex with men (MSM) the relationship between sexually transmitted infections (STIs) and cannabis use is not well established. We assessed cannabis use, sexual behavior, and STIs including human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) in a diverse cohort of young MSM.

Methods: In Los Angeles, the mSTUDY cohort conducted visits every 6 months with 512 MSM between 2014 and 2017 collecting demographics, sexual behaviors, and reports of frequency of substance use. Read More

Am Fam Physician 2019 Jan;99(2):77

Denver, CO, USA.

AIDS Patient Care STDS 2019 Feb 11;33(2):49-57. Epub 2019 Jan 11.

1 Department of Health, Behavior, and Society, Johns Hopkins University Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland.

Pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP) has the potential to be an empowering HIV prevention tool among female sex workers (FSW), yet little is known about PrEP awareness and interest in this population. Sex workers and Police Promoting Health in Risky Environments (SAPPHIRE) is a prospective cohort study of street-based FSW in Baltimore, MD. A cross-sectional analysis explored awareness and interest in PrEP among HIV-negative FSW. Read More

Sex Transm Dis 2019 Jan 8. Epub 2019 Jan 8.

City University of New York, Graduate School of Public Health & Health Policy, New York, USA.

Background: Evidence suggests that some forms of hormonal contraception (HC) increase women's risk of non-HIV sexually transmitted infections (STIs), yet evidence has not been reviewed since 2008. We conducted an updated systematic review to incorporate studies published between January 2009 and June 2017 to examine the relationship between HCs and incident and/or recurrent STIs.

Methods: We searched PubMed and EMBASE to identify prospective studies comparing risk of Chlamydia trachomatis, Neisseria gonorrhoeae, human papillomavirus (HPV), herpes simplex virus type 2 (HSV-2), Treponema pallidum, or Trichomonas vaginalis, between women using HC vs. Read More

N Engl J Med 2019 Jan;380(2):e2

Normah Medical Specialist Center, Kuching, Malaysia

Sex Transm Dis 2019 Jan 7. Epub 2019 Jan 7.

Division of Pediatric Hospitalist Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Children's Hospital at Montefiore, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York.

Hospitalizations offer chlamydia and gonorrhea screening opportunities for youth who may not seek preventive care. Tracking of screening test results still pending after hospital discharge is an important component of clinical care. This process can be improved by protocol use and enhanced by effective, automated electronic health record tools. Read More

Vaccines (Basel) 2019 Jan 5;7(1). Epub 2019 Jan 5.

Immunisation Advisory Centre, Department of General Practice and Primary Health Care, University of Auckland, Auckland 1142, New Zealand.

Gonorrhea is a major global public health problem with emergence of multiple drug-resistant strains with no effective vaccine. This retrospective cohort study aimed to estimate the effectiveness of the New Zealand meningococcal B vaccine against gonorrhea-associated hospitalization. The cohort consisted of individuals born from 1984 to 1999 residing in New Zealand. Read More

Clin Infect Dis 2019 Jan 7. Epub 2019 Jan 7.

Iona College, New Rochelle, NY.

Background: HPTN 073 assessed the feasibility, acceptability, and safety of pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP) for Black men who have sex with men (BMSM). The purpose of this analysis was to characterize the relationship between PrEP uptake and use, and incident STIs among participants enrolled in HPTN 073.

Methods: 226 HIV-uninfected BMSM were enrolled in three US cities; all participants received client-centered care coordination (C4) and were offered daily oral PrEP. Read More

BMC Infect Dis 2019 Jan 3;19(1). Epub 2019 Jan 3.

Centre for HIV and Sexually Transmitted Infections, National Institute for Communicable Diseases (NICD), National Health Laboratory Service (NHLS), Johannesburg, South Africa.

Background: Extra-genital Neisseria gonorrhoeae and Chlamydia trachomatis infections are mostly asymptomatic, and important reservoir sites of infection as they often go undetected and may be more difficult to eradicate with recommended therapeutic regimens. Commercial nucleic acid amplification tests (NAATs) have not received regulatory approval for the detection of N. gonorrhoeae and C. Read More

Sex Transm Dis 2018 Dec 7. Epub 2018 Dec 7.

University North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Project-China, Guangzhou, China.

Background: Although periodic chlamydia and gonorrhea testing is recommended for men who have sex with men (MSM), little is known about testing rates in China. This study examines chlamydia and gonorrhea testing rates and testing correlates among Chinese MSM.

Methods: An online survey of MSM was conducted in August 2017. Read More

Math Biosci 2018 Dec 28;309:1-11. Epub 2018 Dec 28.

CONACyT-Tecnológico Nacional de México/CENIDET. Interior Internado Palmira S/N, Col. Palmira, Cuernavaca Morelos, C.P. 62490, México. Electronic address:

Alcoholism has become a global threat and has a serious health consequence in the society. In this paper, a deterministic alcohol model is formulated, analyzed and the basic properties established. The reproduction number R of system is determined. Read More

Lancet Infect Dis 2019 Jan;19(1):76-82

SESH (Social Entrepreneurship to Spur Health) Team, Guangzhou, China; University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA; Faculty of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, UK. Electronic address:

Background: Chinese men who have sex with men (MSM) rarely receive gonorrhoea and chlamydia testing. The purpose of this pilot study was to evaluate a pay-it-forward strategy to increase uptake of gonorrhoea and chlamydia testing among MSM.

Methods: We performed a quasi-experimental pragmatic study to compare a pay-it-forward model with standard of care at two HIV testing sites for MSM in Guangzhou, China: an STD clinic for MSM and a local MSM community-based organisation. Read More

Syst Rev 2018 Dec 26;7(1):248. Epub 2018 Dec 26.

Alberta Research Centre for Health Evidence, University of Alberta, 11405 87 Avenue, Edmonton, Alberta, T6G 1C9, Canada.

Background: Chlamydia trachomatis and Neisseria gonorrhoeae are the most commonly reported sexually transmitted infections in Canada. Existing national guidance on screening for these infections was not based on a systematic review, and recommendations as well as implementation considerations (e.g. Read More

Infect Dis Obstet Gynecol 2018 21;2018:7263849. Epub 2018 Nov 21.

Laboratoire de Microbiologie et de Biologie Moléculaire, Faculté de Médecine et de Pharmacie de Fès (FMPF), Université Sidi Mohammed Ben Abdellah (USMBA), Fès, Morocco.

Objectives: To identify the prevalence and the types of (NG) resistance plasmids-mediated penicillin (PPNG) and tetracycline (TRNG), the ciprofloxacin resistance (CRNG), and related risk factors of each types of resistance.

Methods: The beta-lactamase-producing plasmid types (Africa, Asia, and Toronto), tetracycline resistance plasmid types (America and Dutch), and the determination of the Ser-91 mutation of GyrA were detected by specifics PCRs on 149 diagnosed NG positives samples followed by digestion for and mutation.

Results: 135 (90. Read More