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IDCases 2020 18;21:e00875. Epub 2020 Jun 18.

Donald and Barbara Zucker School of Medicine at Hofstra/Northwell, 500 Hofstra Blvd, Hempstead, New York, 11549, United States.

We report a case of a female teenager with gonococcal septic arthritis of the right shoulder that also caused osteomyelitis of the humeral head. Infection with is a frequently diagnosed sexually transmitted infection in the sexually active teenage population and disseminated gonococcal infection (DGI) is the most common systemic manifestation of acute gonorrhea. DGI commonly involves acute arthritis, tenosynovitis and dermatitis with less common complications of endocarditis, hepatitis and meningitis. Read More

Sex Transm Dis 2020 Jun 2. Epub 2020 Jun 2.

Department of Internal Medicine, Section on Infectious Diseases.

Neisseria gonorrhoeae osteomyelitis is a rare complication of disseminated gonococcal infection (DGI). As the rates of N. gonorrhea continue to increase in the U. Read More

Infez Med 2020 Jun;28(2):253-257

Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, University of Miami, Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida, USA.

Neisseria gonorrhoeae is an uncommon present-day cause of septic arthritis. It is generally seen in the younger patient population and is often difficult to isolate in the lab. Blood cultures performed as routine work are usually negative, and when positive tend to be seen in the classic form of disseminated gonococcal infection. Read More

Curr Urol 2020 Mar 20;14(1):1-13. Epub 2020 Mar 20.

East and North Hertfordshire NHS Trust, Department of Urology, Lister Hospital, Stevenage.

Background: It is estimated that between 50 and 89% of non-gonococcal urethritis is not caused by . Associations between non-chlamydial non-gonococcal urethritis (NCNGU) with balanoposthitis, epididymo-orchitis and reactive arthritis have been suggested, but evidence to support these often-theoretical relationships is sparse and further investigation is called for. Concerns over increasing antimicrobial resistance has rendered the need for clarity over this question ever more pressing in recent years. Read More

IDCases 2020 23;20:e00763. Epub 2020 Apr 23.

Department of Infectious Disease, Jersey Shore University Medical Center, Hackensack Meridian Health, Neptune, NJ 07753, United States.

Disseminated gonococcal infection (DGI) is seen in about 0.5-3% of patients with . Patients with DGI present with mucosal involvement, septic arthritis and sometimes bacteremia. Read More

J Community Hosp Intern Med Perspect 2020 10;10(1):55-59. Epub 2020 Feb 10.

Department of Internal Medicine, OSF Saint Francis Medical Center, Peoria, IL, USA.

Disseminated Neisseria gonorrhea (N. Gonorrhoeae) infection can present with polyarticular involvement. Acute vertebral discitis/osteomyelitis due to this organism infection has been rarely reported. Read More

BMJ Case Rep 2020 Feb 3;13(2). Epub 2020 Feb 3.

Internal Medicine, Northwestern Memorial Hospital, Chicago, Illinois, USA.

is the causative organism in 0.6%-1.2% of septic arthritis cases in North America and Europe, and classically presents as migratory polyarthralgias and tenosynovitis, with later development of septic oligoarthritis. Read More

Saudi Pharm J 2019 Dec 11;27(8):1210-1215. Epub 2019 Oct 11.

Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, Prince Sattam Bin Abdulaziz University, P.O. Box No. 173, Al-Kharj 11942, Saudi Arabia.

Traditional Pertinence: Sweet (Linn.), belongs to the family convolvulaceae, a traditional Indian medicinal herb, has been used to treat acute/chronic ulcers, gonorrhea, rheumatoid arthritis and several nervous disorders having a long history.

Aim Of The Study: A broad spectrum approach of this work was to find out the antioxidant activity of seeds, and antioxidant assay were performed. Read More

IDCases 2020 5;19:e00662. Epub 2019 Nov 5.

Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, Mount Sinai Beth Israel, United States.

We present a case of a generally healthy, immunocompetent, 57 year old male on HIV pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP) who developed the sudden onset of right wrist pain and swelling with associated left second finger tenosynovitis, due to a disseminated gonococcal infection (DGI) with purulent arthritis. This case's aim is to demonstrate a well-documented but infrequently seen manifestation of infection and to highlight the need for awareness of extragenital manifestations of gonococcal infection in the era of HIV PrEP. DGI accounts for less than 3 % of infections, with purulent arthritis being one presentation. Read More

Med Sante Trop 2019 Aug;29(3):251-252

Service des maladies infectieuses, CHU Donka, Université Gamal Abdel Nasser de Conakry, Guinée.

We report the case of a 32-year-old man with septic arthritis and Neisseria gonorrhoeae tenosynovitis, diagnosed after joint fluid culture treated with ceftriaxone. It is one of the most frequent causes of purulent septic arthritis in young people in undeveloped countries. Early diagnosis is important to avoid complications. Read More

Cureus 2019 Jul 24;11(7):e5222. Epub 2019 Jul 24.

Family Medicine, Prohealth Medical Group, Waukesha, USA.

Reactive arthritis is defined as a sterile inflammation involving the synovial membrane, tendons and/or fascia, elicited by an infection, usually originating from gastrointestinal or genitourinary tracts. Reactive arthritis can also be triggered by a sexually transmitted disease, referred to as sexually acquired reactive arthritis. The most common identifiable cause of non-gonococcal urethritis is . Read More

BMC Rheumatol 2019 16;3:38. Epub 2019 Sep 16.

Rheumatic Disease Unit, Department of Internal Medicine, Phramongkutklao Hospital and College of Medicine, 315 Ratchawithi road, Bangkok, Ratchathewi District 10400 Thailand.

Background: Group B Streptococcus (GBS) emerged as the frequent pathogen for septic arthritis. There was no study comparing risks, clinical presentations and outcomes between GBS septic arthritis and other bacterial septic arthritis.The aim of this study is to evaluate the differences in risks, clinical presentations, and outcomes of GBS septic arthritis and other bacterial septic arthritis, and identify independent risks and clinical presentations suggesting GBS septic arthritis. Read More

Am J Trop Med Hyg 2019 10;101(4):753-760

Northern Territory Centre for Disease Control, Darwin, Australia.

The "Top End" of Australia is presently experiencing a gonorrhea epidemic. Gonococcal infection is usually limited to mucosal tissues but can lead to disseminated gonococcal infection (DGI), joint destruction, and severe sepsis. This study aimed to explore the epidemiology, presentation, management, and health-care impact of DGI in the Top End of the Northern Territory. Read More

Clin Med (Lond) 2019 07;19(4):340-341

Chang Gung Memorial Hospital and Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan

Clin Rheumatol 2019 Aug 27;38(8):2083-2088. Epub 2019 Mar 27.

Department of Medicine, Schulich School of Medicine & Dentistry, Western University, London, Canada.

Objective: To characterize rheumatologists' perspectives on evolving trends of reactive arthritis (ReA).

Methods: After ethics approval, 548 members of the Canadian Rheumatology Association were surveyed with 37 questions covering their demographic information, subspecialty, level of experience, practice setting and opinions on prevalence, treatment, and causes of ReA. Results were analyzed with descriptive statistics. Read More

Mil Med 2019 07;184(7-8):e368-e370

Department of Chemistry and Life Science, Bartlett Hall, 753 Cullum Road, West Point, NY.

Lyme disease is a continuing threat to military personnel operating in arboriferous and mountainous environments. Here we present the case of a 24-year-old Second Lieutenant, a recent graduate from the United States Military Academy, with a history of Lyme disease who developed recurrent knee effusions following surgery to correct a hip impingement. Although gonococcal arthritis was initially suspected from preliminary laboratory results, a comprehensive evaluation contradicted this diagnosis. Read More

J Arthroplasty 2019 02 25;34(2):359-364. Epub 2018 Oct 25.

Department of Molecular Pathology, National Research Institute of Tuberculosis and Lung Diseases, Shahid Behshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Department of Molecular Biology, Dr. Khosroshahi's Pathobiology Laboratory, Tehran, Iran.

Background: PCR-RFLP (polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism) techniques have been used for the diagnosis of bacteria in some infections. In this study, we aimed to evaluate the diagnostic accuracy of PCR for the diagnosis of prosthetic joint infections (PJI) and to identify isolated microorganisms, using the RFLP method.

Methods: During January 2015 to January 2018, patients who were suspected of having PJI after arthroplasty surgery or were candidates for revision surgery due to loosening of implant entered the study. Read More

Am J Trop Med Hyg 2019 01;100(1):209-212

Global and Tropical Health Division, Menzies School of Health Research, Darwin, Australia.

Two male travelers with histories of gout and hazardous alcohol consumption, presented with a triad of severe culture-positive disseminated gonococcal infection, crystal-positive polyarticular gout, and gonococcal soft tissue collections, following unprotected sexual contact in The Philippines. Both men initially attributed symptoms to gout, since their usual joints were affected, but clinical deterioration occurred with self-administration of anti-inflammatory agents alone. The clinical courses were severe and protracted, requiring aggressive management of infection with prolonged intravenous antimicrobials and repeated surgery, and prolonged anti-inflammatory agents for gout. Read More

Wellcome Open Res 2018 25;3:65. Epub 2018 Sep 25.

Medical Research Council Integrative Epidemiology Unit, Avon Longitudinal Study of Parents and Children, Population Health Science, Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol, Bristol, BS8 2BN, UK.

The (fucosyltransferase-2) gene determines blood group secretor status. Being homozygous for the inactive "non-secretor" rs601338(A) allele confers resistance to certain infections (e.g. Read More

J Emerg Med 2018 06 21;54(6):844-848. Epub 2018 Apr 21.

Department of Emergency Medicine, Northwell Health Long Island Jewish Medical Center, New Hyde Park, New York.

Background: Gonorrhea is the second most common sexually transmitted infection. Disseminated gonococcal infection (DGI) consists of gonococcal infection plus one or more of the triad of arthritis, tenosynovitis, and dermatitis. Diagnosis in the emergency department (ED) must be suspected clinically, as confirmatory tests are often not available. Read More

J Clin Microbiol 2018 04 26;56(4). Epub 2018 Mar 26.

Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA

J Clin Microbiol 2018 04 26;56(4). Epub 2018 Mar 26.

Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA

Am J Case Rep 2017 Dec 29;18:1396-1400. Epub 2017 Dec 29.

Department of Internal Medicine, Hospital de Clínicas "Jose de San Martin", University of Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina.

BACKGROUND Fitz-Hugh-Curtis (FHC) syndrome is a perihepatitis linked to inflammatory pelvic disease. It can be caused by Neisseria gonorrhoeae or Chlamydia trachomatis infections. FHC syndrome usually presents with pain in the right hypochondrium and fever, associated with symptoms and signs of pelvic infection in women. Read More

Reumatol Clin 2019 Nov - Dec;15(6):e125-e127. Epub 2017 Nov 2.

Servicio de Microbiología, Hospital Universitario La Paz, Madrid, España.

Disseminated gonococcal infection is a rare presentation of the sexually transmitted pathogen, Neisseria gonorrhoeae. Here, we report the case of a 64-year-old woman with disseminated gonococcal infection, which started with symptoms of oligoarthritis and malaise. Neisseria gonorrhoeae was identified in the carpal synovial fluid. Read More

J Ethnopharmacol 2018 Jan 27;211:295-310. Epub 2017 Sep 27.

Natural Product Chemistry Division, CSIR-Indian Institute of Integrative Medicine, Jammu 180001, India.

Ethnopharmacological Relevance: Tinospora cordifolia is a miraculous ayurvedic herb used in the treatment of innumerable diseases such as diabetes, gonorrhea, secondary syphilis, anaemia, rheumatoid arthritis, dermatological diseases, cancer, gout, jaundice, asthma, leprosy, in the treatment of bone fractures, liver & intestinal disorders, purifies the blood, gives new life to the whole body; (rejuvenating herb) and many more. Recent studies have revealed the anticancer potential of this plant but not much work has been done on the anticancer chemical constituents actually responsible for its amazing anticancer effects. This prompted us to investigate this plant further for new potent anticancer molecules. Read More

N Engl J Med 2017 09;377(12):1189-1195

From the Departments of Medicine (L.P., S.B.N., S.E.T.) and Pathology (S.E.T.), Massachusetts General Hospital, and the Departments of Medicine (L.P., S.B.N., S.E.T.) and Pathology (S.E.T.), Harvard Medical School - both in Boston.

J Bone Jt Infect 2017 18;2(3):160-162. Epub 2017 Aug 18.

Department of Infectious Diseases, Princess Alexandra Hospital, Queensland Health, Woolloongabba, Queensland, Australia.

is a common sexually transmitted infection worldwide. Disseminated gonococcal infection is an infrequent presentation and rarely can be associated with septic arthritis. Incidence of this infection is rising, both internationally and in older age groups. Read More

Rev Med Interne 2018 Jan 24;39(1):54-56. Epub 2017 Aug 24.

Service des maladies infectieuses et tropicales, centre hospitalier universitaire de Bordeaux, place Amélie-Raba-Léon, 33076 Bordeaux cedex, France.

Introduction: The incidence of Neisseria gonorrhoeae septic arthritis remains low in the general population. Its clinical and microbiological diagnostic remains difficult.

Case Report: We report a 44-year-old man who presented with a monoarthritis of the right ankle. Read More

Eur J Intern Med 2017 Dec 6;46:e3-e4. Epub 2017 May 6.

Department of Pathology, Tenon Hospital (AP-HP), Paris, France. Electronic address:

Dermatol Online J 2017 Jan 15;23(1). Epub 2017 Jan 15.

Medical School, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans.

Background: Sexually transmitted infections, includingurogenital gonorrheal infection, are a growing healthconcern in the United States. Nearly 50% of cervicalinfections are asymptomatic. If left undiagnosedand untreated, there is a risk of disseminatedinfection. Read More

J Ethnopharmacol 2017 Feb 18;198:302-312. Epub 2017 Jan 18.

Department of Pharmacognosy and Pharmaceutical Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, Taibah University, Al Madinah Al Munawwarah 30078, Saudi Arabia. Electronic address:

Ethnopharmacological Relevance: Cancer has proceeded to surpass one of the most chronic illnesses to be the major cause of mortality in both the developing and developed world. Garcinia mangostana L. (mangosteen, family Guttiferae) known as the queen of fruits, is one of the most popular tropical fruits. Read More

Tidsskr Nor Laegeforen 2016 Dec 20;136(23-24):1999-2001. Epub 2016 Dec 20.

Medisinsk avdeling Haukeland universitetssykehus.

Kansenshogaku Zasshi 2016 Nov;90(6):809-13

We report a case of iatrogenic vesical tuberculosis diagnosed 4 years after intravesical immunotherapy using Bacillus Calmette- Guérin (BCG) for the treatment of bladder carcinoma. A 72-year-old man underwent a transurethral resection (TUR) of multiple noninvasive urothelial carcinomas and intravesical BCG infusion (40 mg/week) for 7 weeks to prevent the recurrence of bladder carcinoma. BCG infusion therapy was terminated because of the appearance of Reiter's syndrome, including arthritis of the left toe joint, conjunctivitis and non-gonococcal urethritis as complications. Read More

J Community Hosp Intern Med Perspect 2016 6;6(3):31841. Epub 2016 Jul 6.

Department of Medicine, Reading Hospital and Medical Centre, West Reading, PA, USA.

Gonococcus typically affects the mucosal surfaces but in rare cases can spread to bloodstream causing disseminated gonococcal infection (DGI). The usual presentation of DGI is rash, polyarthralgia, and tenosynovitis. We present the case of a 23-year-old female who presented to our hospital with pustular rash and tenosynovitis of hand and was sent home on Augmentin. Read More

Curr Pharm Des 2016 ;22(27):4151-9

Department of Experimental Therapeutics, Division of Cancer Medicine, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77054, USA.

Background: Spice and spice-derived compounds have been identified and explored for their health benefits since centuries. One of the spice long pepper has been traditionally used to treat chronic bronchitis, asthma, constipation, gonorrhea, paralysis of the tongue, diarrhea, cholera, malaria, viral hepatitis, respiratory infections, stomach ache, diseases of the spleen, cough, and tumors.

Methods: In this review, the evidences for the chemopreventive and chemotherapeutic potential of piperlongumine have been described. Read More

J Clin Rheumatol 2016 Jun;22(4):200-2

From the Department of Medicine, Rutgers-Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, New Brunswick, NJ.

In 1867, Alexandra, the 22-year-old Princess of Wales, late in her third pregnancy, had sudden onset of a febrile illness. There was a brief period of migratory arthritis, followed by persistent, severe inflammation in 1 knee. A diagnosis of rheumatic fever was made by her physicians, but the course of her illness differed greatly from the expected one. Read More

Pediatr Infect Dis J 2016 Aug;35(8):894-900

From the *David Geffen UCLA School of Medicine, Los Angeles, California; †UCLA Fielding School of Public Health, Department of Epidemiology, Los Angeles, California; ‡Westat, Rockville, Maryland; §Fundacao Oswaldo Cruz (FIOCRUZ), Rio de Janeiro, Brazil; ¶Office of the Global AIDS Coordinator, US Department of State, Washington DC; ‖Cepheid, Sunnyvale, California; **Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland; ††Hospital Geral de Nova Iguaçu, DST/AIDS, Nova Iguaçu, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil; ‡‡Hospital Federal dos Servidores do Estado, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil; §§SAMRC and Perinatal HIV Research Unit, University of Witwatersrand, Cape Town, South Africa; ¶¶Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Stellenbosch University/Tygerberg Hospital, Cape Town, South Africa; ‖‖Serviço de Infectologia, Hospital Conceicao, Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil; ***Hospital Femina, Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil; †††Irmandade da Santa Casa de Misericordia de Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil; ‡‡‡Department of Pediatrics, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil; §§§Department of Pediatrics, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil; ¶¶¶Foundation for Maternal and Infant Health (FUNDASAMIN), Buenos Aires, Argentina; and ‖‖‖Escola Paulista de Medicina-Universidade Federal de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil.

Background: Sexually transmitted infections (STIs) in pregnancy such as Chlamydia trachomatis (CT) and Neisseria gonorrhoeae (NG) may lead to adverse infant outcomes.

Methods: Individual urine specimens from HIV-infected pregnant women diagnosed with HIV during labor were collected at the time of infant birth and tested by polymerase chain reaction for CT and NG. Infant HIV infection was determined at 3 months with morbidity/mortality assessed through 6 months. Read More

J Ethnopharmacol 2016 Apr 3;181:236-51. Epub 2016 Feb 3.

Pharmanza Herbal Pvt. Ltd., At post. Kaniya, District Anand 388430, India.

Ethnopharmacological Relevance: Symplocos racemosa Roxb. belongs to a unigeneric family Symplocaceae, known as lodhra in Sanskrit; is a small evergreen tree, found throughout the tropical and sub-tropical countries. Ethnobotanical literature indicates use of S. Read More

Reumatol Clin 2017 Jan - Feb;13(1):39-41. Epub 2016 Jan 27.

UGC de Enfermedades Infecciosas y Microbiología Clínica, Hospital Virgen de la Victoria, Málaga, España; Instituto de Biomedicina de Málaga (IBIMA), Málaga, España.

We report a case of gonococcal arthritis in a patient with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection and review 17 previously published cases; only one patient presented urethritis, and blood cultures were positive in one case. Gonococcal arthritis is rare in HIV-infected patients and is not usually associated with other symptoms. It should be considered in the differential diagnosis of acute arthritis in patients with HIV infection. Read More

Clin Med (Lond) 2015 Oct;15(5):447-51

Great Western Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Swindon, UK

Adolescence is a time of sexual risk-taking and experimentation but also vulnerability. Young people may present to general physicians with systemic symptoms of sexually transmitted infections (STIs), such as arthritis, hepatitis or rash, but may not necessarily volunteer information about sexual activity. It is important for physicians to ask directly about sexual risks and if appropriate test for STIs and pregnancy. Read More

Int J STD AIDS 2016 09 16;27(10):882-9. Epub 2015 Sep 16.

Sydney Sexual Health Centre, Sydney Hospital, Sydney, NSW, Australia The Kirby Institute, UNSW Australia, Sydney, NSW, Australia

Reactive arthritis is an under-studied complication of genital Chlamydia trachomatis infection (chlamydia). We assessed trends and risk factors for reactive arthritis in a large urban sexual health clinic. Using a case-control design, data on reactive arthritis cases and controls at the Sydney Sexual Health Centre over the period 1992-2012 were extracted and multivariate analyses were performed. Read More

Int J STD AIDS 2016 May 6;27(6):490-3. Epub 2015 May 6.

Blackpool Sexual Health Services, Whitegate Health Centre, Blackpool, UK.

With recent increases in annual gonorrhoea incidence and disproportionately high infection rates amongst men who have sex with men, the clinical picture of disseminated gonococcal infection is changing. We present two cases where consideration of, and investigation for, disseminated Neisseria gonorrhoeae infection provided the answer when routine inpatient diagnostics had been unsuccessful. Read More

BMJ 2015 Apr 21;350:h1985. Epub 2015 Apr 21.

Sandyford Sexual Health Service, Glasgow G3 7NB, UK.

Sex Transm Infect 2015 Nov 19;91(7):497-501. Epub 2015 Mar 19.

Baker IDI Central Australia, Alice Springs Hospital, Alice Springs, Northern Territory, Australia Alice Springs Hospital, Alice Springs, Northern Territory, Australia School of Medicine, James Cook University, Cairns, Queensland, Australia.

Background: Disseminated Gonococcal Infection (DGI) is caused by Neisseria gonorrhoeae bacteraemia. Typically the primary source is a sexually acquired mucosal infection. If not recognised and treated promptly DGI can be associated with significant morbidity and, in rare cases, death. Read More

J Infect Dev Ctries 2014 Sep 12;8(9):1222-7. Epub 2014 Sep 12.

University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa.

Gonococcal urethritis is common with HIV, but gonococcal arthritis is rare. We report two HIV-positive patients with gonococcal arthritis and review previously published reports. A 27-year-old HIV-positive female presented with a pustular skin rash and acute oligoarthritis. Read More

Pan Afr Med J 2014 31;17:242. Epub 2014 Mar 31.

Rheumatology Department, Medical School, Sidi Mohammed Ibn Abdellah University, Hassan II University Hospital, Fez, Morocco.

Pregnancy is one of conditions that increase the risk of gonococcal arthritis which result from blood dissemination of neisseria gonorrhoeae. A 20-year-old africain female patient (in the second trimester of pregnancy), was admitted to hospital because of fever, asymmetric joint swollen affecting the hands, wrists, left ankle, and right sternoclavicular joint. Laboratory findings (erythrocyte sedimentation rate was 117 mm in first hour, The serum C-reactive protein level was 152 mg/L) the gram stain of genital sample was positif of neisseria gonorrhoeae and trichomonas vaginalis. Read More

Int J STD AIDS 2015 Mar 14;26(3):139-44. Epub 2014 May 14.

Department of Rheumatology, Northwick Park Hospital, Middlesex, UK.

There are problems in attributing causality in inflammatory arthritis. So far as C. trachomatis and sexually acquired reactive arthritis are concerned, there is much in favour of a causal relationship, although there are important caveats which need to be explored before it is possible to say unreservedly that C. Read More

Clin Rheumatol 2014 Sep 29;33(9):1351-3. Epub 2014 Apr 29.

Infectious Diseases, Raymond Poincaré Teaching Hospital, Garches, 92380, France,

Gonococcal arthritis is typically acute and appears within 3 weeks after initial infection. Chronic gonococcal arthritis is now exceptionally rare, since the advent of the antibiotic era. Numerous host factors are involved in gonococcal dissemination, such as complement deficiency, HIV and gonococcus strain characteristics. Read More

Ann Emerg Med 2014 May;63(5):528, 571

University of California at San Francisco, San Francisco, CA; San Francisco General Hospital, San Francisco, CA.