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R Soc Open Sci 2021 Mar 10;8(3):201991. Epub 2021 Mar 10.

Division of Molecular Microbiology, School of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dow Street, Dundee, DD1 5EH, UK.

, also known as Group A Streptococcus (GAS), is a Gram-positive human-exclusive pathogen, responsible for more than 500 000 deaths annually worldwide. Upon infection, GAS commonly triggers mild symptoms such as pharyngitis, pyoderma and fever. However, recurrent infections or prolonged exposure to GAS might lead to life-threatening conditions. Read More

Int J Mol Sci 2021 Jan 18;22(2). Epub 2021 Jan 18.

Hemodialysis Unit, Showanomori Hospital, Akishima, Tokyo 196-0024, Japan.

Acute glomerulonephritis (AGN) triggered by infection is still one of the major causes of acute kidney injury. During the previous two decades, there has been a major paradigm shift in the epidemiology of AGN. The incidence of poststreptococcal acute glomerulonephritis (PSAGN), which develops after the cure of group A infection in children has decreased, whereas adult AGN cases have been increasing, and those associated with nonstreptococcal infections, particularly infections by , are now as common as PSAGN. Read More

Mod Rheumatol Case Rep 2020 07 18;4(2):262-266. Epub 2020 Feb 18.

Faculty of Medicine and Graduate School of Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan.

Although acute poststreptococcal glomerulonephritis (APSGN) and acute rheumatic fever (ARF) are well-known complications of group A streptococcus infection, concomitant occurrence of both diseases is rare. We report an 11-year-old Japanese girl with primary Sjögren's syndrome complicated by acute renal failure about 2 weeks after the onset of pharyngitis. Although histopathological findings of the kidney were not confirmative, APSGN was suggested by the spontaneous recovery of her renal function, typical latent period with high levels of antistreptolysin O and low serum levels of C3 but not of C4. Read More

Histopathology 2021 Mar 2;78(4):520-531. Epub 2020 Nov 2.

Department of Analytic Human Pathology, Nippon Medical School, Tokyo, Japan.

Aims: Activated neutrophils release neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs), resulting in a form of cell death called NETosis. NET formation is reportedly involved in the onset of systemic lupus erythematosus and antineutrophil cytoplasmic antibody (ANCA)-associated vasculitis (AAV). Citrullination of histones is a key step in NET formation, and the presence of citrullinated histones in neutrophils may be associated with disease induction and activity. Read More

CEN Case Rep 2021 02 20;10(1):139-144. Epub 2020 Sep 20.

Department of Pediatrics, University of Tsukuba, 2-1-1 Amakubo, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-8576, Japan.

The severity of the poststreptococcal acute glomerulonephritis is considered to be modulated by the immune response of each individual, although there had been few reports regarding specific factors. Renal cell carcinoma is a cancer frequently associated with paraneoplastic syndrome, characterized by fever, leukocytosis, elevated cytokines, and elevated hormone levels. All of these symptoms resolve after tumor resection. Read More

Sci Rep 2020 08 20;10(1):14026. Epub 2020 Aug 20.

Department of Pediatrics, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, 7-5-1 Kusunoki-cho, Chuo-ku, Kobe, Hyogo, 650-0017, Japan.

Galactose-deficient IgA1 (Gd-IgA1) is important in the pathogenesis of IgA nephropathy (IgAN). A Gd-IgA1-specific monoclonal antibody (KM55) has revealed glomerular Gd-IgA1 deposition solely in patients with IgAN and IgA vasculitis with nephritis (IgAV-N). However, this specificity is controversial and has not been demonstrated in pediatric patients. Read More

CEN Case Rep 2020 11 26;9(4):418-422. Epub 2020 Jun 26.

Department of Pediatrics, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, 7-5-1 Kusunoki-cho, Chuo, Kobe, Hyogo, 650-0017, Japan.

Alport syndrome (AS) is a progressive kidney disease. Male cases with X-linked AS (XLAS) are reported to develop end-stage kidney disease (ESKD) at the age of around 20-30 years. One risk factor for developing ESKD at a young age is a genotype of having truncating variants in the COL4A5 gene. Read More

Int J Mol Sci 2020 Apr 8;21(7). Epub 2020 Apr 8.

Kidney Disease Center, Department of Nephrology and Blood Purification, Tokyo Medical University Hachioji Medical Center, Hachioji, Tokyo 193-0998, Japan.

It is widely known that glomerulonephritis (GN) often develops after the curing of an infection, a typical example of which is GN in children following streptococcal infections (poststreptococcal acute glomerulonephritis; PSAGN). On the other hand, the term "infection-related glomerulonephritis (IRGN)" has recently been proposed, because infections are usually ongoing at the time of GN onset in adult patients, particularly in older patients with comorbidities. However, there has been no specific diagnostic biomarker for IRGN, and diagnosis is based on the collection of several clinical and pathological findings and the exclusion of differential diagnoses. Read More

IDCases 2020 15;19:e00659. Epub 2019 Oct 15.

Department of Pediatrics, Thriasio General Hospital, Athens, Greece.

Influenza virus primarily affects the respiratory system. It rarely causes extrapulmonary complications, with otitis media and febrile seizures being the most common in children. Acute glomerulonephritis as a complication of H1N1 influenza virus infection has been described only sporadically. Read More

Dtsch Med Wochenschr 2020 02 18;145(4):240-247. Epub 2020 Feb 18.

Glomerulonephritis, secondary to bacterial, or, more rarely, viral or parasitic infections, is called infection-associated. The epidemiology of infection-associated glomerulonephritis has changed in recent decades. For a long time, the classic form has been acute poststreptococcal glomerulonephritis (APGN), but in developed countries its incidence has declined sharply. Read More

BMC Nephrol 2019 12 18;20(1):471. Epub 2019 Dec 18.

Department of Nephrology and Dialysis, Kitano Hospital, Tazuke Kofukai Medical Research Institute, 2-4-20 Ohgimachi, Kita-ku, Osaka, 530-8480, Japan.

Background: Poststreptococcal acute glomerulonephritis (PSAGN) in the elderly tends to have a severe clinical course and often presents with crescentic necrotizing glomerulonephritis in the renal biopsy. However, vasculitis lesions are unusual.

Case Presentation: We present a 71-year-old man who was admitted to our hospital for a recurrent gout attack with a rapid decline of renal function. Read More

Pediatr Infect Dis J 2019 12;38(12):1183-1188

Heart Institute, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center.

Background: Group A Streptococcus (GAS) skin infections can lead to invasive sepsis, poststreptococcal glomerulonephritis, and potentially rheumatic heart disease (RHD). Within a study to identify predisposing factors of RHD in Ugandan schoolchildren, we determined the prevalence of skin infections and assessed the clinical features and antibiotic susceptibility of GAS skin infection.

Methods: Cross-sectional study conducted at 3 urban primary schools in Western and Northern Uganda in March 2017. Read More

Clin Nephrol 2019 Nov;92(5):263-272

Infection-related glomerulonephritis (IRGN) was previously thought to be due mostly to species, but is now known to be caused by a variety of other pathogens. Nephritis-associated plasmin receptor (NAPlr) was originally isolated from group A streptococci as the protein responsible for acute poststreptococcal glomerulonephritis, and was shown to be identical to streptococcal glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH). Here, we describe a 7-year-old boy diagnosed with IRGN presenting with acute nephritic syndrome. Read More

Curr Rheumatol Rev 2020 ;16(1):2-8

Department of Rheumatology, Queen's University, Kingston, ON, Canada.

Introduction: Post-Streptococcal Reactive Arthritis (PSRA) is defined as inflammatory arthritis of ≥1 joint associated with a recent group A streptococcal infection in a patient who does not fulfill the Jones criteria for the diagnosis of Acute Rheumatic Fever (ARF).

Methods: In this narrative review, we conducted a systematic search on MEDLINE, EMBASE, Cochrane Library and Google Scholar using the words poststreptococcal reactive arthritis. The search covered the time period between 1982 and 2016. Read More

Clin Rev Allergy Immunol 2019 Oct;57(2):294-302

Pediatric Unit, Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milan, Italy.

Streptococcus A infections have been associated with immune-mediated sequelae including acute glomerulonephritis, acute rheumatic fever, thrombocytopenia, hemolytic anemia, Henoch-Schönlein purpura, arthritis, uveitis, guttate psoriasis, and erythema nodosum. Available reviews do not report the occurrence of acute poststreptococcal glomerulonephritis in association with one of the mentioned conditions. We performed a systematic review of the literature on extrarenal immune-mediated disorders associated with acute poststreptococcal glomerulonephritis. Read More

J Am Acad Dermatol 2020 Mar 13;82(3):533-548. Epub 2019 Jul 13.

Department of Dermatology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California; International Alliance for the Control of Scabies, Parkville, Australia. Electronic address:

Scabies is an ectoparasitic dermatosis caused by Sarcoptes scabiei var. hominis and is a public health issue in all countries regardless of socioeconomic status. In high-income countries, delays in diagnosis can lead to institutional outbreaks; in low- and middle-income countries, poor access to health care contributes to disease undertreatment and long-term systemic sequelae. Read More

Front Pediatr 2019 21;7:202. Epub 2019 May 21.

Department of Pediatrics, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, South Korea.

Kawasaki disease (KD) may be associated with infection of unknown pathogen(s). For predicting of the etiology of KD, we evaluated epidemiological characteristics in KD, common infectious diseases and immune-mediated diseases in childhood. We respectively, reviewed the data of patients with KD, influenza, aseptic meningitis, exanthem subitum (ES), (MP) pneumonia, acute pyelonephritis (APN), Henoch-Schönlein purpura (HSP), acute poststreptococcal glomerulonephritis (APSGN), and childhood asthma. Read More

Open Forum Infect Dis 2019 Apr 26;6(4):ofz097. Epub 2019 Feb 26.

Menzies School of Health Research, Charles Darwin University.

Background: In high-burden settings, guidelines recommend antibiotic treatment for all suspected group A (GAS) infections to prevent rheumatic fever and poststreptococcal glomerulonephritis. Highly sensitive rapid GAS tests could reduce unnecessary antibiotic use in these settings.

Methods: This was a prospective study of the Xpert Xpress Strep A (Cepheid) molecular test compared with culture of throat swab samples collected at a referral hospital in northern Australia. Read More

Microbiol Spectr 2019 03;7(2)

University of Miami Miller School of Medicine and Miami Veterans Affairs Healthcare System, Miami, FL 33125.

Streptococci carrying serogroup C and G antigens, and in particular, subsp. (SDSE), are emerging human pathogens that are increasingly isolated from patients with a myriad of infections that range from mundane to life-threatening. SDSE is microbiologically similar to . Read More

Pol Merkur Lekarski 2019 Mar;46(273):115-121

Medical University of Warsaw: Department of Pediatrics and Nephrology.

Acute poststreptococcal glomerulonephritis (APSGN) is a complication of infection with group A beta-hemolytic streptococcus. The disease manifests as microscopic/gross hematuria, arterial hypertension, edema, and acute kidney injury and has most commonly self-limiting course.

Aim: The aim of study was the analysis of clinical course of APSGN in period of increased incidence in the first half of 2018. Read More

mSphere 2019 02 13;4(1). Epub 2019 Feb 13.

Tropical Diseases, Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia

Group A (GAS) is a major cause of global infection-related morbidity and mortality. A modern controlled human infection model (CHIM) of GAS pharyngitis can accelerate vaccine development and pathogenesis research. A robust rationale for strain selection is central to meeting ethical, scientific, and regulatory requirements. Read More

Saudi J Kidney Dis Transpl 2018 Nov-Dec;29(6):1256-1266

Department of Allied Health Sciences, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Sultan Qaboos University, Muscat, Sultanate of Oman.

According to the best of our knowledge, there is no review compiling incidence of glomerular disease in all Arab countries. Most of the Arab countries do not have a national renal biopsy registry. In addition, there is scanty data available on the epidemiology of glomerular diseases in Arab countries. Read More

Pediatr Clin North Am 2019 02;66(1):59-72

Division of Nephrology, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, 300 Longwood Avenue, Boston, MA 02115, USA.

Acute postinfectious glomerulonephritis or infection-related glomerulonephritis has been associated with several viral or bacterial infections. Group A beta-hemolytic streptococcal infection is the prototypical cause of postinfectious glomerulonephritis and the main focus of this discussion. The clinical spectrum can vary widely, from asymptomatic microscopic hematuria incidentally detected on routine urinalysis to rapidly progressive glomerulonephritis with acute kidney injury requiring emergent dialysis. Read More

Clin Pediatr (Phila) 2019 01 10;58(1):10-12. Epub 2018 Aug 10.

2 West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV, USA.

J Clin Microbiol 2018 10 25;56(10). Epub 2018 Sep 25.

Laboratório de Toxina de Alimentos, Fundação Ezequiel Dias, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil.

is an emerging and opportunistic zoonotic pathogen which plays an important role in the development of severe and life-threatening diseases and is potentially capable of triggering large glomerulonephritis outbreaks. Between December 2012 and February 2013, 175 cases of glomerulonephritis were confirmed in the town of Monte Santo de Minas, MG, Brazil. During the outbreak, 19 isolates of were recovered, 1 from ice cream, 2 from the oropharynx of food handlers, and 16 from patients affected by acute poststreptococcal glomerulonephritis (APSGN). Read More

Perit Dial Int 2018 Nov-Dec;38(6):413-418. Epub 2018 Jul 31.

Department of Paediatrics and Child Health, Nelson R Mandela School of Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa.

Background: In a resource-limited setting, acute peritoneal dialysis (APD) is the modality of choice as a form of renal replacement therapy in children with acute kidney injury (AKI). However, there is a high risk of peritonitis that causes significant morbidity and mortality. Data on PD and peritonitis in developing countries are scarce. Read More

BMJ Case Rep 2018 Jul 18;2018. Epub 2018 Jul 18.

Department of Pediatrics, NYU Winthrop Hospital, Mineola, New York, USA.

Infection-related glomerulonephritis results from glomerular immune complex deposition due to a variety of potential pathogens. Poststreptococcal glomerulonephritis is the best known example. We present a case of acute infection-related glomerulonephritis associated with disseminated gonococcal infection in a sexually active 13-year-old girl, the first report of such an association in the absence of endocarditis. Read More

Saudi J Kidney Dis Transpl 2018 May-Jun;29(3):728-731

Department of Nephrology, Muljibhai Patel Urological Hospital, Nadiad, Gujarat, India.

A 14-year-old female presented with oliguric dialysis requiring kidney injury due to acute poststreptococcal glomerulonephritis (PSGN) with hypertension strongly suggestive of atypical hemolytic uremic syndrome (aHUS) with microangiopathic hemolytic anemia and elevated factor H antibody levels. Renal biopsy revealed crescentic glomerulonephritis with typical subepithelial, intramembranous and mesangial electron-dense deposits (humps) on electron microscopy. She was treated with glucocorticoids following which she recovered, remained dialysis free and her Factor H antibody levels and depressed complement 3 levels normalized. Read More

Case Rep Transplant 2018 31;2018:2695178. Epub 2018 May 31.

Division of Nephrology-Hypertension, University of California San Diego, San Diego, CA, USA.

Acute kidney injury is common among kidney transplant recipients. Postinfectious glomerulonephritis secondary to nephritogenic streptococci is one of the oldest known etiologies of acute kidney injury in native kidneys but rarely reported among kidney transplant recipients. This report is of a biopsy-proven case of acute kidney injury in a renal allograft recipient caused by de novo poststreptococcal glomerulonephritis. Read More