Search Our Scientific Publications & Authors

Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 2020 Jun 30:194599820933206. Epub 2020 Jun 30.

Sleep Center, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Kaohsiung, Taiwan.

Objectives: To use computer-assisted quantitative measurements of upper airway changes during drug-induced sleep endoscopy (DISE) and to correlate these parameters with disease severities and physiologic changes in patients with obstructive sleep apnea/hypopnea syndrome (OSA).

Design: A retrospective study.

Setting: Tertiary academic medical center. Read More

Ocul Immunol Inflamm 2020 May 29:1-4. Epub 2020 May 29.

NeURos Research Group, Escuela De Medicina Y Ciencias De La Salud, Universidad Del Rosario , Bogotá, Colombia.

Purpose: To report a case of a drug-induced anterior uveitis secondary to the use of intracameral moxifloxacin.

Case Report: A 64-year-old Colombian male patient presented with severe ocular pain and photophobia in his left eye 15 days after cataract surgery. In the ophthalmology and glaucoma specialist evaluation, pigment dispersion in the anterior chamber and camerular angle, severe anterior segment inflammation, and elevated intraocular pressure were observed. Read More

J Curr Glaucoma Pract 2019 Sep-Dec;13(3):104-109

Department of Ophthalmology, UCI Health Gavin Herbert Eye Institute, University of California, Irvine, California, USA.

Aim: Our goal is to review current literature regarding drug-induced acute angle-closure glaucoma (AACG) and provide ophthalmologists and general practitioners with a thorough understanding of inciting medications and treatment pitfalls to be avoided.

Background: Drug-induced AACG is an ophthalmological emergency that ophthalmologists and general practitioners should be familiar with, given its potentially blinding consequences. Common anatomical risk factors for AACG include a shallow anterior chamber depth, short axial length, plateau iris configuration, thick lens, anteriorly positioned lens, and rarely, intraocular tumor. Read More

Vestn Oftalmol 2020 ;136(2):107-116

Russian Medical Academy of Continuous Professional Education, Moscow, Russia.

Glaucoma is seen as a heterogeneous group of diseases characterized by optical neuropathy with associated visual field loss; one of the main risk factors for its development is increased intraocular pressure (IOP). In the case of drug-induced glaucoma (DIG), patients develop elevated IOP, optic neuropathy and visual field defects associated with the use of certain drugs. Corticosteroids are one of the most well-known classes of drugs that can cause an increase in IOP through the open-angle mechanism. Read More

Nanomaterials (Basel) 2020 Apr 10;10(4). Epub 2020 Apr 10.

Department of Pharmacy, Pharmaceutical Technology and Physical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Barcelona, 08028 Barcelona, Spain.

Ocular inflammation is one of the most prevalent diseases in ophthalmology, which can affect various parts of the eye or the surrounding tissues. Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) such as ibuprofen, are commonly used to treat ocular inflammation in the form of eye-drops. However, their bioavailability in ocular tissues is very low (less than 5%). Read More

Cutan Ocul Toxicol 2020 Jun 6;39(2):75-82. Epub 2020 Mar 6.

Department of Ophthalmology, Wakayama Medical University, Wakayama, Japan.

We examined the effects of travoprost on cell proliferation-related signals and E-cadherin expression and in order to obtain evidence to support the hypothesis that topical travoprost impairs the integrity of the corneal epithelium. A human corneal epithelial cell culture was treated with travoprost (0.4 mg/ml) and/or PD168393 (an EGF receptor inhibitor, 10 μM). Read More

BMC Ophthalmol 2019 Nov 4;19(1):213. Epub 2019 Nov 4.

Department of Ophthalmology, School of Medicine, Kyungpook National University, 130 Dongdeok-ro, Jung-gu, Daegu, 41944, South Korea.

Background: To report five cases of acute drug-induced angle closure and transient myopia with ciliochoroidal effusion and to analyze angiographic findings of these cases.

Methods: This study is an observational case series. Five patients with acute drug-induced angle closure and transient myopia with ciliochoroidal effusion were examined by fluorescein angiography, indocyanine green angiography (ICGA) and ultrasound biomicroscopy (UBM). Read More

Australas J Dermatol 2020 Feb 6;61(1):e91-e93. Epub 2019 Sep 6.

Department of Dermatology, Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (UAB), Barcelona, Spain.

Induction of psoriasis following administration of beta blocker containing eye drops has rarely been documented. We report eight cases of psoriasis triggered by timolol eye drops. Since the clinical and histopathological features of this drug reaction are indistinguishable from those of idiopathic psoriasis, a thorough drug history should be taken in all patients, especially elderly ones, with recent onset of psoriasis. Read More

Transl Vis Sci Technol 2019 May 21;8(3):47. Epub 2019 Jun 21.

Department of Ophthalmology, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland.

Purpose: The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of the glaucoma drugs latanoprost, brimonidine, and the combination of both on the central corneal temperature (CT) of healthy subjects by means of infrared thermography. Changes of the central CT may reflect changes of ocular blood flow.

Methods: Before application and during 2 hours after the application of latanoprost, brimonidine, or the combination of both in one eye, the CT in both eyes of 40 healthy subjects was measured repeatedly. Read More

BMJ Case Rep 2019 Apr 4;12(4). Epub 2019 Apr 4.

Department of Ophthalmology, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan.

Carteolol, a non-selective beta-antagonist with a potential risk of severe bronchial constriction in patients with asthma, is one of the most commonly prescribed medication for managing ocular pressure in glaucoma. We present a case of a 24-year-old woman with a history of atopy but no known asthma who presented an insidious onset of clinical manifestations compatible with drug-induced asthma after the initiation of carteolol for ocular hypertension control. The patient developed progressive chest tightness and dyspnoea for 2 months before the pulmonary function test revealed a positive bronchoprovocation response. Read More

Adv Gerontol 2019 ;32(5):781-786

Russian Medical Academy of Continuing Professional Education, 2/1 Barrikadnaya str., Moscow 125993, Russian Federation, e-mail:

The article presents the literature and original data on the problems of falls in elderly patients. The connection of the fact of falling with initiation of therapy by a number of drugs known to have a negative impact on the risk of falling is considered. The article presents data on the frequency and structure of falls on the example of patients with cardiovascular diseases older than 75 years, treated in a multidisciplinary hospital. Read More

Adv Exp Med Biol 2018;1085:227-232

Department of Ophthalmology, Columbia University, Edward S. Harkness Eye Institute, NewYork-Presbyterian Hospital, New York, NY, USA.

Drug-induced retinal toxicity can occur from the use of systemic, intravitreal, or topical medications. Despite the presence of the blood-ocular barrier, the retina is vulnerable to toxic effects of systemic medications leading to dysfunction and retinal degeneration. These toxicities can be categorized as damage to the retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) and photoreceptor complex, vascular damage, ganglion cell or optic nerve damage, cystoid macular edema, crystalline retinopathy, uveitis, changes in color vision and electroretinography (ERG), and other miscellaneous effects. Read More

J Glaucoma 2018 09;27(9):e145-e147

Department of Ophthalmology, Donald and Barbara Zucker School of Medicine at Hofstra/Northwell, Great Neck.

Purpose: We describe a case of bilateral angle closure glaucoma following the infusion of daratumumab, a monoclonal antibody used to treat relapsing multiple myeloma.

Methods: This is an interventional case report.

Results: A 59-year-old woman presented with bilateral angle closure glaucoma one day following her first infusion of daratumumab. Read More

Acta Dermatovenerol Croat 2018 Apr;26(1):44-47

Monika Bilewicz-Stebel, MD Department of Internal Medicine, Dermatology and Allergology, Curie-Skłodowskiej 10, 41-800 Zabrze, Poland, School of Public Health Medical University of Silesia in Katowice 40-027 Katowice, Poland;

Drug-induced lupus erythematosus (DI-LE) is an autoimmune condition secondary to a recent pharmacological intervention. There are no established specific diagnostic criteria for DI-LE, and the disease is recognized based on the medical history of the patient. Typically, the onset is closely related to a recent drug exposure, and the disease terminates after discontinuation of the inducing factor. Read More

Br J Clin Pharmacol 2018 04 14;84(4):796-799. Epub 2018 Jan 14.

Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Immunology, Institute of Microbiology of the Czech Academy of Sciences, v.v.i., Prague, Czech Republic.

Topical carbonic anhydrase inhibitors (CAI), used for treatment of glaucoma, are generally regarded as safe and unconnected with systemic side effects. We report an unusual case of fatigue, metabolic acidosis, and normocytic anaemia associated with ocular administration of the CAI, dorzolamide, in a patient with impaired renal function. In chronic kidney disease, where CAI elimination may be decreased, and patients prone to develop metabolic acidosis, systemic absorption of ocular administered CAI could lead to rare, but potentially serious adverse reaction, that are a consequence of inhibition of extraocular carbonic anhydrase isoenzymes. Read More

Orv Hetil 2017 Dec;158(50):1998-2002

Szemészeti Klinika, Szegedi Tudományegyetem, Általános Orvostudományi Kar Szeged, Korányi fasor 10-11., 6720.

Sulpha drugs are widely employed in medicine for various diseases and disorders. During the last several decades, numerous papers had been published on supra ciliary and posterior choroidal effusion likely presenting as an idiosyncratic effect of these drugs especially of acetazolamide. In each publication, the effusion was associated with either an acute angle-closure glaucoma or transitory myopia or both of these as leading symptoms. Read More

J Glaucoma 2018 02;27(2):e40-e43

Gavin Herbert Eye Institute, and University of California, Irvine, CA.

Purpose Of The Study: The purpose of this study was to report a novel case of drug-induced angle-closure from aripiprazole (Abilify), an atypical antipsychotic, and propose a mechanism for this association.

Methods/results: We report a case of a 45-year-old white woman who presented in subacute angle closure 2 months after initiating aripiprazole 5 mg daily for depression. This patient reported no prior ocular history and had been on longstanding duloxetine (Cymbalta) 60 mg daily for over 10 years before starting aripiprazole. Read More

Vestn Oftalmol 2017;133(4):31-36

I.M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, 8/2 Trubetskaya St., Moscow, Russia, 119991.

Aim: To determine the effect of drug-induced stress-relief tests on biomechanical properties of the ocular fibrous tunic in eyes with early, moderate, or advanced primary open-angle glaucoma (POAG).

Material And Methods: A total of 202 eyes of 150 patients with POAG of different severity (early, moderate, or advanced) and 36 eyes of 30 healthy controls were examined. The mean patient age was 62±8. Read More

Surv Ophthalmol 2018 May - Jun;63(3):347-364. Epub 2017 Sep 5.

Department of Ophthalmology, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 1st University Eye Clinic, G. Gennimatas General Hospital, Athens, Greece.

Iris cysts, both primary and secondary, are a diagnostic and treatment challenge. Primary cysts arise either from the iris pigment epithelium or the iris stroma. Posterior pigment epithelial cysts are subdivided according to their location as central, midzonal, and peripheral. Read More

J Glaucoma 2017 Oct;26(10):954-956

*Department of Ophthalmology, The Alfred Hospital ‡Departments of Ophthalmology and Surgery, Royal Melbourne Hospital, University of Melbourne §Royal Victorian Eye and Ear Hospital, Melbourne †Discipline of Ophthalmology, University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia.

Purpose: To describe a unique case of drug-induced transient myopia with angle-closure glaucoma in a patient being treated with zolmitriptan for migraines.

Methods: A 42-year-old woman who had been using increasing amounts of zolmitriptan over the previous 12 months presented with an acute myopic shift and raised intraocular pressures (IOP) with anterior chamber shallowing. Clinical examination findings at presentation and at follow-up visits were reviewed. Read More

Medicine (Baltimore) 2017 Jun;96(22):e6953

Department of Ophthalmology, Tri-Service General Hospital, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan.

Rationale: Drug-induced bilateral angle-closure glaucoma is a rare event and should be treated correctly and promptly to prevent visual loss.

Patient Concerns: We report a rare case of sumatriptan-induced bilateral angle-closure glaucoma in a young woman with migraine, and explore the possible mechanism.

Diagnoses: We describe the clinical outcome of a patient with sumatriptan-induced bilateral angle-closure glaucoma. Read More

Dev Ophthalmol 2017 25;59:67-79. Epub 2017 Apr 25.

Department of Ophthalmology III, Quinze-Vingts National Ophthalmology Hospital, Sorbonne Universités, UPMC University Paris 06, INSERM, CNRS, Institut de la Vision, Paris, and University of Versailles, Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines, France.

There is a large body of evidence from clinical and experimental studies indicating that the long-term use of topical drugs may induce ocular surface changes, causing ocular discomfort, dry eye, conjunctival inflammation, subconjunctival fibrosis, corneal surface impairment, and, as a consequence of chronic ocular surface changes, the potential risk of failure for further glaucoma surgery. Subclinical inflammation has also been widely described in patients receiving antiglaucoma treatments for long periods of time, with inflammatory cell infiltration and fibroblast activation in the conjunctiva and subconjunctival space. Preservatives, especially benzalkonium chloride, which has consistently demonstrated its toxic effects in laboratory, experimental, and clinical studies, could induce or enhance such inflammatory changes, and has been recently confirmed as a direct risk factor of surgical failure. Read More

Medicine (Baltimore) 2017 Feb;96(5):e5927

aDepartment of Ophthalmology, Saneikai Tsukazaki Hospital, Himeji bDepartment of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, Japan.

Background: Choroidal detachment (CD) is often observed at an early period particularly after trabeculectomy and glaucoma drainage implant surgery. However, topical antiglaucoma eye drop-induced CD is a rare complication. Here, we report a case of topical bimatoprost-induced late-onset CD after trabeculectomy and review the literature. Read More

Curr Drug Deliv 2017 ;14(4):555-565

National Centre for Nanoscience and Nanotechnology, University of Madras, Guindy Campus, Chennai 600025, Tamil Nadu, India.

Background: Glaucoma, a chronic eye condition caused by progressive degeneration of retinal ganglion cells may result in permanent blindness. The restricted efficiency of currently available glaucoma treatments has awakened a global need for designing a novel anti-glaucoma drug delivery mechanism that targets the drug to the site of action in a sustained manner with less toxicity and side effects. With reference to this global problem in the present study, we have fabricated a biodegradable transparent polymeric material loaded with minimum amount of anti-glaucoma drug, acetazolamide. Read More

Vet Ophthalmol 2017 Sep 28;20(5):398-404. Epub 2016 Oct 28.

Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, Iowa State University College of Veterinary Medicine, Ames, Iowa, 50011, USA.

Objective: To evaluate the effect of topical ophthalmic 0.005% latanoprost alone and in combination with 0.1% diclofenac on healthy horses. Read More

Can J Ophthalmol 2016 Aug 30;51(4):294-296. Epub 2016 Jun 30.

Division of Ophthalmology, Matsue Red Cross Hospital, Matsue, Japan. Electronic address:

Objective: We report 3 cases of intraoperative floppy-iris syndrome (IFIS) during cataract surgery in patients without a history of selective α1-blocker use but with a long-term history of antipsychotic drug use. We reviewed previously reported cases of antipsychotic drug-associated IFIS cases.

Design: Observational case series. Read More

Case Rep Ophthalmol Med 2016 5;2016:3713818. Epub 2016 May 5.

Aravind Eye Care System, Madurai, India.

Unlabelled: Purpose. To report two persons with acute, bilateral, and simultaneous angle closure glaucoma in pseudophakia secondary to uveal effusions induced by administration of chlorthalidone. Methods. Read More

J Ocul Pharmacol Ther 2016 Apr 19;32(3):155-62. Epub 2016 Jan 19.

3 Department of Pharmacology, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University , Kaohsiung, Taiwan .

Purpose: Repeated subconjunctival injections with 5-fluorouracil (5-FU) after trabeculectomy are used in glaucoma patients for the inhibition of overproliferation in wound site. Thus, a certain amount of the drug may penetrate into epithelial layer, where it causes toxicity to corneal epithelial cells. The aim of this study was to evaluate the toxic effects of 5-FU and mechanisms of drug-induced apoptosis in cultured corneal epithelial cells. Read More

Qatar Med J 2015 10;2015(1). Epub 2015 May 10.

Department of Ophthalmology, University Hospital Ayr, Ayr, Glasgow, United Kingdom.

Acute angle closure glaucoma is an ophthalmic emergency and can lead to blindness if left untreated. Several types of drugs have the potential to precipitate acute angle closure glaucoma. These include adrenergic, cholinergic and anticholinergic, antidepressants, anticoagulants and sulfa-based agents. Read More

BMC Ophthalmol 2015 Oct 29;15:148. Epub 2015 Oct 29.

Department of Ophthalmology, Kyung Hee University Hospital at Gangdong, Kyung Hee University, 892, Dongnam-ro, Gangdong-gu, Seoul, 05278, Korea.

Background: We present a rare case of secondary angle closure glaucoma due to systemic lupus erythematosus choroidopathy as initial presentation of systemic lupus erythematosus, accompanied by central nervous system vasculitis and uncontrolled nephropathy.

Case Presentation: A 31-year-old woman presented with decreased visual acuity, nausea, vomiting, fever, and bilateral angioedema-like eyelid swelling. She had persistent dry cough while taking medication for 3 months, and had usual posterior neck pain, which was treated with analgesic medication and Asian medicines. Read More

Ocul Immunol Inflamm 2016 23;24(2):128-33. Epub 2015 Sep 23.

a Centre For Eye Research Australia, The Royal Victorian Eye and Ear Hospital , Melbourne , Australia and.

Purpose: To present the largest series reported so far of brimonidine induced granulomatous anterior uveitis.

Methods: Retrospective chart review of patients with chronic glaucoma on treatment with brimonidine presenting with anterior uveitis.

Results: 19 eyes of 12 patients with chronic glaucoma developed anterior uveitis with granulomatous keratic precipitates after being treated with brimonidine for periods of 7 days to 5 years (mean 19. Read More

Respir Med Case Rep 2015 2;15:30-2. Epub 2015 Mar 2.

Division of Critical Care and Pulmonary Diseases, Florida Hospital Orlando, Orlando, FL, USA.

Timolol maleate is a non-selective beta-adrenergic receptor blocking agent with demonstrated efficacy in the treatment of open-angle glaucoma. A 76 year old female who presented with productive cough, progressive dyspnea and hypoxia after starting timolol maleate opthalamic drops following glaucoma surgery. The patient was diagnosed with interstitial lung disease secondary to timolol treatment and after cessation of the offending agent along with corticosteroid treatment, symptoms improved drastically. Read More

J Ophthalmol 2015 10;2015:689076. Epub 2015 May 10.

Department of Ophthalmology, St. Marianna University School of Medicine, Kanagawa 216-8511, Japan.

Purpose. To examine the efficacy of ophthalmic rebamipide suspensions on ocular surface disorders induced by antiglaucoma eye drops. Patients and Methods. Read More

J Glaucoma 2016 Feb;25(2):e99-105

*School of Medicine, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland †Department of Ophthalmology, Massachusetts Eye and Ear Infirmary ‡Channing Division of Network Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA.

Purpose: We performed a literature synthesis to identify the full spectrum of compounds implicated in drug-induced, bilateral secondary angle-closure glaucoma (2° ACG).

Methods: Systematic PubMed literature review identified relevant bilateral 2° ACG case reports. We evaluated these reports with both the Naranjo adverse drug reaction probability scale to assess the causality of reported drug reactions and a 2° ACG scale scoring system we developed to determine the likelihood that the event represented bilateral 2° ACG. Read More

Acta Ophthalmol 2015 Sep 26;93(6):e495-8. Epub 2015 Feb 26.

3rd University Department of Ophthalmology, Aristotle University, Thessaloniki, Greece.

Purpose: To evaluate possible changes in corneal hysteresis (CH) after topical treatment with a prostaglandin analogue in medication-naïve eyes.

Methods: This was a prospective, observational cohort study. Sixty-eight eyes of 68 patients were prospectively included who were newly diagnosed with primary open-angle glaucoma or ocular hypertension in our institution. Read More

JAMA Ophthalmol 2014 Dec;132(12):1433-8

Ophthalmology Unit, Department of Biological, Biotechnological, and Translational Sciences, University of Parma, Parma, Italy.

Importance: Prospective long-term analyses of the role of drug-induced mydriasis and laser peripheral iridotomy (LPI) are needed to identify and manage the eyes of patients with pigment dispersion syndrome (PDS) at risk for progressing to ocular hypertension.

Objective: To assess the 10-year incidence of increased intraocular pressure (IOP) in the 2 eyes of patients with PDS, with 1 eye that underwent LPI and the other that did not.

Design, Setting, And Participants: In a randomized clinical trial in the glaucoma research unit at the University Hospital of Parma, Italy, 72 patients with PDS underwent phenylephrine testing. Read More

Clin Ophthalmol 2014 17;8:1351-4. Epub 2014 Jul 17.

Department of Ophthalmology, The George Washington University, Washington, DC, USA.

This is a case report describing recurrent intermittent acute angle closure episodes in the setting of topiramate use in a female suffering from migraines. Despite laser peripheral iridotomy placement for the pupillary block component, and the discontinuation of topiramate, the acute angle closure did not resolve in the left eye with chronic angle closure and the patient required urgent trabeculectomy. The right eye responded to laser peripheral iridotomy immediately and further improved after the cessation of topiramate. Read More

Semin Liver Dis 2014 May 31;34(2):246-51. Epub 2014 May 31.

Department of Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York.

A 67-year-old woman with hypertension, hypothyroidism, and glaucoma was referred for jaundice and elevated liver function tests. She was treated for streptococcal endophthalmitis with 2 weeks of intravenous (IV) levofloxacin followed by 2 months of oral levofloxacin. The patient had no prior history of liver disease and denied alcohol intake. Read More

Prescrire Int 2014 Apr;23(148):97-100

Corneal damage can have a variety of causes, including infections, chemical splashes, environmental factors (radiation, trauma, contact lenses, etc.), and systemic diseases (genetic, autoimmune, inflammatory, metabolic, etc.). Read More

Semin Ophthalmol 2015 19;30(5-6):423-5. Epub 2013 Nov 19.

a Birmingham & Midland Eye Centre, Sandwell and West Birmingham Hospitals NHS Trust , Birmingham , UK .

Purpose: To alert clinicians of the possibility of reversible drug-induced occult hypotony and choroidal effusion following the long-term use of pergolide.

Methods: Annotations were made while the case was observed. The clinical records of the patient were reviewed retrospectively. Read More

J Glaucoma 2015 Apr-May;24(4):e28-30

*Department of Ophthalmology, USC Keck School of Medicine, Doheny Eye Institute, Los Angeles ‡Retina Vitreous Associates Medical, Beverly Hills, CA †Brody School of Medicine, East Carolina University, Greenville, NC.

Purpose: To report the first case of presumed bilateral acute angle closure (AAC) secondary to ingestion of the dietary supplement, methyl-sulfonyl-methane (MSM).

Patient: A 35-year-old woman presented with bilateral AAC 1 week after starting multiple dietary supplements, one of which contained MSM. Ultrasound biomicroscopy demonstrated bilateral anterior rotation of the iris-lens diaphragm, ciliary body edema, and choroidal effusion. Read More

Int Ophthalmol 2014 Apr 8;34(2):345-9. Epub 2013 Jun 8.

Guru Nanak Eye Centre, Maulana Azad Medical College, New Delhi, 110002, India,

Topiramate is a recognized cause of drug-induced acute angle-closure glaucoma. We describe a case presenting with bilateral acute angle-closure glaucoma caused by topiramate intake. Patient subsequently developed severe anterior uveitis caused by sulphonamide derivatives (acetazolamide and co-trimoxazole) due to cross-sensitivity, on two separate occasions. Read More

Asia Pac J Ophthalmol (Phila) 2013 May-Jun;2(3):187-98

From the Valhalla, Medical College, Valhalla, NY.

Purpose: This study was aimed to provide ophthalmologists with an update of recent research and developments in the areas of ocular immunology and uveitis.

Design: This is a literature review.

Methods: A 1-year search (July 1, 2011, to June 30, 2012) of the English language literature on PubMed was conducted using the search terms ocular immunology, ocular inflammation, uveitis, iritis, iridocyclitis, intermediate uveitis, posterior uveitis, panuveitis, pediatric uveitis, scleritis, choroiditis, retinitis, uveitic glaucoma, uveitic cataract, hypotony, immunomodulators, immunosuppressive therapy, corticosteroids, drug-induced uveitis, sarcoidosis, toxoplasmosis, tuberculosis, syphilis, herpes simplex virus, herpes zoster virus, cytomegalovirus, optical coherence tomography, mucous membrane pemphigoid, experimental autoimmune uveitis, and endotoxin-induced uveitis. Read More

Asia Pac J Ophthalmol (Phila) 2013 May-Jun;2(3):173-6

From the *Ophthalmology, †Anesthesiology and Critical Care, and ‡Clinical Pharmacology departments, B. P. Koirala Institute of Health Sciences, Dharan, Sunsari, Nepal.

The objective of this study was to review the available literature on the drugs causing ocular hypertension and glaucoma. Electronic literature search was carried out using the Web sites www.pubmed. Read More

Clin Ophthalmol 2013 30;7:219-27. Epub 2013 Jan 30.

Division of Ophthalmology, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Stellenbosch, Cape Town, South Africa.

Background: Several studies have confirmed the ability of cannabinoids to reduce intraocular pressure. Experimental data recently demonstrated unequivocally that the analgesic effect of paracetamol is due to its indirect action on cannabinoid receptors. The question then arises as to whether paracetamol can reduce intraocular pressure via its effect on intraocular cannabinoid receptors. Read More

Arch Soc Esp Oftalmol 2012 Dec;87(12):389-91

Dev Ophthalmol 2012 17;50:64-78. Epub 2012 Apr 17.

Department of Ophthalmology III, Quinze-Vingts National Ophthalmology Hospital, INSERM, U968, UPMC University Paris 06, Institut de la Vision, Paris, and University of Versailles, St Quentin en Yvelines, France.

There is a large body of evidence from clinical and experimental studies that the long-term use of topical drugs may induce ocular surface changes, causing ocular discomfort, dry eye, conjunctival inflammation, subconjunctival fibrosis, corneal surface impairment, and, as a consequence of chronic ocular surface changes, the potential risk of failure for further glaucoma surgery. Subclinical inflammation has also been widely described in patients receiving antiglaucoma treatments for long periods of time, with inflammatory cell infiltration and fibroblast activation in the conjunctiva and subconjunctival space. The preservative, especially benzalkonium chloride, which has consistently demonstrated its toxic effects in laboratory, experimental, and clinical studies, could induce or enhance such inflammatory changes. Read More