Appl Clin Genet 2021 18;14:145-171. Epub 2021 Mar 18.
Department of Neurosurgery, Barrow Neurological Institute, Phoenix, Arizona, USA.
Rationale: This literature review describes the pathophysiological mechanisms of the current classes of proteins, cells, genes, and signaling pathways relevant to moyamoya angiopathy (MA), along with future research directions and implementation of current knowledge in clinical practice.
Objective: This article is intended for physicians diagnosing, treating, and researching MA.
Methods And Results: References were identified using a PubMed/Medline systematic computerized search of the medical literature from January 1, 1957, through August 4, 2020, conducted by the authors, using the key words and various combinations of the key words "moyamoya disease," "moyamoya syndrome," "biomarker," "proteome," "genetics," "stroke," "angiogenesis," "cerebral arteriopathy," "pathophysiology," and "etiology. Read More