Pan Afr Med J 2017 15;26:149. Epub 2017 Mar 15.

Serviço de Cirurgia 1, Centro Hospitalar Lisboa Central, Rua José António Serrano, 1150-199 Lisboa, Portugal.

Keio J Med 2017 Apr 28. Epub 2017 Apr 28.

Department of Emergency and Critical Care Medicine, Tokai University School of Medicine, Kanagawa, Japan.

Blood serum from immunized humans or animals (e.g., horses) contains relevant antibodies and has been used as serum therapy to treat many diseases or envenomation events. Read More

Probiotics Antimicrob Proteins 2017 Apr 11. Epub 2017 Apr 11.

Department of Anaerobic Bacterial Vaccine Research and Production, Kerman Branch, Razi Vaccine and Serum Research Institute, Agricultural Research, Education and Extension Organization (AREEO), Kerman, Iran.

The alpha-toxin is one of the virulence factors of Clostridium perfringens for gas gangrene in humans and animals or necrotic enteritis in poultry. The C-terminal domain of this toxin ( cpa 247-370 ) was synthesized and cloned into pT1NX vector to construct the pT1NX-alpha plasmid. This surface-expressing plasmid was electroporated into Lactobacillus casei ATCC 393, generating the recombinant L. Read More

J Wildl Dis 2017 Mar 22. Epub 2017 Mar 22.

1 National Research Center for Wildlife-Borne Diseases, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, No. 1-5 Beichenxi Road, Chaoyang District, Beijing, People's Republic of China, 100101.

Clostridium perfringens is a Gram-positive, anaerobic, spore-forming bacterium that can induces gas gangrene or enteritis in poultry and humans and many other mammalian species. Here, we report an outbreak of C. perfringens type A and type C coinfection in wild boars ( Sus scrofa ). Read More

Arch Argent Pediatr 2017 Apr;115(2):e92-e95

Department of Pediatrics, Pediatric Intensive Care Unit, Faculty of Medicine, Hacettepe University.

Gas gangrene, clostridial myonecrosis, is one of the most serious infectious diseases, characterized by rapidly progressive destruction of deep soft tissues and production of gas within the tissues. We presented a case of fatal spontaneous gas gangrene due to Clostridium perfringens in a patient with acute lymphoblastic leukemia during remission induction chemotherapy phase. Read More

Chirurg 2017 Apr;88(4):353-366

Klinik für Plastische Chirurgie und Schwerbrandverletzte, Handchirurgie-Zentrum, operatives Referenzzentrum für Gliedmaßentumoren, Berufsgenossenschaftliches Universitätsklinikum Bergmannsheil, Ruhr-Universität Bochum, Bürkle-de-la-Camp-Platz 1, 44789, Bochum, Deutschland.

Necrotizing fasciitis is a potentially fatal soft tissue infection that may affect the upper and lower extremities, scrotum, perineum and abdominal wall. Typically, the infection demonstrates rapid spreading along the fascial planes leading to sepsis with mortality rates of 15-46%. Without adequate treatment, the mortality rate increases to close to 100%. Read More

Toxicon 2017 May 1;130:79-86. Epub 2017 Mar 1.

Institute of Military Veterinary, Academy of Military Medical Sciences, Changchun, 130122, Jilin Province, China. Electronic address:

Alpha-toxin produced by Clostridium perfringens is an important virulence factor, causing food poisoning and gas gangrene in humans. As such, it is considered a potential bioterrorism threat. To date, there is still no human effective therapeutic drug against alpha-toxin. Read More

Folia Microbiol (Praha) 2017 Feb 17. Epub 2017 Feb 17.

Biotechnology Division, Defence Research and Development Establishment, Gwalior, 474002, India.

Clostridium perfringens is a Validated Biological Agent and a pathogen of medical, veterinary, and military significance. Gas gangrene is the most destructive of all the clostridial diseases and is caused by C. perfringens type A strains wherein the infection spreads quickly (several inches per hour) with production of gas. Read More

Chem Phys Lipids 2017 Mar 16;203:54-70. Epub 2017 Jan 16.

Unidad de Biofísica (CSIC, UPV/EHU), and Departamento de Bioquímica, Universidad del País Vasco, Aptdo. 644, 48080 Bilbao, Spain. Electronic address:

Clostridium perfringens alpha-toxin (ATX) is considered as a prototype of cytotoxic bacterial phospholipases C, and is the major virulence factor in C. perfringens-induced gas gangrene. It is known that, depending on the dose, ATX causes membrane disruption and cytolysis or only limited hydrolysis of its substrates. Read More

Toxins (Basel) 2016 Dec 22;9(1). Epub 2016 Dec 22.

Institute for Toxicology, Hannover Medical School, Carl-Neuberg-Str. 1, D-30625 Hannover, Germany.

Lethal Toxin from Clostridium sordellii (TcsL), which is casually involved in the toxic shock syndrome and in gas gangrene, enters its target cells by receptor-mediated endocytosis. Inside the cell, TcsL mono-O-glucosylates and thereby inactivates Rac/Cdc42 and Ras subtype GTPases, resulting in actin reorganization and an activation of p38 MAP kinase. While a role of p38 MAP kinase in TcsL-induced cell death is well established, data on a role of p38 MAP kinase in TcsL-induced actin reorganization are not available. Read More

Br J Neurosurg 2016 Dec 14:1-3. Epub 2016 Dec 14.

a Department of Orthopaedic , Study Conducted at the University Hamburg Eppendorf , Hamburg , Germany.

Presented is a case of a 64-year old male with a unique and yet unreported case of a spondylodiscitis caused by Clostridium perfringens. Becoming symptomatic with massive neurological deficits. Computed tomography (CT) revealed typical signs of spondylodiscitis involving the vertebral body L5 with extensive vacuum phenomenon. Read More

Transplant Proc 2016 Nov;48(9):3112-3114

Transplant Division, Department of Surgery, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana.

Background: Infections, particularly urinary tract infections, and cardiovascular accidents are the main causes of morbidity and mortality during the 1st year after kidney transplantation (KT). Bacteria and viruses, such as Escherichia coli, Enteroccoci, and Polyoma BK virus are common in the 1st 6 months, so they are controlled routinely. On the other hand, Clostridium perfringens infection is a rare life-threatening condition, associated with a high mortality rate especially in the transplant population, that is not controlled routinely. Read More

Toxins (Basel) 2016 Nov 21;8(11). Epub 2016 Nov 21.

Centro de Desenvolvimento Tecnológico, Biotecnologia, Universidade Federal de Pelotas, Pelotas CEP 96160-000, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil.

Clostridium perfringens is a spore-forming, commensal, ubiquitous bacterium that is present in the gastrointestinal tract of healthy humans and animals. This bacterium produces up to 18 toxins. The species is classified into five toxinotypes (A-E) according to the toxins that the bacterium produces: alpha, beta, epsilon, or iota. Read More

Toxins (Basel) 2016 Nov 19;8(11). Epub 2016 Nov 19.

Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Room 420, Bridgeside Point II Building, 450 Technology Drive, Pittsburgh, PA 15219, USA.

Clostridium perfringens is a major cause of histotoxic and intestinal infections of humans and other animals. This Gram-positive anaerobic bacterium can produce up to three sialidases named NanH, NanI, and NanJ. The role of sialidases in histotoxic infections, such as gas gangrene (clostridial myonecrosis), remains equivocal. Read More

Clin Podiatr Med Surg 2017 Jan 3;34(1):69-76. Epub 2016 Sep 3.

Division of Podiatric Medicine and Surgery, Department of Orthopaedics, University of Texas Health Science Center San Antonio, 7703 Floyd Curl Drive, MSC 7776, San Antonio, TX 78229, USA.

Foot and ankle ulcerations in patients with diabetic Charcot neuroarthropathy (DCN) occur frequently and can be challenging to address surgically when conservative care fails. Patients with acute or chronic diabetic foot ulcers (DFU) are at continued risk for development of osteomyelitis, septic arthritis, gas gangrene, and potential lower extremity amputation. Concurrent vasculopathy and peripheral neuropathy as well as uncontrolled medical comorbidities complicate the treatment approach. Read More

Georgian Med News 2016 Sep(258):73-76

Tbilisi State Medical University; The First University Clinic, Georgia.

Anaerobic clostridial infection is the most severe form of paraproctitis. The incubation period is very short, from 3 to 6 hours, sometimes lasting for 1-2 days. Clostridial infection spreads rapidly and induces gas gangrene, causes destruction of cells and other intermediate substances, and impedes blood circulation. Read More

J Radiol Case Rep 2016 Sep 30;10(9):26-34. Epub 2016 Sep 30.

Department of Radiology, Stanford University, Palo Alto, USA.

Fournier's gangrene is a severe polymicrobial necrotizing fasciitis of the perineal, genital, or perianal regions. The classic presentation is severe pain and swelling with systemic signs. Crepitus and cutaneous necrosis are often seen. Read More

Biol Pharm Bull 2016 ;39(10):1694-1700

Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tokushima Bunri University.

Clostridium perfringens type A, a Gram-positive, anaerobic bacterium, causes gas gangrene. Recently, we reported that C. perfringens α-toxin blocked neutrophil differentiation in an enzyme activity-dependent manner to impair host innate immunity, which should be crucial for the pathogenesis of C. Read More

Diving Hyperb Med 2016 Sep;46(3):155-159

Department of Surgery and Anesthesiology, University of South Florida, Tampa, Florida ; TeamHealth Anesthesia, Tampa General Hospital, 1 Tampa General Hospital Circle, Suite A327, Tampa, Florida 33606, USA.

Introduction: Some patients admitted to the intensive care unit (ICU) might require repetitive hyperbaric oxygen treatment (HBOT) while receiving critical care. In such cases, the presence of a hyperbaric chamber located inside or near an ICU is preferable; however, this set-up is not always possible. In Padua, the "Associazione Tecnici IPerbarici" hyperbaric centre is a stand-alone facility outside of a hospital. Read More

Case Rep Gastroenterol 2016 May-Aug;10(2):489-493. Epub 2016 Sep 12.

Gastroenterology Division, Department of Medicine, SUNY Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, N.Y., USA.

Clostridium septicum is a highly virulent pathogen which is associated with colorectal malignancy, hematological malignancy, immunosuppression, diabetes mellitus and cyclical neutropenia. Presentation may include disseminated clostridial infection in the form of septicemia, gas gangrene, and mycotic aortic aneurysms. We report the case of a 62-year-old female presenting with necrotizing fasciitis of her left thigh and subsequently developing rectal bleeding. Read More

Gastroenterology 2016 Nov 3;151(5):e9-e10. Epub 2016 Oct 3.

Department of Gastroenterology & Hepatology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska.

Intensive Care Med 2016 Dec 3;42(12):1899-1911. Epub 2016 Oct 3.

Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, 4523 Clayton Ave, Campus Box 8052, St. Louis, MO, 63110, USA.

Purpose: To review the salient features of the diagnosis and management of the most common skin and soft tissue infections (SSTI). This review focuses on severe SSTIs that require care in an intensive care unit (ICU), including toxic shock syndrome, myonecrosis/gas gangrene, and necrotizing fasciitis.

Methods: Guidelines, expert opinion, and local institutional policies were reviewed. Read More

J Forensic Sci 2016 Nov 22;61(6):1689-1692. Epub 2016 Sep 22.

Section of Legal Medicine, University of Perugia, via T. di Joannuccio snc, Terni, 05100, Italy.

Since its introduction, colonoscopy has played an important role as a diagnostic, therapeutic, and screening tool. In general, colonoscopy is regarded as a safe procedure, but complications may occur. The most dreaded of these complications is colonic perforation. Read More

PLoS One 2016 16;11(9):e0162981. Epub 2016 Sep 16.

Infection and Immunity Program, Biomedicine Discovery Institute and Department of Microbiology, Monash University, Clayton, VIC 3800, Australia.

The ability of a pathogenic bacterium to scavenge iron from its host is important for its growth and survival during an infection. Our studies on C. perfringens gas gangrene strain JIR325, a derivative of strain 13, showed that it is capable of utilizing both human hemoglobin and ferric chloride, but not human holo-transferrin, as an iron source for in vitro growth. Read More

Taiwan J Obstet Gynecol 2016 Aug;55(4):582-4

Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan.

Objective: To report a case of gas gangrene in a fetus at term, which was diagnosed by antenatal computed tomography (CT) imaging.

Case Report: A 23-year-old primiparous woman, who did not undergo any prenatal health checks until term, developed hypertension, proteinuria, and clouding of consciousness, and experienced intrauterine fetal death. A single, mature fetus with voluminous gas bubbles was observed on CT, which was consistent with a diagnosis of fetal gas gangrene. Read More

Surg Laparosc Endosc Percutan Tech 2016 Aug;26(4):278-81

Department of Surgery, MC Slotervaart, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.

Clostridial gas gangrene is a rare, yet severe, complication after laparoscopic cholecystectomy. We present a case report of a 48-year-old man with obesity, coronary artery disease, and diabetes, who developed clostridial gas gangrene of the abdominal wall after an uncomplicated laparoscopic cholecystectomy. Although the diagnosis was missed initially, successful radical surgical debridement was performed and the patient survived. Read More

BMC Res Notes 2016 Aug 3;9:385. Epub 2016 Aug 3.

Department of Anesthesiology, Gunma University Graduate School of Medicine, 3-39-22 Showa-machi, Maebashi, Gunma, 371-8511, Japan.

Background: Gas gangrene is a necrotic infection of soft tissue associated with high mortality rates. We report a case of postoperative gas gangrene with very acute onset and rapid progression of symptoms. To our knowledge, this case is the most acute onset of postoperative gas gangrene ever reported. Read More

Toxins (Basel) 2016 Jul 5;8(7). Epub 2016 Jul 5.

Department of Bacteriology, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kanazawa University, 13-1 Takara-machi, Kanazawa, Ishikawa 920-8640, Japan.

The Gram-positive anaerobic bacterium Clostridium perfringens is widely distributed in nature, especially in soil and the gastrointestinal tracts of humans and animals. C. perfringens causes gas gangrene and food poisoning, and it produces extracellular enzymes and toxins that are thought to act synergistically and contribute to its pathogenesis. Read More

Curr Urol 2016 May 20;9(2):62-6. Epub 2016 May 20.

Department of Physiology and BiophysicsSUNY at Stony Brook, New York, N.Y., USA; Department of Urology, SUNY at Stony Brook, New York, N.Y., USA.

Introduction: Pneumoscrotum is a critical, physical finding that may indicate significant morbidity and mortality. Accumulation of gas in the scrotum can be primary or secondary.

Objective: This paper discusses rapid diagnosis and treatment options. Read More

J Tissue Viability 2016 Nov 24;25(4):225-228. Epub 2016 Jun 24.

Discipline of Podiatric Medicine, College of Medicine Nursing & Health Sciences, Aras Moyola, National University of Ireland Galway, Ireland. Electronic address:

This report documents an unusual case of distal symmetrical peripheral neuropathy (DSPN) in an otherwise healthy patient without diabetes mellitus (DM) presenting to a podiatric wound care clinic. The development of gas gangrene coupled with Charcot neuroarthropathic changes ultimately resulted in a potentially life-saving transmetatarsal (TMT) amputation. Causation of, or at least a contributor to, the DSPN was likely phenytoin usage for epileptic seizures. Read More

J Gynecol Surg 2016 Jun;32(3):182-184

Richmond University Medical Center , Staten Island, NY.

Background:Clostridium perfringens gas gangrene is an extremely rare and fatal infection. Necrosis of the myometrium is rarely seen and has only been recorded in 18 cases to date. Of these 18 reported cases, only 5 have occurred in nonpregnant women. Read More

Intensive Care Med 2016 Sep 7;42(9):1498-9. Epub 2016 Jun 7.

Tertiary Emergency Medical Center, Tokyo Metropolitan Bokutoh Hospital, 4-23-15 Kotobashi, Sumida-ku, Tokyo, 130-8575, Japan.

Int J Med Microbiol 2016 Sep 20;306(6):429-42. Epub 2016 May 20.

Infection and Immunity Program, Biomedicine Discovery Institute and Department of Microbiology, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria 3800, Australia. Electronic address:

Clostridium perfringens is a Gram-positive, anaerobic, spore-forming bacterium that causes human gas gangrene (clostridial myonecrosis) and food poisoning. Early studies showed that virulence was regulated by the VirSR two-component signal transduction system. However, our identification of the RevR orphan response regulator indicated that more than one system was involved in controlling virulence. Read More

Radiol Case Rep 2016 Jun 5;11(2):67-9. Epub 2016 Mar 5.

Department of Radiology, Duke University Medical Center, DUMC Box 3808, Durham, NC 27710, USA.

Gas gangrene is a rare but often fatal soft-tissue infection. Because it is uncommon and the classic symptom of crepitus does not appear until the infection is advanced, prompt diagnosis requires a high index of suspicion. We present a case report of a middle-aged man who presented with acute onset lower-extremity pain that was initially thought to be due to deep vein thrombosis. Read More

BMC Genomics 2016 May 23;17:391. Epub 2016 May 23.

Infection and Immunity Program, Biomedicine Discovery Institute and Department of Microbiology, Monash University, Clayton, 3800, Australia.

Background: Clostridium perfringens causes toxin-mediated diseases, including gas gangrene (clostridial myonecrosis) and food poisoning in humans. The production of the toxins implicated in gas gangrene, α-toxin and perfringolysin O, is regulated by the VirSR two-component regulatory system. In addition, RevR, an orphan response regulator, has been shown to affect virulence in the mouse myonecrosis model. Read More

J La State Med Soc 2015 Sep-Oct;167(5):213-4. Epub 2015 Oct 15.

A podiatrist at University Hospital in Houston, TX.

A 67-year old man presented with a painful left foot and a putrid odor. His past medical history was significant for poorly controlled diabetes mellitus, coronary artery disease, and peripheral vascular disease. His surgical history included a prior right below-knee amputation for a diabetic foot infection three years prior, and a left third toe amputation for osteomyelitis one month ago. Read More

Toxins (Basel) 2016 Apr 13;8(4):109. Epub 2016 Apr 13.

Institute for Toxicology, Hannover Medical School, Carl-Neuberg-Str. 1, D-30625 Hannover, Germany.

Lethal Toxin from Clostridium sordellii (TcsL) and Toxin B from Clostridium difficile (TcdB) belong to the family of the "Large clostridial glycosylating toxins." These toxins mono-O-glucosylate low molecular weight GTPases of the Rho and Ras families by exploiting UDP-glucose as a hexose donor. TcsL is casually involved in the toxic shock syndrome and the gas gangrene. Read More

J R Army Med Corps 2016 Aug 15;162(4):310-5. Epub 2016 Apr 15.

Stoke History Group, Stoke sub Hamdon, UK.

Sydney Domville Rowland was a bacteriologist and staff member at the Lister Institute of Preventive Medicine when the First World War broke out in 1914. Following a request to the Director of the Lister Institute to staff and equip a mobile field laboratory as quickly as possible, Rowland was appointed to take charge of No. 1 Mobile Laboratory and took up a temporary commission at the rank of Lieutenant in the Royal Army Medical Corps. Read More

Am J Case Rep 2016 Apr 6;17:219-23. Epub 2016 Apr 6.

Department of Emergency and Acute Intensive Care Medicine, Aichi Medical University, Nagakute, Japan.

Background: Clostridium perfringens (C. perfringens) can cause various infections, including gas gangrene, crepitant cellulitis, and fasciitis. While C. Read More

Anaerobe 2016 Aug 30;40:31-4. Epub 2016 Mar 30.

Department of Clinical Microbiology, University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary.

A 76-year-old female patient was admitted to the Level I Emergency Department of University of Szeged with severe abdominal pain and vomiting. The clinical assessment with laboratory tests and radiological investigations confirmed severe sepsis associated with intravascular hemolysis and multiorgan failure and acute pancreatitis. On the abdominal CT, besides of other abnormalities, the presence of gas bubbles in the stomach, small intestines and liver were seen. Read More

Appl Biochem Biotechnol 2016 Jul 22;179(5):895-909. Epub 2016 Mar 22.

Programa de Pós-Graduação em Engenharia Química, UFSCar, Federal University of Sao Carlos, Rodovia Washington Luís, km 235, 13565-905, Monjolinho - São Carlos, São Paulo, Brazil.

Clostridium novyi causes necrotic hepatitis in sheep and cattle, as well as gas gangrene. The microorganism is strictly anaerobic, fastidious, and difficult to cultivate in industrial scale. C. Read More

Curr Probl Diagn Radiol 2017 Jan - Feb;46(1):74-83. Epub 2016 Feb 11.

Mallinckrodt Institute of Radiology, St. Louis, MO.

This article provides pictorial review of complicated upper and lower genitourinary infections and their mimics. Imaging features of upper urinary tract infections including uncomplicated acute pyelonephritis, xanthogranulomatous pyelonephritis (XGPN), emphysematous pyelonephritis, perirenal abscess, and pyonephrosis are first reviewed and then followed by pictorial review of their mimics including contrast-associated nephrotoxicity, renal infarcts, malakoplakia, renal cell cancer, leukemia or lymphoma and Castleman's disease. Next, imaging features of lower urinary tract infections including cystitis, emphysematous cystitis, enterovesical, colovesical and vesicovaginal fistulas, Fournier gangrene, prostatitis, epididymitis, and orchitis are reviewed and then followed by pictorial review of their mimics including gas in the bladder and perineum related to instrumentation, radiation cystitis, bladder cancer, testicular torsion, testicular trauma, and testicular cancer and lymphoma. Read More

World J Gastroenterol 2016 Feb;22(8):2642-6

Ching Tsai Hsu, Chih Chien Chiu, Yuan Hung Lo, Department of Internal Medicine, Taoyuan Armed Forces General Hospital, Taoyuan 32551, Taiwan.

Type IV paraesophageal hernia (PEH) is very rare, and is characterized by the intrathoracic herniation of the abdominal viscera other than the stomach into the chest. We describe a 78-year-old woman who presented at our emergency department because of epigastric pain that she had experienced over the past 24 h. On the day after admission, her pain became severe and was accompanied by right chest pain and dyspnea. Read More

Presse Med 2016 Feb 12;45(2):274-5. Epub 2016 Jan 12.

San Camillo Hospital, Radiology, Rome, Italy.

Case Rep Infect Dis 2015 17;2015:694247. Epub 2015 Dec 17.

Department of Internal Hospital Medicine, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center, Tampa, FL 33612-9416, USA; USF College of Medicine, 12902 Magnolia Drive, Tampa, FL 33612-9416, USA.

The Clostridia species are responsible for some of the deadliest diseases including gas gangrene, tetanus, and botulism. Clostridium septicum is a rare subgroup known to cause atraumatic myonecrosis and is associated with colonic malignancy or immunosuppression. It is a Gram-positive, anaerobic, spore-forming bacillus found in the gastrointestinal tract and can lead to direct, spontaneous infections of the bowel and peritoneal cavity. Read More

J Cardiovasc Comput Tomogr 2016 May-Jun;10(3):258-60. Epub 2016 Jan 8.

Thomas Jefferson University Hospital, Department of Radiology, Main Building, 7th Floor, 132 South 10th Street, Philadelphia, PA 19107, United States. Electronic address:

Background: Clostridium septicum (C. septicum) aortitis is a rare but highly fatal infection that has a strong association with occult malignancy. Aneurysmal transformation of C. Read More

Rinsho Biseibutshu Jinsoku Shindan Kenkyukai Shi 2015 ;26(1):20

Following a strict, extensive, and judicious review, it has become clear that the paper by Nakasone et al deviates from the ethical standard of authorship. Therefore, the Editor-in-Chief, Hiroyuki Nishiyama, has agreed to fully retract this paper from publication and from the published record. Read More

Int J Clin Exp Med 2015 15;8(10):19626-8. Epub 2015 Oct 15.

Department of Orthopaedic, Zhongshan Hospital of Dalian University Dalian 116001, Liaoning, China.

In this case, improved vacuum sealing drainage was used for gas gangrene treatment, which is different from traditional therapies of gas gangrene and this is the first report of using improved vacuum sealing drainage to treat gas gangrene. The patient was a 12-year-old Asian Male who was presented to the Emergency Department with a one-day history of left femoral progressing swelling, paining and fevering. Four days ago, rusty iron bars were plugged into the muscle of the left femoral when he played. Read More

Med Leg J 2016 Mar 16;84(1):49-51. Epub 2015 Dec 16.

Department of Forensic Medicine, M.S. Ramaiah Medical College, Bangalore, India.

Skin and soft tissue infections of the lower limbs are quite common and can at times progress rapidly to become both limb and life-threatening infections. Muscular infections usually occur in areas of the body that have been compromised or injured by a foreign body, trauma, ischaemia, injection of illicit drugs, malignancy or surgery. Gas gangrene is one such limb-threatening infection. Read More

Z Orthop Unfall 2015 Dec 15;153(6):648-51. Epub 2015 Dec 15.

Chirurgische Klinik und Poliklinik, Berufsgenossenschaftliches Universitätsklinikum Bergmannsheil, Ruhr-Universität Bochum.

Background: Benign subcutaneous emphysema caused by a valve mechanism and subsequent air entrapment is rare. Less invasive treatment can be performed, but acute life-threatening infectious diseases should be ruled out before treatment; these include gas gangrene or other infections caused by gas producing bacteria.

Patients And Methods: We retrospectively report on three patients with chronic wounds who developed benign subcutaneous extremity emphysema caused by valve mechanisms with subsequent air entrapment. Read More