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J Am Anim Hosp Assoc 2022 May;58(3):146-151

From Dick White Referrals, Cambridgeshire, United Kingdom.

Anicteric gallbladder rupture has been rarely described in veterinary medicine, and, generally, it has been related to gallbladder wall necrosis secondary to gallbladder mucocele. A 5 yr old, male, neutered Labrador retriever presented for acute onset anorexia, lethargy, and vomiting. Cholecystitis was diagnosed based on the ultrasonographic findings and bactibilia, and, consequently, medical treatment was established. Read More

Vet Med Sci 2022 May 13. Epub 2022 May 13.

Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Bari "Aldo Moro", Bari, Italy.

Mucocele and cholecystitis were diagnosed in a 10 year-old Shetland-sheepdog presenting aspecific clinical signs. Blood examinations and ultrasonography investigation were performed before to surgical approach, which allowed to collect biopsies and samples for bacteriological analyses. In addition, the patient was subjected to cholecystectomy. Read More

Cureus 2022 Apr 3;14(4):e23773. Epub 2022 Apr 3.

Surgery, Government Hospital Ghaziabad, Lahore, PAK.

Background Chronic cholecystitis is inflammation of the gall bladder usually caused by stones. The aim was to find out the prevalence of mucocele and empyema in chronic cholecystitis using cholecystectomy findings and histopathological reports. Methodology This was a cross-sectional observational study conducted in Surgical Ward 1, Jinnah Postgraduate Medical Center, Karachi from December 2019 to December 2021 for two years. Read More

J Vet Intern Med 2022 May 15;36(3):976-985. Epub 2022 Apr 15.

Queen's Veterinary School Hospital, Cambridge, United Kingdom.

Background: Biliary sludge (BS) frequently is identified on ultrasonographic examination and is described as incidental. It is hypothesized that biliary stasis and hypersecretion play a role in both BS and gallbladder mucocele (GBM) formation. Recent studies have documented similarities in composition of BS and GBM, and there are several examples of progression from BS to GBM in the veterinary literature. Read More

Cureus 2022 Feb 15;14(2):e22230. Epub 2022 Feb 15.

Internal Medicine, Hackensack Meridian Ocean Medical Center, Brick, USA.

Gallbladder hydrops or mucocele is usually due to the obstruction of the gallbladder by a gallstone. It is usually characterized by an increase in gallbladder volume, which remains clinically silent and is often incidentally diagnosed during exploratory laparotomy or laparoscopy. We report a rare case of acute calculous cholecystitis with gallbladder hydrops (measuring 17 cm in maximum dimension) due to the obstruction of the cystic duct by a gallstone in a 67-year-old female. Read More

Front Vet Sci 2022 7;9:854042. Epub 2022 Mar 7.

Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, Graduate School of Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan.

Bilomas are encapsulated collections of bile outside or inside the biliary tract within the abdominal cavity. For diagnostic and therapeutic approaches, it is important to identify the origin of bile leaks from the biliary tract. This case report describes the usefulness of drip infusion cholangiography with computed tomography (DIC-CT) for detecting the site of bile leakage in a dog with biloma. Read More

J Vet Intern Med 2022 Mar 15;36(2):565-575. Epub 2022 Feb 15.

Department of Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, National Pingtung University of Science and Technology, Pingtung, Taiwan.

Background: Gallbladder mucocele (GBM) is a common biliary disorder in dogs that can be categorized into 6 types, but the value of this classification scheme remains unknown. Cholecystectomy is associated with high death rates and warrants additional interrogation.

Objectives: Investigate the clinical value of ultrasonographic diagnosis of type of GBM and identify prognostic factors in dogs with GBM undergoing cholecystectomy. Read More

Can Vet J 2022 01;63(1):63-66

MedVet New Orleans, 2315 North Causeway Blvd, Metairie, Louisiana 70001, USA.

Gallbladder mucocele (GBM) is a commonly diagnosed disease process in dogs that is associated with high morbidity and mortality if not recognized and appropriately managed. Although the exact mechanism of this disease process is not completely understood, previous studies in smaller populations of dogs have identified multiple factors that predispose to the development of GBM and affect survival. The purpose of this cross-sectional, retrospective study was to evaluate the effects of age, breed category, sex, preoperative antibiotic administration, gallbladder rupture, and a positive biliary culture in dogs that had a cholecystectomy performed for the treatment of GBM. Read More

Animals (Basel) 2021 Nov 21;11(11). Epub 2021 Nov 21.

Laboratory of Veterinary Pathology, Graduate School of Agriculture and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8657, Japan.

(1) Background: Chronic cholecystitis of dogs has not been vigorously investigated histopathologically. In addition, the relationship between gallbladder and liver diseases is not known. (2) Methods: We aimed to provide a hallmark for canine chronic cholecystitis using clinical data, histopathology, histochemistry, immunohistochemistry, and statistical analysis. Read More

Am J Vet Res 2021 Nov 10;83(1):23-32. Epub 2021 Nov 10.

2Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY.

Objective: To determine whether serum C-reactive protein (CRP) concentration could be used to detect gallbladder rupture (GBR) prior to surgery in dogs undergoing cholecystectomy for treatment of gallbladder mucocele (GBM).

Animals: 45 dogs that underwent cholecystectomy because of GBM at a companion animal referral hospital from 2017 to 2020.

Procedures: Electronic medical records were reviewed, and dogs were included if serum CRP concentration had been measured within 24 hours prior to cholecystectomy. Read More

Ann Coloproctol 2021 Oct 18. Epub 2021 Oct 18.

Department of Surgery, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia Medical Centre, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.

An Amyand's hernia is characterised as the presence of the appendix in an inguinal hernial sac. During laparoscopic cholecystectomy for gallbladder polyps, an incidental Amyand's hernia was discovered in a 75-year-old female patient. On examination, the hernia contained an appendiceal mucocele but no evidence of perforation. Read More

PLoS One 2021 4;16(10):e0258411. Epub 2021 Oct 4.

[This corrects the article DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone. Read More

Vet Surg 2021 Sep 25. Epub 2021 Sep 25.

Study Group of Small Animal Minimally Invasive Treatment (SAMIT), Himeji, Japan.

Objective: To describe a laparoscopic approach for performing intraoperative cholangiography (IOC) and bile duct flushing (BDF) during laparoscopic cholecystectomy (LC) in dogs. To investigate the clinical outcomes of dogs undergoing these procedures for the treatment of benign gallbladder disease, ie gallbladder mucocele (GM) or cholecystitis.

Study Design: Retrospective study. Read More

Vet Radiol Ultrasound 2021 Nov 26;62(6):e25-e28. Epub 2021 Aug 26.

Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana, USA.

A 13-year-old male neutered mixed-breed dog with a history of gallbladder mucocele and urolithiasis was evaluated by ultrasound. Two hyperechoic, linear foreign bodies with no distal acoustic shadowing were detected in the urinary bladder and urethra. Following the ultrasound examination, the patient underwent cystoscopy, and two single hairs were found and successfully retrieved. Read More

J Vet Intern Med 2021 Jul 30;35(4):1763-1772. Epub 2021 Jun 30.

Cummings School of Veterinary Medicine at Tufts University, Grafton, Massachusetts, USA.

Background: Gallbladder mucocele (GBM) is a common biliary disorder in dogs. Limited information is available on the coagulation status of dogs with GBM.

Hypothesis/objectives: To determine patterns of coagulation alterations in dogs with GBM and correlate them with clinicopathologic abnormalities and ultrasonographic findings of disease severity. Read More

Vet Surg 2021 May 1;50(4):784-793. Epub 2021 Apr 1.

Department of Veterinary Clinical Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Illinois, Urbana, Illinois, USA.

Objective: To determine the influence of normograde (NG) versus retrograde (RG) catheterization of the cystic duct and common bile duct (CBD) in dogs with gallbladder mucoceles (GBM) treated with open cholecystectomy.

Study Design: Retrospective study.

Animals: Dogs (n = 117) with GBM. Read More

Top Companion Anim Med 2021 Aug 26;44:100532. Epub 2021 Mar 26.

University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, United States.

Biliary peritonitis is a growing concern in the canine patient and a thorough understanding of the disease will lead to better treatment outcomes. This article reviews the human and veterinary literature pertaining to biliary peritonitis including both scientific reviews and original publications. Compared to human medicine, biliary peritonitis can be difficult to diagnose preoperatively. Read More

BMC Surg 2021 Mar 16;21(1):133. Epub 2021 Mar 16.

Department of Surgery, Maulana Azad Medical College, New Delhi, India.

Background: Gall bladder cancer (GBC) is the fifth most common malignancy in the gastrointestinal system and the most common malignancy of the biliary system. GBC is a very aggressive malignancy having a 5 year survival rate of 19%. Giant Gall Bladder (GGB) is an uncommon condition that can result from cholelithiasis or chronic cholecystitis and rarely with malignancy. Read More

J Small Anim Pract 2021 06 24;62(6):478-488. Epub 2021 Feb 24.

Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Cambridge, Madingley Road, Cambridge, CB3 0ES, UK.

Objectives: To report the available histology, biochemistry and clinical progression of dogs without classic overt biliary tract signs that underwent cholecystectomy for nongravity-dependent biliary sludge.

Materials And Methods: Case series of client-owned dogs for which a cholecystectomy was performed for nongravity-dependent biliary sludge. In six dogs, for which nongravity-dependent biliary sludge filled less than half of gall bladder volume, gall bladder ejection fractions were measured. Read More

J Small Anim Pract 2021 07 15;62(7):547-553. Epub 2021 Feb 15.

Department of Clinical Science, Kansas State University, Manhattan, Kansas, 66506, USA.

Objectives: The purpose of this study was to describe elective and nonelective post-cholecystectomy complications and mortality rates in dogs with a gall bladder mucocele. The secondary purpose was to report complications and mortality rates for different methods of common bile duct catheterisation.

Materials And Methods: A multi-institutional retrospective case series was performed to identify dogs with a gall bladder mucocele between 2004 and 2018 that underwent a cholecystectomy. Read More

J Vet Intern Med 2021 Mar 6;35(2):878-886. Epub 2021 Feb 6.

Department of Clinical Sciences, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina, USA.

Background: Proteinuria is an independent risk factor for morbidity and mortality in dogs. An association between proteinuria and gallbladder mucocele formation in dogs is unknown.

Objective: Determine if gallbladder mucocele formation or clinicopathologic comorbidities are associated with proteinuria. Read More

J Am Anim Hosp Assoc 2021 Sep;57(5):247-251

An 11 mo old domestic shorthair presented with acute lethargy. The cat was hypothermic and bradycardic and had pale pink mucous membranes, poor pulses, and a distended abdomen. Point-of-care ultrasound identified significant abdominal effusion, which was diagnosed to be a hemoabdomen. Read More

PLoS One 2020 16;15(12):e0244102. Epub 2020 Dec 16.

Department of Veterinary Medicine and Surgery, Veterinary Health Center, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri, United States of America.

Gallbladder mucocele (GBM) is a common biliary disorder in dogs. Gallbladder hypokinesia has been proposed to contribute to its formation and progression. The specific cause of gallbladder stasis in dogs with GBM as well as viable treatment options to resolve dysmotility remains unknown. Read More

J Am Anim Hosp Assoc 2021 Jan;57(1):47-50

From the Virginia-Maryland Regional College of Veterinary Medicine, Blacksburg, Virginia.

A 7 yr old male beagle was examined because of lethargy, anorexia, and cranial abdominal discomfort. Significant clinicopathologic abnormalities included severe liver enzyme elevations and hypercholesterolemia. Abdominal imaging identified vascular compromise of the left lateral liver lobe and a gallbladder mucocele. Read More

Vet Surg 2021 May 23;50(4):767-774. Epub 2020 Nov 23.

North Carolina State University Veterinary Hospital, Raleigh, North Carolina.

Objective: To determine whether catheterization of the common bile duct (CBD) is associated with outcome in dogs undergoing cholecystectomy for gallbladder mucocele and to determine whether this association is modified by the catheterization method.

Study Design: Multi-institutional retrospective cohort study.

Animals: Dogs (n = 252) that underwent cholecystectomy for gallbladder mucocele. Read More

Vet Radiol Ultrasound 2020 Nov 12;61(6):667-679. Epub 2020 Sep 12.

Department of Comparative Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana, USA.

Gallbladder pathology is common in dogs, but published studies describing the computed tomographic (CT) appearance of many gallbladder pathologies are currently lacking. This retrospective, multicenter, cases series, descriptive study evaluated the CT features of confirmed gallbladder pathology in 34 dogs. In this subset of dogs, the most common pathologies included cystic mucosal hyperplasia (15/34, 44. Read More

J Small Anim Pract 2020 Oct 26;61(10):630-636. Epub 2020 Aug 26.

Bristol Veterinary School, University of Bristol, Langford, Bristol, BS40 5DU, UK.

Objectives: To evaluate serological markers of gluten sensitivity in conjunction with cholecystokinin measurement in Border terriers with gall bladder mucocoeles.

Materials And Methods: Medical records from two referral hospitals were obtained between 2011 and 2019 to identify Border terriers with gall bladder mucocoeles, non-Border terriers with gall bladder mucocoeles and control Border terriers with non-biliary diseases. Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays were performed on stored fasted serum samples for anti-gliadin IgG, anti-canine transglutaminase-2-IgA autoantibodies and cholecystokinin. Read More

JSLS 2020 Jul-Sep;24(3)

Department of General Surgery, University Hospital Monklands.

Background & Objective: Hartmann's pouch stones (HPS) encountered during laparoscopic cholecystectomy (LC) may hinder safe dissection of the cystic pedicle or be complicated by mucocele, empyema, or Mirizzi syndrome; distorting the anatomy and increasing the risk of bile duct injury. We studied the incidence, presentations, operative challenges, and outcomes of HPS.

Methods: A cohort study of a prospectively maintained database of LCs and bile duct explorations performed by a single surgeon. Read More

Tierarztl Prax Ausg K Kleintiere Heimtiere 2020 Apr 23;48(2):139-140. Epub 2020 Apr 23.

J Vet Emerg Crit Care (San Antonio) 2020 Jan 19;30(1):97-101. Epub 2019 Dec 19.

Department of Veterinary Medicine and Surgery, Veterinary Health Center, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO.

Background: Gallbladder mucocele is a potentially life-threatening extrahepatic biliary disease in dogs. The primary aims of this study were to evaluate the prevalence of cholecystitis in dogs with gross and histopathologically confirmed gallbladder mucocele and to investigate if there is an association between cholecystitis, including its subtypes (eg, acute, acute on chronic, with necrosis, chronic), and survival. Our secondary objective was to evaluate if there is an association between cholecystitis and intraoperative bacteriological culture positivity. Read More