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Int J Environ Res Public Health 2019 Apr 15;16(8). Epub 2019 Apr 15.

Secció de Fisiologia, Departament de Biologia Cel·lular, Fisiologia i Immunologia, Facultat de Biologia, Universitat de Barcelona, 08028 Barcelona, Spain.

In recent years, the incidence of frostbite has increased among healthy young adults who practice winter sports (skiing, mountaineering, ice climbing and technical climbing/alpinism) at both the professional and amateur levels. Moreover, given that the population most frequently affected is healthy and active, frostbite supposes a substantial interruption of their normal activity and in most cases is associated with long-term sequelae. It particularly has a higher impact when the affected person's daily activities require exposure to cold environments, as either sports practices or work activities in which low temperatures are a constant (ski patrols, mountain guides, avalanche forecasters, workers in the cold chain, etc. Read More

J Burn Care Res 2019 Apr 16. Epub 2019 Apr 16.

Section of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery The Burn and Complex Wound Center The University of Chicago Medicine Chicago, IL.

Introduction: Under ideal circumstances, severely frostbitten extremities are rapidly rewarmed and treated with thrombolytic therapy within 6-24 hours. In an "inner city," urban environment, most patients who suffer frostbite injuries present in a delayed fashion, sustain repeated injuries further complicated by psychological issues or intoxication, and are rarely ideal candidates for thrombolytic therapy within the prescribed timeframe. We describe our experience with the treatment of urban frostbite injuries. Read More

Wilderness Environ Med 2019 Apr 9. Epub 2019 Apr 9.

Department of Automation, Biocybernetics and Robotics, Jožef Stefan Institute, Ljubljana, Slovenia; Department of Biomedical Physiology and Kinesiology, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, Canada.

Introduction: We tested the hypothesis that individual susceptibility to freezing cold injury might be reflected in an attenuated cold-induced vasodilatation (CIVD) response by comparing the CIVD responses of an elite alpinist with a history of freezing cold injury in the feet (case alpinist) with those of an age- and ability- matched noninjured alpinists control group (controls). According to this hypothesis, the vasomotor responses to a CIVD test of the case alpinist would represent a pathophysiological response when compared with the normal physiological response of a noninjured cohort.

Methods: The case alpinist and the controls in the cohort group conducted a cold water immersion test comprising sequential immersion of a hand and foot for 5min in 35°C water, followed by a 30-min immersion in 8°C water and a 10-min recovery period in room air. Read More

Cryo Letters 2019 Jan/Feb;40(1):58-63

Key Laboratory of Cryogenics, Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.

Background: Ultrasound guidance of cryotherapy could be improved if changes of tissue characterization parameters during freezing could be used to monitor freezing profiles and estimate frostbite distributions.

Objective: To investigate if B-mode ultrasonic imaging can provide sufficient information to define the damaged zone during cryotherapy by quantifying the differences of texture features between fresh and frozen-thawed porcine liver tissue.

Materials And Methods: The B-mode ultrasonic images were obtained from ten porcine liver tissue samples before and after frozen-thawing treatment, then 20 texture parameters of the grey level histogram (GLH) and the grey level co-occurrence matrix (GLCM) from each image were extracted and analyzed statistically. Read More

Scand J Pain 2019 Apr 2. Epub 2019 Apr 2.

The Norwegian Defence Research Establishment, Kjeller, Norway.

Background and aims Non-freezing cold injuries (NFCI), which typically may occur in military personnel, may result from exposure to cold, at temperatures around 0 °C or above, and worsened by wind and moisture. The injury is due to cooling but not freezing of tissue like in frostbite. NFCI may result in in chronic neuropathy and cold hypersensitivity. Read More

J Burn Care Res 2019 Apr 2. Epub 2019 Apr 2.

Division of Plastic & Reconstructive Surgery. Stanford University. Stanford, CA.

Introduction: Burn injuries are common in the homeless population. Little is known regarding whether homeless patients experience different outcomes when admitted for burns. We aim to 1) characterize the admitted homeless burn population, and 2) investigate differences in inpatient outcomes between the homeless and non-homeless populations. Read More

J Burn Care Res 2019 Feb 26. Epub 2019 Feb 26.

Department of Surgery, Division of Acute Care Surgery & Burns Arnold Luterman Regional Burn Center University of South Alabama Medical Center, Suite, Mobile, Alabama.

Background: Over 20 million Americans have abused inhalants at least once in their lifetime. It is widely known that 'huffing' increases risk for liver disease, renal failure, hypoxia, respiratory failure, dysrhythmias, and cardiac arrest. However, it is lesser known that inhalants can also cause thermal or frostbite injury. Read More

J Dermatol 2019 Jan 31. Epub 2019 Jan 31.

Department of Dermatology, Juntendo University Urayasu Hospital, Chiba, Japan.

Zhonghua Shao Shang Za Zhi 2019 Jan;35(1):74-76

Department of Interventional Radiology, General Hospital of PLA, Beijing 100853, China.

Severe frostbite (grade Ⅲ to Ⅳ) is a common disease accompanied with high disability rate in cold regions, especially for military training and disaster events in cold regions. The treatment of severe frostbite mainly includes rapid rewarming in the early stage and amputation in the later stage; while the damage of vascular endothelial cells, microvascular thrombosis, and decreased tissue perfusion secondary to severe frostbite are important factors affecting prognosis. Transcatheter arterial thrombolysis is a new technique for the treatment of severe frostbite. Read More

Pediatr Emerg Care 2019 Jan 21. Epub 2019 Jan 21.

Background: We report a case of geometrical skin lesions in a teenage patient.

Case: A previously healthy 14-year-old boy presented in our pediatric emergency department with unusual skin lesions on his left forearm. The patient said the lesions started 2 weeks earlier following a spider bite. Read More

High Alt Med Biol 2019 Mar 7;20(1):56-60. Epub 2019 Jan 7.

1 IFREMMONT (Institut de Formation et de Recherche en Médecine de Montagne) Hôpital de Chamonix, Hôpital de Chamonix, Chamonix, France.

Introduction: Hypothermia and frostbite occur when there is a significant decrease in central and peripheral body temperature in individuals exposed to cold windy conditions, often at high altitude or in a mountain environment. Portable hyperbaric chambers increase the barometric pressure and thereby the partial pressure of oxygen inside the chamber, and their use is a well-known treatment for altitude illness. This study aims to show that a portable hyperbaric chamber could also be used to treat hypothermia and frostbite in the field, when rescue or descent is impossible or delayed. Read More

Wilderness Environ Med 2019 Mar 24;30(1):59-62. Epub 2018 Dec 24.

Department of Vascular Surgery, University Hospital Coventry and Warwickshire, Coventry, UK; Warwick Medical School, University of Warwick, Coventry, UK.

Extremities are the area of the body most commonly affected by frostbite, which can also affect the face, ears, perineum, or genitals. Optimum management has moved away from early amputation and debridement toward maximizing tissue preservation and delaying surgical intervention. Increasing length of digit amputation increases morbidity, in terms of loss of hand function, experienced by patients. Read More

Pediatr Emerg Med Pract 2019 Jan 1;16(1):1-16. Epub 2019 Jan 1.

Pediatric Emergency Medicine Attending Physician, Children's Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN.

Hypothermia occurs when the core body temperature falls below 35ºC (95ºF) due to primary exposure (eg, environmental exposure) or secondary to other pathologies. Infants, children, and adolescents are at higher risk for primary cold injuries due to a combination of physiologic and cognitive factors, but quick rewarming and appropriate disposition can result in survival and improved neurological outcomes. Treatment for cold injuries is guided by severity and can include passive or active measures. Read More

Cutis 2018 Nov;102(5):E24-E26

Western University of Health Sciences, Long Beach, California, USA.

Perniosis, or chilblain, is characterized by skin lesions that occur as an abnormal reaction to exposure to cold and damp conditions. It can present as an idiopathic dermatosis or in association with an underlying connective tissue or autoimmune disease. Differentiation by histopathologic examination is controversial. Read More

Aesthetic Plast Surg 2019 Apr 10;43(2):453-456. Epub 2018 Dec 10.

Institut de Biologie Paris-Seine (IBPS), CNRS, UMR 8256, Inserm ERL U1164, Biological Adaptation and Ageing, Sorbonne Université, 75005, Paris, France.

Introduction: Formation of less periorbital ecchymosis in post-operative period of rhinoplasty is a popular trend. We present the use of instantly crystallizing supercooled serum physiologic solution for periorbital cooling.

Physics Of Supercooling: There are circumstances in which water temperature drops below its freezing point, but no phase transition happens while water remains in the liquid phase. Read More

MSMR 2018 Nov;25(11):10-17

From July 2017 through June 2018, a total of 478 members of the active (n=402) and reserve (n=76) components had at least one medical encounter with a primary diagnosis of cold injury. The crude overall incidence rate of cold injury for all active component service members in 2017-2018 was 19.6% higher than the rate for the 2016-2017 cold season and was the highest rate since the 2013-2014 season. Read More

Int J Circumpolar Health 2018 12;77(1):1536250

e Medical Imaging Group, Department of Clinical Medicine , UiT The Arctic University of Norway , Tromsø , Norway.

Exposure to cold climate is an inevitable consequence of military training in Norway. Adequate peripheral microcirculation in the extremities is important to maintain temperature, and to protect against freezing cold injuries. The aim of this study was to investigate the variability in skin rewarming ability. Read More

JAMA Dermatol 2018 Dec;154(12):1465-1472

The George Washington University School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Washington, DC.

Importance: Chemotherapy-induced alopecia as well as nail and cutaneous changes occur in up to 89% of patients receiving taxane-based chemotherapy and are associated with cosmetic concerns, psychosocial distress, and overall morbidity.

Objective: To review the efficacy and safety of interventions to prevent taxane-induced dermatologic adverse events.

Evidence Review: PubMed and Scopus databases were systematically reviewed for studies published in the English language from January 1, 1980, to August 13, 2018. Read More

Br J Radiol 2019 Feb 1;92(1094):20180545. Epub 2018 Nov 1.

1 Departments of Radiology/Nuclear Medicine, University of Michigan Hospital , Ann Arbor, MI , USA.

Objective:: Frostbite is a localized cold-thermal injury resulting from prolonged exposure of flesh to freezing and near freezing temperatures. The depth and extent of frostbite injuries are not easily assessed, from a clinical standpoint, at the time of injury making it challenging to plan appropriate management and treatment.

Methods:: A review of the literature of management of cold-related injuries and retrospective case review of the imaging and clinical course of frostbite injury. Read More

Scott Med J 2019 Feb 25;64(1):30-34. Epub 2018 Oct 25.

4 Consultant Eye Surgeon, Cardiff Eye Unit, University Hospital of Wales, UK.

The effects of high altitude on the human vascular system are well described. This case demonstrates an interesting combination of vascular complications at high altitude which were both life- and sight-threatening. In May 2017, during an attempt on Mount Everest, a 58-year-old man was forced to descend from 8000 m because of adverse weather. Read More

Eur J Appl Physiol 2019 Jan 16;119(1):171-180. Epub 2018 Oct 16.

Department of Human Movement Sciences, Faculty of Behavioural and Movement Sciences, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam Movement Sciences, Van der Boechorststraat 7, 1081BT, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.

Purpose: The risk for local cold injuries has been linked to poor cold-induced vasodilation (CIVD) during cold exposure and to poor rewarming after cold exposure. The purpose of this study is to establish the relation between CIVD and rewarming speed.

Methods: Twelve participants immersed one hand in ice water for 30 min to evoke CIVD and the other hand in ice water for 10 min to investigate the rewarming profile. Read More

Res Vet Sci 2018 Dec 2;121:12-17. Epub 2018 Oct 2.

Baker Institute, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, United States. Electronic address:

Digital cryotherapy (DC) is frequently used as laminitis prophylaxis for horses. While DC with ice-water slurries is reported to be safe for up to 48 h, the safety of sleeve-style digital cryotherapy (SSDC) with ice in direct contact with the distal limb has not been evaluated. Our objective was to determine the incidence of distal limb pathologic conditions (DLPC) among horses treated with SSDC. Read More

Wilderness Environ Med 2018 Dec 3;29(4):431-436. Epub 2018 Oct 3.

Department of Health, Human Performance and Athletics, Linfield College, McMinnville, OR (Dr Peterson).

Introduction: Porters working at high altitude face a number of preventable health risks ranging from frostbite to potentially fatal high-altitude pulmonary and cerebral edema. Porters are often recruited from impoverished low-altitude areas, poorly equipped in terms of protective clothing, and tasked with carrying loads that equal or exceed their body mass to high elevations. Despite a large population of porters working throughout mountainous parts of the world, there is little documentation regarding knowledge levels, attitudes, and practices related to the prevention of altitude illness in this population. Read More

Ear Nose Throat J 2018 Sep;97(9):E13-E14

Department of Otolaryngology, University of Kentucky, 800 Rose St., C-236, Lexington, KY 40536, USA.

Nitrous oxide, a cryogenic gas, may be abused as an inhalant for its euphoric properties. If inhaled, nitrous oxide may cause frostbite to the oral cavity and upper aerodigestive tract, with possible airway compromise due to edema. In this article we describe what is, to the best of our knowledge, the first case of intentional inhalation of nitrous oxide from an automotive nitrous oxide canister and discuss the management and mechanism of the patient's injury. Read More

Tidsskr Nor Laegeforen 2018 09 17;138(14). Epub 2018 Sep 17.

Bakgrunn: Det finnes lite forskning på forekomst av frostskader, både sivilt og militært. Prognosen og tidsforløpet ved slike skader har ikke tidligere vært undersøkt i større kohorter.

Materiale Og Metode: Deltagerne var personer registrert i Forsvarets helseregister med kulde- og frostskade i tidsrommet 1. Read More

Hand (N Y) 2019 Jan 19;14(1):13-18. Epub 2018 Sep 19.

1 The University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, USA.

Background: The use of tissue plasminogen activator (tPA) for the treatment of frostbite has been reported and advocated, but its efficacy has not been well established. We conducted a systematic review to guide physicians on the role of tPA in the treatment of frostbite. Our hypothesis was that the use of tPA improves clinical outcomes, as measured by amputation rate. Read More

Mil Med 2018 09;183(suppl_2):168-171

Joint Trauma System, 3698 Chambers Pass, Joint Base San Antonio, Fort Sam Houston, TX.

Historically, cold injury, hypothermia, and frostbite have been severe problems for military units on the battlefield. Kenneth D. Orr and David C. Read More

High Alt Med Biol 2018 Dec 22;19(4):388-393. Epub 2018 Aug 22.

1 Warwick Medical School, University of Warwick , Coventry, United Kingdom .

Frostbite and other cold-related injuries commonly develop during prolonged exposure to the low environmental temperatures of polar and mountainous regions. Hypoxia is a potent sympathetic stimulus that causes vasoconstriction of the peripheral blood vessels, which may further compound the risk of developing a cold-related injury during high-altitude exposure. To investigate this, we utilized portable infrared thermographic technology to quantitatively measure changes in the surface temperature of the hands during exposure to increasing levels of normobaric hypoxia in a temperature-controlled high-altitude simulation. Read More

Rheumatol Int 2019 Feb 20;39(2):265-275. Epub 2018 Aug 20.

Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Umeå University, 901 87, Umeå, Sweden.

The aim of this study was to determine the association between individual and external exposure factors, and the reporting of Raynaud's phenomenon, with or without concomitant cold sensitivity. In a population-based nested case-control study, cases with Raynaud's phenomenon (N = 578), and matched controls (N = 1156), were asked to respond to a questionnaire focusing on different risk factors. Univariate and multiple conditional logistic regression were performed. Read More

High Alt Med Biol 2018 Dec 17;19(4):382-387. Epub 2018 Aug 17.

1 Orthopaedics Surgery Department, School of Medicine, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile , Santiago, Chile .

Frostbite is a common injury in high altitude medicine. Intravenous vasodilators have a proven efficacy and, recently, have been proposed as a safe outpatient treatment. Nevertheless, the lack of availability and consequently delayed application of this treatment option can result in poor clinical outcomes for patients. Read More

J Burn Care Res 2018 Oct;39(6):858-862

Department of Surgery, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora.

Technology and telehealth have the potential to optimize burn care in areas limited by lack of expertise and geographic distance from a Burn Center. This study reports a multicenter, multiregional experience using a mobile phone app to facilitate triage of patients by allowing referring providers to send encrypted photos, thus enhancing the telephone consultation process. A retrospective review was conducted on referrals from August 2016 to July 2017 at three regional Burn Centers that utilize the same mobile phone app. Read More

Burns 2018 11 30;44(7):1844-1850. Epub 2018 Jul 30.

Manitoba Firefighters' Burn Unit, Health Sciences Centre, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada; Departments of Surgery and Psychiatry, Max Rady College of Medicine, Rady Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada. Electronic address:

Objective: To describe frostbite (freezing cold injured tissue) in children and intrinsic (psychological and behavioral) and extrinsic (meteorological and safety hazard) factors related to the injury.

Methods: Retrospective chart review of children <18 years old referred to a regional pediatric hospital for frostbite, to determine the demographics, environment, and risk factors related to injuries.

Results: 47 patients met the inclusion criteria. Read More

High Alt Med Biol 2018 Dec 1;19(4):316-320. Epub 2018 Aug 1.

5 Department of Anaesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, General Public Hospital of the Brothers of St. John of God Salzburg, Paracelsus Medical University, Salzburg, Austria.

Objectives: Frostbite is a cold injury mostly affecting the extremities. The objective of this study was to reveal the incidence of frostbite injuries in the Austrian Alps, to search for frostbite risk factors, and thereby optimize prevention and treatment.

Methods: Out-of-hospital data in the National Registry of Alpine Accidents from January 1, 2005, to December 31, 2015, were screened for frostbite injuries. Read More

Hinyokika Kiyo 2018 Jun;64(6):283-285

The Department of Urology, Sapporo Medical University School of Medicine.

We report a case diagnosed as both necrotizing fasciitis and frostbite of the male external genetalia. The patient was a 58-year-old man with diabetes mellitus. He was referred to our hospital with swelling of his penis and icing there for 3 weeks. Read More

Cutis 2018 06;101(6):E16-E18

Department of Medicine, Division of Dermatology, University of California, Los Angeles, USA.

Ann Transplant 2018 Jul 3;23:450-456. Epub 2018 Jul 3.

Division of Liver Transplantation Surgery, Department of Surgery, Beijing Friendship Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China (mainland).

BACKGROUND Liver transplantation (LT) using extended criteria donor (ECD) grafts is frequently associated with a high flush fluid potassium concentration (FFK) and acute hyperkalemia after reperfusion, which puts patients at greater risk of postreperfusion cardiac arrest (PRCA). CASE REPORT Herein, we present a case with an extremely high FFK that was successfully pretreated to avoid the risk of PRCA. A 3-year-old boy with biliary atresia underwent LT from a 623-g donation after brain death liver graft with localized frostbite on the right lobe surface. Read More

Vet Clin North Am Food Anim Pract 2018 Jul;34(2):265-275

Department of Integrated Physiology and Neurosciences, Washington State University College of Veterinary Medicine, Veterinary and Biomedical Research Building, Room 205, Washington State University, Pullman, WA 99164-7620, USA.

Numerous factors contribute to the outcome and recovery for range cattle affected by blizzard. Consequences and impact on the producer depend on the timing of the storm relative to the herd's production cycle, access to shelter, duration and intensity of the storm, and post-storm emergency management. Critical planning efforts by the producer include clear animal identification methods, identification of sheltering options, and consideration of animal indemnity and insurance requirements. Read More

J Burn Care Res 2018 Aug;39(5):780-785

Hennepin County Medical Center, Minneapolis Medical Research Foundation, Minneapolis, Minnesota.

Frostbite is a form of thermal injury that can have devastating consequences for patients, including digit amputations and sometimes more proximal amputations. To the best of the authors' knowledge, no one has determined national characteristics of frostbite patients, nor the prevalence of these diagnostic and therapeutic modalities. This is the first look at nationwide trends in the treatment of frostbite in the United States. Read More

J Burn Care Res 2018 Aug;39(5):676-679

Department of Surgery, Hennepin County Medical Center, Minneapolis, Minnesota.

Numerous demographic, socioeconomic, and injury factors influence a burn patient's hospital course. Compared to the typical burn patient, frostbite injury frequently impacts those with high rates of mental illness, substance abuse, and those suffering homelessness. Our aim was to examine differences in the hospital course of frostbite patients compared to those with burns limited to the hands and feet. Read More

Wilderness Environ Med 2018 09 12;29(3):392-400. Epub 2018 Jun 12.

Ilulissat Hospital, Avannaa Region, Ilulissat, Greenland. Electronic address:

Greenland is not only the largest island in the world, it is also the least densely populated country on the globe. The majority of Greenland's landmass lies within the Arctic Circle. Weather conditions in Arctic areas can be extreme, thus exposing locals and visitors to a high risk of acquiring frostbite injuries. Read More

JAMA Dermatol 2018 Jun;154(6):707

Department of Dermatology, Penn State Milton S. Hershey Medical Center, Hershey, Pennsylvania.

Wilderness Environ Med 2018 09 8;29(3):366-374. Epub 2018 Jun 8.

Altitude Research Center, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO; Institute for Altitude Medicine, Telluride, CO (Dr Hackett).

Severe frostbite occurs frequently at extreme altitude in the Himalayas, often resulting in amputations. Recent advances in treatment of frostbite injuries with either intravenous or intra-arterial tissue plasminogen activator, or with iloprost, have improved outcomes in frostbite injuries, but only if the patient has access to these within 24 to 48 h postinjury, and ideally even sooner. Frostbitten Himalayan climbers are seldom able to reach medical care in this time frame. Read More

Int Arch Occup Environ Health 2018 10 28;91(7):785-797. Epub 2018 May 28.

Department of Public Health and Clinical Medicine, Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Umeå University, 901 87, Umeå, Sweden.

Purpose: To identify factors associated with the reporting of cold sensitivity, by comparing cases to controls with regard to anthropometry, previous illnesses and injuries, as well as external exposures such as hand-arm vibration (HAV) and ambient cold.

Methods: Through a questionnaire responded to by the general population, ages 18-70, living in Northern Sweden (N = 12,627), cold sensitivity cases (N = 502) and matched controls (N = 1004) were identified, and asked to respond to a second questionnaire focusing on different aspects of cold sensitivity as well as individual and external exposure factors suggested to be related to the condition. Conditional logistic regression analyses were performed to determine statistical significance. Read More

Clin Exp Dermatol 2018 Jul 20;43(5):596-597. Epub 2018 May 20.

Dermatology Department, Norfolk and Norwich University Hospital, Norwich, UK.

Aust Dent J 2018 Apr 21. Epub 2018 Apr 21.

Conservative Dentistry and Endodontics, SRM Dental College, Ramapuram, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India.

Current lifestyle trends encouraging the rise in use of liquid nitrogen in food and beverages may eventually increase the episodes of injuries reported as well. Here, we report the first case of intraoral frostbite as a result of direct injury to the tissues due to ingestion of liquid nitrogen. The mechanism of injury to the oral mucosa in the absence of any injury to the gastric mucosa is explained correlating it to the Leidenfrost phenomenon. Read More

High Alt Med Biol 2018 06 2;19(2):185-192. Epub 2018 Apr 2.

4 Department of Automation, Biocybernetics and Robotics, Jožef Stefan Institute , Ljubljana, Slovenia .

Gorjanc, Jurij, Shawnda A. Morrison, Rok Blagus, and Igor B. Mekjavic. Read More

Zhongguo Zhong Yao Za Zhi 2018 Jan;43(2):410-414

China Association of Traditional Chinese Medicine Pharmacology Specialized Committee, Henan University of Chinese Medicine, Zhengzhou 450046, China.

Frostbite is a common disease in winter, and systemic or local injury caused by low temperature invasion. Frostbite sites are commonly face, ears, nose, hands, feet and other peripheral blood circulation parts. The main symptoms are pale skin, cold, pain and numbness, skin itching in high temperature, and severe cases may suffer from skin erosions and ulcers. Read More

Case Rep Dermatol 2018 Jan-Apr;10(1):17-23. Epub 2018 Feb 1.

bDepartment of Biomedical Sciences, Nazarbayev University School of Medicine, Astana, Kazakhstan.

The association between ultraviolet radiation exposure and skin cancer is well established. Limited studies have reported an association between frostbite and the development of non-melanoma skin cancer but evidence for a proven link is insufficient and possible carcinogenic mechanisms have not been fully explored. In this report, 3 cases of non-melanoma skin cancer (1 case of basal cell carcinoma and 2 cases of squamous cell carcinoma of the skin) which developed at a site of previous frostbite caused by exposure to extremely cold temperatures in Astana, the capital city of Kazakhstan, are described. Read More

Hautarzt 2018 May;69(5):376-383

Klinik für Dermatologie, Venerologie und Allergologie, Universitätsklinikum Frankfurt, Theodor-Stern-Kai 7, 60590, Frankfurt am Main, Deutschland.

Physical and chemical emergencies are often caused by household or work accidents. Regardless of the medical field and outside specialized clinics, the physician may be confronted with the situation for first or secondary care. The identification of the causing agent and a rapid assessment of the extent and severity of the tissue damage are essential to initiate early transfer to a specialized burn clinic. Read More