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Int J Pediatr Otorhinolaryngol 2019 Feb 5;120:73-77. Epub 2019 Feb 5.

Division of Otolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA. Electronic address:

Introduction: There is increasing concern regarding the risks associated with the use of general anesthesia in pediatric patients. Many otolaryngologic procedures performed under general anesthesia can also be performed in clinic. We hypothesize that anxiolytics can aid in performing common procedures in clinic thus avoiding the need to undergo general anesthesia in the OR. Read More

Open Access Emerg Med 2018 8;10:177-182. Epub 2018 Nov 8.

ENT Unit, Department of Surgery, Frankston Hospital. Peninsula Health, Frankston 3199, VIC, Australia,

Background: Managing patients with aural foreign body (AFB) may pose a dilemma regarding which removal technique to use for different AFB types. The current study comprises a review of all the possible methods one could employ in removing AFB. My aim was to describe the best methods for different types of AFBs, complete with a description of the method and tool(s) required, and descriptions of the AFBs for which they are best used. Read More

Emerg Med Clin North Am 2019 Feb;37(1):121-130

Department of Emergency Medicine, UC San Diego, 200 West Arbor Drive, MC 8676, San Diego, CA 92103-8676, USA. Electronic address:

Foreign bodies to the ear, nose, and throat often can be managed in the emergency department, particularly if the patient offers a history consistent with foreign body and is calm and compliant with the examination and removal attempts. Tips for success include analgesia, adequate visualization, immobilization of the patient's head, dexterity and experience level of the provider, and minimizing attempts at removal. It is critical to recognize the risks involved with certain retained objects (button batteries or sharp objects) and when to call a consultant to help facilitate safe, successful removal of objects to the ear, nose, and throat. Read More

World J Pediatr 2018 Dec 17;14(6):570-575. Epub 2018 Oct 17.

Department of ENT, Wuhan Children's Hospital (Wuhan Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital), Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430016, China.

Background: Ingestion of button batteries occurs in about ten persons per one million persons each year, with most of them children, and one in every 1000 battery ingestions leads to serious injuries. This study aimed to describe the clinical features and outcome of ingestion or inhalation of button batteries in children spanning a decade from January, 2006 to December, 2016 at a tertiary care hospital.

Methods: We reviewed the clinical records of children who sought treatment for inhaled or ingested button batteries at our hospital during the study period. Read More

J Ophthalmol 2018 25;2018:5861043. Epub 2018 Jun 25.

Department of Ophthalmology, Eye, Ear, Nose and Throat Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200031, China.

Purpose: To report the long-term follow-up results of posterior segment intraocular foreign body (IOFB) removal in children and to determine the prognostic factors for visual outcome.

Methods: Design: retrospective, noncomparative, interventional case series; a single tertiary care center study. Participants or samples: eleven eyes (11 patients) under 16 years of age with posterior segment IOFB injuries from May 2014 to November 2017. Read More

Indian J Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 2018 Jun 18;70(2):194-199. Epub 2016 Nov 18.

2Department of Pediatrics, College of Medicine, Hadhramout University, Mukalla, Hadhramout Province Yemen.

Objective: To describe the types of aural foreign bodies (FBs) among patients in Ibn Sina Teaching Hospital (ISTH) and to study the patient's symptoms, duration, complications and procedures used to extract them.

Methods: A record based descriptive study was looked at patients with aural FBs at ISTH for 5 years between 2009 and 2015. The diagnosis of aural FBs was based on personal history, and otoscopic findings. Read More

Ann R Coll Surg Engl 2018 Jul 3:1-3. Epub 2018 Jul 3.

Birmingham Women's and Children's NHS Foundation Trust , Birmingham , UK.

Introduction Foreign body removal is a common reason for children to attend the emergency department. Generally, aural and nasal foreign bodies are not associated with immediate morbidity unless they are button batteries. There can be consequences of migration and removal. Read More

Clin Ophthalmol 2018 18;12:1099-1104. Epub 2018 Jun 18.

Retina Service, Massachusetts Eye and Ear, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.

We describe the benefits of perfluoro-N-octane (PFO), a perfluorocarbon liquid, in the removal of nonmagnetic intraocular foreign bodies (IOFBs) from the macula and posterior segment. Two consecutive cases of posterior segment IOFB were reviewed. An 18-year-old male presented to the emergency room after a motor vehicle accident with a zone 1 open globe injury and large glass IOFB in the left eye. Read More

BMJ Case Rep 2018 Jun 23;2018. Epub 2018 Jun 23.

Princess Alexandra Hospital NHS Trust, Harlow, UK.

Fish bone ingestion is a common presentation in ENT. If not managed correctly, it can cause serious complications for the patient and dilemmas for the clinician. A 49-year-old Sri Lankan woman presented to the emergency department following shark bone ingestion with a 'pricking' sensation in her throat. Read More

BMJ Case Rep 2018 Jun 21;2018. Epub 2018 Jun 21.

Otorhinolaryngology and Head and Neck Surgery, Kasturba Medical College, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, Karnataka, India.

This case series is about four different foreign bodies lodged in different locations of the aerodigestive tract. All four cases had delayed diagnosis due to inconspicuous history. Radiology in the form of computed tomography aided the appropriate diagnosis in most of these cases. Read More

Int J Pediatr Otorhinolaryngol 2018 Jul 5;110:140-143. Epub 2018 May 5.

Department of Otolaryngology, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine and Science, Rochester, MN, USA.

Objectives: The purpose of this study is to investigate the relative cost and safety of ear foreign body (FB) removal via conscious sedation in the emergency department.

Methods: A retrospective review of patients presenting from 2000 to 2015 to the emergency department at Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota was performed. 63 patients requiring sedation for ear foreign body removal were identified. Read More

Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2018 03;59(3):1410-1424

Centre for Eye Research Australia, Royal Victorian Eye and Ear Hospital, East Melbourne, Australia.

Purpose: Following successful clinical outcomes of the prototype suprachoroidal retinal prosthesis, Bionic Vision Australia has developed an upgraded 44-channel suprachoroidal retinal prosthesis to provide a wider field of view and more phosphenes. The aim was to evaluate the preclinical passive safety characteristics of the upgraded electrode array.

Methods: Ten normal-sighted felines were unilaterally implanted with an array containing platinum electrodes (44 stimulating and 2 returns) on a silicone carrier near the area centralis. Read More

Int Arch Otorhinolaryngol 2018 Apr 14;22(2):146-151. Epub 2017 Jul 14.

Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Faculty of Medicine, Sohag University, Sohag, Egypt.

 Ear, nose and throat (ENT) foreign bodies (FBs) are common occurrences, particularly among children. The proper recognition, study, and management of FBs are required to prevent complications. Their consequences are greatly variable, from mild disturbances that may not require hospitalization up to life-threatening complications. Read More

Auris Nasus Larynx 2018 Dec 27;45(6):1239-1244. Epub 2018 Mar 27.

Department of Otolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, 1130033, Japan.

Objective: To reveal the age distribution and capture the longitudinal trend in otolaryngological surgeries performed in Japan, where society is rapidly aging.

Methods: Using the Diagnosis Procedure Combination database, we extracted data on patients who were hospitalized and underwent any type of otolaryngological surgery in departments of otolaryngology or head and neck surgery from fiscal year 2007 to fiscal year 2013. Type of surgery, patient's age, and fiscal year were compared. Read More

Ophthalmic Plast Reconstr Surg 2018 May/Jun;34(3):e95-e96

Orbital Plastic and Lacrimal Clinic, Royal Victorian Eye and Ear Hospital, East Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.

A 24-year-old woman presented with a 1-year history of gradually increasing pain on eye movements, worse on the right. She had a significant background of undergoing intracranial correction of orbital hypertelorism with internal fixation of the lateral orbital rims at the age of 6 years. Imaging was consistent with bilateral metallic foreign bodies from both lateral orbital rims protruding into the globes. Read More

J Ayub Med Coll Abbottabad 2017 Oct-Dec;29(4):694-696

Walsall Manor NHS Trust, Birmingham, United Kingdom.

This is a case regarding a 35-year-old gentleman who presented to the Accident and Emergency department at Walsall Manor Hospital. He had mistakenly placed cyanoacrylate ('superglue') into his right ear canal in the early morning. In terms of its removal, an initial attempt was made in the Ear, Nose and throat (ENT) outpatient clinic which proved to be unsuccessful due to the amount of discomfort it caused the patient. Read More

Open Access Emerg Med 2017 6;9:107-112. Epub 2017 Nov 6.

Ear, Nose and Throat Unit, Department of Surgery, Frankston Hospital, Peninsula Health, Frankston, VIC, Australia.

Objective: The removal of nasal foreign bodies (NFBs) can be a difficult task for the inexperienced physician, and the more unsuccessful attempts are made, the more difficult the extraction becomes. We have formulated this simple "four-step" approach to improve success, especially on the first try.

Methods: A retrospective review of cases requiring NFB removal, seen by one registrar from 2012 to 2016 at Frankston Hospital, was performed. Read More

J Laryngol Otol 2017 Nov 30;131(11):1010-1016. Epub 2017 Oct 30.

Division of Otolaryngology - ENT Surgery,Gloucestershire Royal Hospital and Nuffield Health Cheltenham Hospital,UK.

Objective: The provision of healthcare education in developing countries is a complex problem that simulation has the potential to help. This study aimed to evaluate the effectiveness of a low-cost ear surgery simulator, the Ear Trainer.

Methods: The Ear Trainer was assessed in two low-resource environments in Cambodia and Uganda. Read More

Iran J Public Health 2017 Sep;46(9):1237-1246

ENT and Head & Neck Research Center, Hazrat Rasoul Akram Hospital, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.

Background: This study aimed to determine the prevalence of hearing impairment (HI) by age and gender in a population aged 5 yr and older residing in Tehran, Iran.

Methods: In this cross-sectional study, 140 clusters each including 10 households from Tehran, Iran were sampled between 2012 and 2013 using cluster random sampling. Trained audiologists examined the participants during face-to-face interviews. Read More

Ann Otol Rhinol Laryngol 2017 Nov 28;126(11):755-761. Epub 2017 Sep 28.

1 Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, St. Louis Missouri, USA.

Objectives: To compare pediatric external auditory canal (EAC) foreign body extraction outcomes by clinical setting and identify factors predictive of successful removal.

Methods: Retrospective review of pediatric patients with EAC foreign bodies to a single institution emergency department (ED) and otolaryngology clinic (OTO) between January 2010 and April 2015. Patient characteristics, foreign body type, removal attempts, instrumentation utilized, and complications were evaluated with respect to clinical setting and patient outcome. Read More

Ear Nose Throat J 2017 Sep;96(9):E22-E26

Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Stritch School of Medicine, Loyola University Medical Center, Maguire Building, 2160 S. First Ave. Maywood, IL 60302.

A prospective, case-control study was performed to describe the role that siblings play in foreign bodies of the head and neck and to recognize situations in which children are most at risk for foreign bodies. Any child or adolescent (0 to 17 years old) with a foreign body removed from the head or neck was included. The data collected included location of the foreign body, location of acquisition (e. Read More

Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2017 Oct;196(8):1071-1072

1 Department of Anesthesia and Pain Management, Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.

Case Rep Gastroenterol 2017 Jan-Apr;11(1):184-189. Epub 2017 Apr 10.

aClinical Department for Ear Nose and Throat, Split University Hospital Center, Split, Croatia.

Toothbrush ingestion is rare and most commonly seen in patients with psychiatric comorbidities and in young women with a medical history of eating disorders who try to induce emesis. Long ingested objects, such as a toothbrush, cannot pass the gastrointestinal tract spontaneously and require endoscopic removal or even a surgical approach in cases of unsuccessful endoscopic removal or complication development. We present a case of a 71-year-old male with hiatal hernia without psychiatric or neurological comorbidity who accidentally ingested a toothbrush during oral hygiene routine. Read More

Ann Afr Med 2017 Apr-Jun;16(2):81-84

Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Jos University Teaching Hospital, Jos, Plateau State, Nigeria.

Background: Studies from Nigeria on pediatric otorhinolaryngology (ORL) emergencies are rare in literature with most focusing on emergencies involving individual systems.

Objective: The aim of this study is to determine the prevalence of all ORL emergencies among children in our region to provide a baseline data for future health planning.

Patients And Methods: This is a 1-year retrospective cross-sectional study of patients aged 16 years and below presenting to the Accident and Emergency Department of the Jos University Teaching Hospital, Jos, Nigeria. Read More

Plast Reconstr Surg 2017 May;139(5):1152-1164

Kayseri, Turkey From the Kayseri Training and Research Hospital, Clinic of Plastic, Reconstructive, and Aesthetic Surgery; and the Department of Plastic, Reconstructive, and Aesthetic Surgery, Erciyes University, Medical Faculty.

Background: The authors present the results of an experimental study in which four different techniques were used for the correction of concave rabbit auricular cartilage.

Methods: Sixteen New Zealand adult male rabbits were used in the study. Butyl cyanoacrylate-aided cartilage graft fixation and butyl cyanoacrylate-aided bone graft fixation and scoring technique, alone or combined with butyl cyanoacrylate application, were performed to correct the concavity of rabbit auricular cartilage. Read More

J Clin Diagn Res 2017 Feb 1;11(2):MC01-MC04. Epub 2017 Feb 1.

Assistant Professor, Department of General Medicine and Emergency Medicine, NEIGRIHMS , Shillong, India .

Introduction: For Otorhinolaryngologist, removal of Foreign Bodies (FB) from the ear, nose and throat is one of the common emergency procedures done. Most of the cases especially of the ear and nose can be managed without General Anaesthesia (GA). But in some cases GA may be needed. Read More

J Emerg Med 2017 May 28;52(5):e175-e177. Epub 2017 Feb 28.

Department of Emergency Medicine, Long Island Jewish Medical Center, New Hyde Park, New York.

Background: Foreign body (FB) impaction in the oropharyngeal region-and specifically the tongue-is a common problem in the emergency department that often requires specialty consultation and admission for operative intervention. Over the years, the use of point of care ultrasound (POCUS) has increased ease and success of FB removal in other anatomic regions, but is only rarely reported for extraction of FB from the tongue outside of the operating room.

Case Report: This case demonstrates a unique case of ultrasound-guided removal of a fishbone from the tongue in the emergency department after blind attempts failed. Read More

Int J Pediatr Otorhinolaryngol 2017 Jan 10;92:103-107. Epub 2016 Nov 10.

Ghaem Hospital, School of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran. Electronic address:

Objective: Children with psychological disorders are prone to various unintentional injuries, one of the most common of which is foreign body inserting. In spite of the high incidence, the association is not studied yet.

Methods: This is a case control study in otorhinolaryngology and psychology departments, at a tertiary referral teaching hospital. Read More

J Int Adv Otol 2016 Dec 28;12(3):345-352. Epub 2016 Nov 28.

Department of Otorhinolaryngology, University Medical Center Utrecht, the Netherlands.

Here, we provide a literature overview of cases with protruding molding material for earplugs or hearing aids and subsequent required treatment, including our own cases. Patients at risk are those with impaired tympanic membranes or who previously underwent otologic surgery. Symptoms such as otalgia, tinnitus, and vertigo are alarming but do not always arise. Read More

J Laryngol Otol 2016 Oct;130(10):954-961

ENT Department,Frimley Park Hospital,Frimley,UK.

Objective: Chronic suppurative otitis media is a neglected condition affecting up to 330 million people worldwide, with the burden of the disease in impoverished countries. The need for non-governmental organisations to hardwire training into their programmes has been highlighted. An ear surgery simulator appropriate for training in resource-poor settings was developed, and its effectiveness in facilitating the acquisition of headlight and microsurgical skills necessary to safely perform procedures via the ear canal was investigated. Read More

Ophthalmology 2016 12 18;123(12):2595-2602. Epub 2016 Oct 18.

Retina Service, Department of Ophthalmology, Massachusetts Eye and Ear Infirmary, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts. Electronic address:

Purpose: Large relaxing retinectomies have become increasingly used in the repair of retinal detachment related to proliferative vitreoretinopathy (PVR). Retinectomies expose the retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) to the vitreous cavity; the direct effects of silicone oil on the RPE are only beginning to be understood.

Design: Retrospective case series. Read More

J Int Adv Otol 2016 Aug;12(2):147-151

Department of Otorhinolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, Alexandria School of Medicine, University of Alexandria, Alexandria, Egypt.

Objective: To assess the effectiveness of glass ionomer bone cement (GIBC) in lateral attic wall reconstruction after primary acquired attic cholesteatoma surgery.

Materials And Methods: This prospective study was conducted on twenty children collected from the ENT outpatient clinics of a secondary and tertiary hospital. All patients presented with chronic suppurative otitis media with cholesteatoma of the primary acquired attic type. Read More

Lung India 2016 Jul-Aug;33(4):424-6

Department of Pediatrics, Dubai Hospital, Dubai, United Arab Emirates.

Foreign body (FB) aspiration is commonly seen in children but less commonly in adolescents. Headscarf pin aspiration is common in Muslim girls, who inappropriately place the pins between their lips while securing the scarf on the head. Bronchoscopy is the treatment modality of choice, and surgery is rarely required. Read More

N Engl J Med 2016 07;375(2):194

Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, CA.

N Engl J Med 2016 07;375(2):194

Int J Pediatr Otorhinolaryngol 2016 Aug 6;87:198-202. Epub 2016 Jun 6.

Naval Medical Center Portsmouth, Department of Otolaryngology, 620 John Paul Jones Circle, Portsmouth, VA 23708, USA.

Objectives: To complement a case series review of button battery impactions managed at our single military tertiary care center with a thorough literature review of laboratory research and clinical cases to develop a protocol to optimize patient care. Specifically, to identify predictive factors of long-term complications which can be used by the pediatric otolaryngologist to guide patient management after button battery impactions.

Methods: A retrospective review of the Department of Defense's electronic medical record systems was conducted to identify patients with button battery ingestions and then characterize their treatment course. Read More

Vestn Otorinolaringol 2016 ;81(3):21-22

Russian University of People's Friendship, Moscow, Russia, 117198.

The objective of the present work was to improve the effectiveness of the treatment of atresia of the external auditory canal (EAC). Atresia of external acoustic meatus is a result of a mechanical or thermal injury but can also develop after a surgical intervention for the removal of foreign bodies, benign and malignant tumours. This condition is frequently associated with the narrowing and obliteration of EAC leading to the marked impairment of hearing despite preservation of the middle ear structures. Read More

Afr Health Sci 2016 Mar;16(1):292-7

Federal Medical Center, Birnin Kebbi, Ear, Nose and Throat.

Background: Ear, nose and throat foreign bodies (FBs) are common occurrences particularly among children. This study reviewed the clinical spectrum of ENT FBs, their treatment and outcomes as seen in a tertiary health center in North Western Nigeria.

Method: The study was a retrospective chart review of patients that were managed for FB impaction in a tertiary health institution in North Western Nigeria over a four year period. Read More

Ann Otol Rhinol Laryngol 2016 Oct 29;125(10):854-7. Epub 2016 Jun 29.

Department of Otolaryngology-Head & Neck Surgery, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA Division of Pediatric Otolaryngology-Head & Neck Surgery, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA.

Objective: We report an unusual case of masticator space foreign body in a patient presenting with otorrhea and granulation tissue within the external auditory canal (EAC).

Methods: Case report.

Results: A 16-month-old male presented with fever, unilateral otorrhea, facial swelling, leukocytosis, and granulation tissue within the EAC that failed to respond to conventional medical treatment. Read More

J Craniofac Surg 2016 Jun;27(4):e413-4

*Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, College of Medicine †Institute of Tissue Regeneration, Soonchunhyang University, Cheonan, Korea.

A 66-year-old woman admitted with induration, peri-wound marceration, swelling, and tenderness on temporal area. She had repeated painful tenderness on temporal area for 10 days. In the peri-wound, discharge volume increased when she ate spicy food or drank lemon juice. Read More

World Neurosurg 2016 Jul 9;91:297-307. Epub 2016 Apr 9.

Department of Neurosurgery, SUNY Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, New York, USA.

Introduction: Penetrating traumatic brain injuries (TBIs), with the exception of gunshot wounds, are relatively rare occurrences and affect all ages. Clinical presentation varies depending on the mechanism of the injury. Prompt surgical treatment is often indicated and is influenced by patient clinical examination, anatomic trajectory, and the penetrating object's size, shape, and velocity. Read More

Ear Nose Throat J 2016 Mar;95(3):113-6

, Department of ENT, Princess Marina Hospital, Gaborone, Botswana.

We evaluated the role of the emergency department (ED) in the management of ear, nose, and throat foreign bodies in an Australian tertiary care hospital. We retrospectively reviewed all cases of ENT foreign-body presentations in the ED over a 2-year period. We identified 168 such cases, a large proportion of which involved pediatric patients. Read More

World Neurosurg 2016 Jun 15;90:420-429. Epub 2016 Mar 15.

Department of Neurosurgery, Center of Neurology and Neurosurgery Associates, Hospital Beneficência Portuguesa de São Paulo-SP, Brazil.

Objective: The objective of this study is to present a case series of nonmissile penetrating (NMP) injuries and to establish a workflow for an uncommon mechanism of traumatic head injury through the analysis of each case, classification of the type of lesion, management, and outcome score at follow-up.

Methods: From January 1991 to December 2008, 36,000 patients presenting with traumatic brain injury (TBI) were admitted in the Department of Neurosurgery, Hospital Antônio Targino, Campina Grande-PB, Brazil. From these patients, 11 presenting with lesions caused by NMP objects were selected. Read More

Am J Trop Med Hyg 2016 May 22;94(5):1182-3. Epub 2016 Feb 22.

Department of Family Medicine, Siaal Family Medicine and Primary Care Research Center, Faculty of Health Sciences, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva, Israel; Clalit Health Services, Southern District, Beer-Sheva, Israel

Injury from the thorn of a palm tree is characterized by a prolonged, painful inflammatory reaction. Even when the source of the inflammation is diagnosed, appropriate treatment is usually delayed because family doctors are not familiar with the entity. Penetration of a palm thorn into the earlobe is an unrecognized cause of local inflammation. Read More

N Engl J Med 2016 Feb;374(7):e7

From the Texas Children's Hospital and Baylor College of Medicine, Houston.

Orbit 2016 2;35(2):103-5. Epub 2016 Feb 2.

b Department of Ophthalmology , Tung Wah Eastern Hospital , Hong Kong , Hong Kong SAR.

We report a 3-year-old child with history of congenital nasolacrimal duct obstruction who failed lacrimal probing and underwent bicanalicular intubation. Removal of stent from the superior punctum was unsuccessful and it was trapped in the lacrimal sac. We performed endonasal endoscopic-assisted retrieval of retained stent material without necessitating dacryocystorhinostomy (DCR). Read More

Ear Nose Throat J 2016 Jan;95(1):E1-4

Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, University of Connecticut School of Medicine, Farmington, CT, USA.

We present an unusual case of a retained crossbow bolt in the maxillofacial area of a 31-year-old man. While crossbow injuries are rare, this case is of interest because otolaryngologists are often faced with treating retained foreign objects after penetrating facial trauma. These cases are difficult to manage because of the complexity and variety of injuries that can occur during both the initial trauma and the removal. Read More

Ir J Med Sci 2017 Feb 29;186(1):247-254. Epub 2016 Jan 29.

Department of Otolaryngology, Royal Victoria Eye and Ear Hospital, Adelaide road, Dublin 2, Ireland.

Background: The Royal Victoria Eye and Ear Hospital provides a specialised ear, nose and throat (ENT) Emergency department (ED) service open to patients from the entire country, operating from 9 am to 5 pm on weekdays. Recently, this has been under threat of closure.

Aims: We analyse and determine the role of this ED in the current context and compare results to a previous study from June 1990. Read More