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Iran J Otorhinolaryngol 2019 Mar;31(103):123-126

Department of Otorhinolaryngology , Grant Government Medical College and Sir J.J Hospitals, Mumbai, India.

Introduction: Foreign bodies in the external auditory canal are fairly common, and tend to be seeds, toys, or insects. However, foreign bodies in the middle ear are rarer and are generally accidental or iatrogenic. Although there are numerous reports regarding fascinating foreign bodies in the ear, the same cannot be said about foreign bodies in the Eustachian tube (ET). Read More

Mil Med 2019 Mar;184(Supplement_1):565-570

DoD-VA Vision Center of Excellence, Department of Ophthalmology, Madigan Army Medical Center, 6040 Jackson Ave, Tacoma, WA.

Background: The Military Health System recognizes the importance of analyzing "foreign bodies" removed from US service members through several policy documents. This activity focuses on detecting potentially toxic metals. Intra-ocular "foreign bodies" (IOFBs) represent a small, clinically important subset. Read More

Int J Pediatr Otorhinolaryngol 2019 Mar 7;118:165-169. Epub 2019 Jan 7.

Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery "Otto Koerner", Rostock University Medical Center, Rostock, Germany.

Objectives: Foreign body incorporation in children is often a serious situation. Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) could be a risk factor for self-insertion of foreign bodies. Large cohort analyses are missing. Read More

Auris Nasus Larynx 2018 Nov 30. Epub 2018 Nov 30.

Department of Otorhinolaryngology Head and Neck surgery, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, 2-15 Yamadaoka, Suita-shi, Osaka, Japan.

Objective: Foreign bodies (FBs) in ear, nose, and throat (ENT) are common ENT emergencies but are sometimes life-threatening. However, FBs could be avoidable by the efficient announcement about the risk of these occurrence to the public. Fish bones are commonly found as throat FBs, and small toys are commonly found as pediatric ear and nose FBs. Read More

J West Afr Coll Surg 2017 Oct-Dec;7(4):34-51

ENT Department, Lagos University Teaching Hospital, Lagos, Nigeria.

Background: Halitosis is a common medico social symptom among children.

Aim: To determine the clinical, epidemiological patterns, aetiology and psycho-social issues of halitosis among children in a tertiary hospital in Nigeria.

Methodology: This was a prospective hospital based study of children with complaints of halitosis. Read More

Indian J Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 2018 Dec 10;70(4):490-494. Epub 2018 Sep 10.

1Department of ENT, Medical College, Kolkata, India.

Otolaryngological conditions constitute a major share of emergency medical problem among children. The present study was conducted to assess the patient profiles, incidences morbidities, mode of presentation and managements of different otolaryngological emergencies among pediatric patients presented in a tertiary care hospital. Descriptive cross-sectional study by analysing retrospectively collected information pertaining to the patients attended ENT emergency service department of a tertiary care hospital, Kolkata. Read More

Emerg Med Clin North Am 2019 Feb;37(1):121-130

Department of Emergency Medicine, UC San Diego, 200 West Arbor Drive, MC 8676, San Diego, CA 92103-8676, USA. Electronic address:

Foreign bodies to the ear, nose, and throat often can be managed in the emergency department, particularly if the patient offers a history consistent with foreign body and is calm and compliant with the examination and removal attempts. Tips for success include analgesia, adequate visualization, immobilization of the patient's head, dexterity and experience level of the provider, and minimizing attempts at removal. It is critical to recognize the risks involved with certain retained objects (button batteries or sharp objects) and when to call a consultant to help facilitate safe, successful removal of objects to the ear, nose, and throat. Read More

World J Pediatr 2018 Dec 17;14(6):570-575. Epub 2018 Oct 17.

Department of ENT, Wuhan Children's Hospital (Wuhan Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital), Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430016, China.

Background: Ingestion of button batteries occurs in about ten persons per one million persons each year, with most of them children, and one in every 1000 battery ingestions leads to serious injuries. This study aimed to describe the clinical features and outcome of ingestion or inhalation of button batteries in children spanning a decade from January, 2006 to December, 2016 at a tertiary care hospital.

Methods: We reviewed the clinical records of children who sought treatment for inhaled or ingested button batteries at our hospital during the study period. Read More

J Ophthalmol 2018 25;2018:5861043. Epub 2018 Jun 25.

Department of Ophthalmology, Eye, Ear, Nose and Throat Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200031, China.

Purpose: To report the long-term follow-up results of posterior segment intraocular foreign body (IOFB) removal in children and to determine the prognostic factors for visual outcome.

Methods: Design: retrospective, noncomparative, interventional case series; a single tertiary care center study. Participants or samples: eleven eyes (11 patients) under 16 years of age with posterior segment IOFB injuries from May 2014 to November 2017. Read More

BMJ Case Rep 2018 Jul 24;2018. Epub 2018 Jul 24.

Head and Neck Center, Otorhinolaryngology, Helsinki University Hospital and University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland.

Foreign bodies cause a remarkable number of otolaryngological emergency visits and occasionally result in life-threatening conditions and later-emerging complications. Patient recovery depends on the detection and proper extraction of all foreign materials. Despite various obtainable diagnostic tools, adequate anamnesis forms the basis of clinical reasoning and should direct later examinations and radiological imaging. Read More

Ear Nose Throat J 2018 Jul;97(7):202-207

UC Davis Department of Otolaryngology, 2521 Stockton Blvd., Suite 7200, Sacramento, CA 95817, USA.

Pharyngoesophageal foreign bodies (FBs) are common otolaryngologic problems, but challenging cases cause significant patient and surgeon frustration. Extraluminal migration of an FB from the pharynx or esophagus is rare and usually necessitates external neck exploration. Approaching these complicated FBs endoscopically may avoid undue surgical morbidity. Read More

Indian J Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 2018 Jun 18;70(2):194-199. Epub 2016 Nov 18.

2Department of Pediatrics, College of Medicine, Hadhramout University, Mukalla, Hadhramout Province Yemen.

Objective: To describe the types of aural foreign bodies (FBs) among patients in Ibn Sina Teaching Hospital (ISTH) and to study the patient's symptoms, duration, complications and procedures used to extract them.

Methods: A record based descriptive study was looked at patients with aural FBs at ISTH for 5 years between 2009 and 2015. The diagnosis of aural FBs was based on personal history, and otoscopic findings. Read More

Ann R Coll Surg Engl 2018 Jul 3:1-3. Epub 2018 Jul 3.

Birmingham Women's and Children's NHS Foundation Trust , Birmingham , UK.

Introduction Foreign body removal is a common reason for children to attend the emergency department. Generally, aural and nasal foreign bodies are not associated with immediate morbidity unless they are button batteries. There can be consequences of migration and removal. Read More

Clin Ophthalmol 2018 18;12:1099-1104. Epub 2018 Jun 18.

Retina Service, Massachusetts Eye and Ear, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.

We describe the benefits of perfluoro-N-octane (PFO), a perfluorocarbon liquid, in the removal of nonmagnetic intraocular foreign bodies (IOFBs) from the macula and posterior segment. Two consecutive cases of posterior segment IOFB were reviewed. An 18-year-old male presented to the emergency room after a motor vehicle accident with a zone 1 open globe injury and large glass IOFB in the left eye. Read More

BMJ Case Rep 2018 Jun 23;2018. Epub 2018 Jun 23.

Princess Alexandra Hospital NHS Trust, Harlow, UK.

Fish bone ingestion is a common presentation in ENT. If not managed correctly, it can cause serious complications for the patient and dilemmas for the clinician. A 49-year-old Sri Lankan woman presented to the emergency department following shark bone ingestion with a 'pricking' sensation in her throat. Read More

BMJ Case Rep 2018 Jun 21;2018. Epub 2018 Jun 21.

Otorhinolaryngology and Head and Neck Surgery, Kasturba Medical College, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, Karnataka, India.

This case series is about four different foreign bodies lodged in different locations of the aerodigestive tract. All four cases had delayed diagnosis due to inconspicuous history. Radiology in the form of computed tomography aided the appropriate diagnosis in most of these cases. Read More

J Family Med Prim Care 2018 Jan-Feb;7(1):246-248

Consultant Epidemiologist, Dr. L H Hiranandani Hospital, Mumbai, Maharashtra, India.

Ingestion of foreign object is a common problem with children. These foreign bodies (FBs) can be in the respiratory tract of the aerodigestive tract. A 14-month-old male child presented to the emergency department of our hospital at 6. Read More

Ann R Coll Surg Engl 2018 Sep 18;100(7):e176-e177. Epub 2018 Jun 18.

York Teaching Hospital NHS Foundation Trust , UK.

Vernagel (sodium polyacrylate) is a powder commonly used in hospitals worldwide for the management and disposal of body fluids. It reacts with fluids to form a semisolid gel. Its main use is to reduce spillages. Read More

Ugeskr Laeger 2018 Jun;180(24)

This case report is of a four-year-old otherwise healthy girl, who was presented to an ear, nose and throat department with salivation and suspected ingestion of a metallic pendant while falling asleep. An X-ray of the chest and upper neck confirmed the suspicion showing an approximately 2 × 2 cm foreign body shaped as a star located in the throat. In general anaesthesia, a metal necklace pendant was removed from the oesophagus mouth. Read More

Int J Pediatr Otorhinolaryngol 2018 Jul 5;110:140-143. Epub 2018 May 5.

Department of Otolaryngology, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine and Science, Rochester, MN, USA.

Objectives: The purpose of this study is to investigate the relative cost and safety of ear foreign body (FB) removal via conscious sedation in the emergency department.

Methods: A retrospective review of patients presenting from 2000 to 2015 to the emergency department at Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota was performed. 63 patients requiring sedation for ear foreign body removal were identified. Read More

JAMA Facial Plast Surg 2018 Sep;20(5):409-418

Department of Otolaryngology, Massachusetts Eye and Ear Infirmary, Harvard Medical School, Boston.

Importance: Nasal airway obstruction (NAO) is a common complaint in the otolaryngologist's office and can have a negative influence on quality of life (QOL). Existing diagnostic methods have improved, but little consensus exists on optimal tools. Furthermore, although surgical techniques for nasal obstruction continue to be developed, effective outcome measurement is lacking. Read More

BMJ Case Rep 2018 May 18;2018. Epub 2018 May 18.

Department of Otolaryngology, NHS Lothian, Livingston, UK.

Lin Chung Er Bi Yan Hou Tou Jing Wai Ke Za Zhi 2018 May;32(9):656-660

Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Guizhou Provincial People's Hospital, Guiyang， 550002, China.

To evaluate the effect of systemic and intratympanic dexamethasone combination therapy on sudden deafness.A total of 98 patients randomly divided into three groups: an intravenous corticosteroid (systemic corticosteroid monotherapy group); an intratympanic corticosteroid (IT monotherapy group); and a combination therapy group (IT plus systemic combination group). All patients were treated additionally with ginkgo-damole and mecobalamine and proton pomp inhibitor. Read More

Int Arch Otorhinolaryngol 2018 Apr 14;22(2):146-151. Epub 2017 Jul 14.

Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Faculty of Medicine, Sohag University, Sohag, Egypt.

 Ear, nose and throat (ENT) foreign bodies (FBs) are common occurrences, particularly among children. The proper recognition, study, and management of FBs are required to prevent complications. Their consequences are greatly variable, from mild disturbances that may not require hospitalization up to life-threatening complications. Read More

Auris Nasus Larynx 2018 Dec 27;45(6):1239-1244. Epub 2018 Mar 27.

Department of Otolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, 1130033, Japan.

Objective: To reveal the age distribution and capture the longitudinal trend in otolaryngological surgeries performed in Japan, where society is rapidly aging.

Methods: Using the Diagnosis Procedure Combination database, we extracted data on patients who were hospitalized and underwent any type of otolaryngological surgery in departments of otolaryngology or head and neck surgery from fiscal year 2007 to fiscal year 2013. Type of surgery, patient's age, and fiscal year were compared. Read More

BMJ Case Rep 2018 Mar 28;2018. Epub 2018 Mar 28.

Department of ENT surgery, Brighton and Sussex University Hospitals NHS Trust, Brighton, UK.

J Craniofac Surg 2018 Sep;29(6):e551-e552

Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Near East University, Faculty of Medicine, Nicosia, Cyprus.

A concha bullosa forms when the middle turbinate becomes pneumatized, which is a common anatomic variation; however, fungus ball in concha bullosa is rather rare. An otherwise healthy 52-year-old man presented to our ear, nose and throat clinic with the complaints of midfacial pressure headache and malodorous postnasal drip. Computed tomography of the paranasal sinuses demonstrated a polypoid hyperdense lesion with slight microcalcifications in the right nasal cavity, accompanied with a complicated fluid collection in the right frontoethmoideal recess seen as hypodensity in contrast to this hyperdensity. Read More

Ophthalmic Plast Reconstr Surg 2018 May/Jun;34(3):e99-e103

Ophthalmic Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery Service, Department of Ophthalmology of the Massachusetts Eye and Ear Infirmary, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, U.S.A.

A 56-year-old woman presented with periocular nodules that were clinically suspected to be neurofibromas. Histopathologic examination of excised nodules revealed a pronounced granulomatous reaction to a foreign material that was composed of glossy polygonal palely eosinophilic fragments. These fragments were outlined in red with Masson trichrome, stained gray with the elastic stain, and were uniformly red with Gomori methenamine silver staining. Read More

Ophthalmic Plast Reconstr Surg 2018 May/Jun;34(3):e95-e96

Orbital Plastic and Lacrimal Clinic, Royal Victorian Eye and Ear Hospital, East Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.

A 24-year-old woman presented with a 1-year history of gradually increasing pain on eye movements, worse on the right. She had a significant background of undergoing intracranial correction of orbital hypertelorism with internal fixation of the lateral orbital rims at the age of 6 years. Imaging was consistent with bilateral metallic foreign bodies from both lateral orbital rims protruding into the globes. Read More

Eye (Lond) 2018 07 9;32(7):1237-1243. Epub 2018 Mar 9.

Eye Institute,Eye and Ear, Nose, and Throat Hospital, Fudan University, 83 Fenyang Road, Shanghai, 200031, People's Republic of China.

Purpose: To compare the long-term decentration and tilt in two multifocal intraocular lenses (MfIOLs) with an OPD-Scan III aberrometer.

Methods: Eighty cataract patients who underwent uneventful MfIOL implantation (42 with AcrySof® IQ ReSTOR® SN6AD1 and 38 with AMO Tecnis® ZMB00) were enrolled. At 1 year after surgery, a postoperative visual acuity evaluation included the measurement of uncorrected distance visual acuity, corrected distance visual acuity, distance-corrected near visual acuity, and distance-corrected intermediate visual acuity. Read More

Ear Nose Throat J 2018 Jan-Feb;97(1-2):E52-E53

Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA.

Ear Nose Throat J 2018 Jan-Feb;97(1-2):E46-E51

Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, 3400 Civic Center Blvd., Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA.

The use of injectable fillers is increasingly popular as an alternative to surgery for facial cosmetic applications. In this regard, silicone is a versatile biomaterial filler that has been used for these purposes, but its use warrants further investigation, especially since it is not clinically approved for such uses. We describe the use of silicone as a facial injectable filler through a scholarly review of the literature for cases of silicone granuloma formation published from September 2007 through September 2017, and we present various contexts in which this complication has been observed. Read More

Int J Pediatr Otorhinolaryngol 2018 Feb 7;105:90-96. Epub 2017 Dec 7.

Unit of Biostatistics, Epidemiology and Public Health, Department of Cardiac, Thoracic and Vascular Sciences, University of Padova, Italy. Electronic address:

Objectives: The present study aimed at analyzing the characteristics of FB injuries from Bosnia and Herzegovina (B&H), a rapidly growing newly industrialized country, and to compare them with cases from European countries.

Methods: The analysis is based on FB injury cases included in the Susy Safe registry. Cases from the Ear-Nose-Throat (ENT) Clinic, University Clinical Center of Tuzla (B&H) were compared with cases from European countries participating in the Susy Safe project. Read More

N Z Med J 2018 02 2;131(1469):64-65. Epub 2018 Feb 2.

ENT and Head and Neck Surgery, MGMCRI, Pondicherry, India.

Am J Ophthalmol 2018 04 31;188:1-8. Epub 2018 Jan 31.

Department of Ophthalmology, Eye and Ear, Nose, and Throat Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China; Key Laboratory of Myopia, Ministry of Health, Shanghai, China; Key Laboratory of Visual Impairment and Restoration, Shanghai, China. Electronic address:

Purpose: To investigate the tilt and decentration of multifocal intraocular lenses (MfIOLs) implanted in myopic eyes.

Design: A prospective cohort study.

Methods: Twenty-eight myopic eyes and 56 emmetropic eyes were evaluated. Read More

BMJ Case Rep 2018 Jan 17;2018. Epub 2018 Jan 17.

Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Derby Teaching Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Derby, UK.

A 7-month-old boy presented to the emergency department with reduced oral intake, neck swelling and fever. Clinical examination revealed a 3 cm left parotid and left level I neck swelling with left medialised tonsil but no trismus. Computed imaging confirmed the presence of an abscess in the peritonsillar area with extension into the parapharyngeal space and deep lobe of the parotid gland. Read More

Int Tinnitus J 2017 Dec 1;21(2):31-35. Epub 2017 Dec 1.

Student Research Committee, Baqiyatallah University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.

Objective: To evaluate the prevalence of external ear complications among Iranian aural foreign body users attending to otolaryngology clinic of our hospital.

Methods: In this cross-sectional study patients attending to Otolaryngology clinics of Baqiyatallah hospital were enrolled regardless of their age, gender and reason of attending. Patients between 15 and 60 years of age were included in the present study. Read More

Ophthalmic Plast Reconstr Surg 2018 Sep/Oct;34(5):452-455

Department of Ophthalmology of the Massachusetts Eye and Ear Infirmary and the Harvard Medical School, Ophthalmic Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery Service, Boston, Massachusetts, U.S.A.

Purpose: To delineate the histopathologic appearance of gelatin-based hemostatic agents, Surgiflo, Gelfoam, and Floseal, which are used by ophthalmic plastic surgeons, and which may incidentally be found as foreign materials in histopathologic tissue samples.

Methods: Histopathologic analysis was performed with hematoxylin-eosin, periodic acid-Schiff, Masson trichrome, and elastin staining on tissue samples in which gelatin-based agents were found. To better characterize these materials, similar analyses were performed on in vitro samples of commonly used gelatin-based hemostatic agents. Read More

J Ayub Med Coll Abbottabad 2017 Oct-Dec;29(4):694-696

Walsall Manor NHS Trust, Birmingham, United Kingdom.

This is a case regarding a 35-year-old gentleman who presented to the Accident and Emergency department at Walsall Manor Hospital. He had mistakenly placed cyanoacrylate ('superglue') into his right ear canal in the early morning. In terms of its removal, an initial attempt was made in the Ear, Nose and throat (ENT) outpatient clinic which proved to be unsuccessful due to the amount of discomfort it caused the patient. Read More

Head Neck 2018 04 12;40(4):E29-E32. Epub 2018 Jan 12.

Department of Medicine, Infectious Disease Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital, and Infectious Disease Service, Massachusetts Eye and Ear, Boston, Massachusetts.

Background: Venous coupling devices are widely used during reconstructive surgery involving microvascular anastomosis but have not served as foreign bodies in head and neck surgical site infections.

Methods: We conducted a case report.

Results: A patient underwent resection and free flap reconstruction for recurrent tongue squamous cell carcinoma. Read More

BMJ Case Rep 2018 Jan 9;2018. Epub 2018 Jan 9.

Department of Otolaryngology, Lister Hospital, Stevenage, UK.

JAMA Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 2018 Feb;144(2):136-139

Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Rutgers New Jersey Medical School, Newark.

Importance: Tympanic membrane perforations (TMPs) are frequent events leading to evaluation in the primary care and otolaryngology offices or the emergency department (ED). Despite specific warning labels on packaging of cotton-tipped applicators regarding the risk of injury to the ear canal with personal use, these products are commonly used to remove ear cerumen.

Objective: To analyze the mechanism of injury for traumatic TMPs among patients presenting to the ED. Read More

BMJ Case Rep 2017 Nov 21;2017. Epub 2017 Nov 21.

Department of Otolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois, USA.

A 71-year-old woman presented to the emergency department 8 days after ingesting fish with mild neck pain but otherwise demonstrated no signs of infection. X-rays were negative but CT imaging demonstrated a curvilinear radiodense object extending from the posterior cervical oesophagus through the right thyroid lobe terminating in the neck just a few millimetres from the external carotid artery. Rigid oesophagoscopy and direct laryngoscopy were negative and the neck was explored for the foreign body, which ultimately was encountered after a painstaking dissection of the right neck that included skeletonisation of the recurrent laryngeal nerve. Read More

Open Access Emerg Med 2017 6;9:107-112. Epub 2017 Nov 6.

Ear, Nose and Throat Unit, Department of Surgery, Frankston Hospital, Peninsula Health, Frankston, VIC, Australia.

Objective: The removal of nasal foreign bodies (NFBs) can be a difficult task for the inexperienced physician, and the more unsuccessful attempts are made, the more difficult the extraction becomes. We have formulated this simple "four-step" approach to improve success, especially on the first try.

Methods: A retrospective review of cases requiring NFB removal, seen by one registrar from 2012 to 2016 at Frankston Hospital, was performed. Read More

Cent Asian J Glob Health 2017 23;6(1):284. Epub 2017 Oct 23.

wPediatric Intensive Care Unit, Assaf Harofeh Medical Center, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel-Aviv University, Tel-Aviv, Israel.

Introduction: Hemoptysis is an important symptom which causes a major concern, and warrants immediate diagnostic attention. The authors compared a group of patients with pediatric pulmonary hemorrhage with pediatric patients diagnosed with extrapulmonary bleeding focusing on differences in etiology, outcome and differential diagnosis of hemoptysis.

Methods: We performed the retrospective analysis of medical charts of 134 pediatric patients admitted to the Emergency Department because of pulmonary and extrapulmonary hemorrhage and were diagnosed with suspected hemoptysis or developed hemoptysis (ICD10-CM code R04. Read More

Laryngorhinootologie 2017 Nov 13;96(11):797-807. Epub 2017 Nov 13.

Ear Nose Throat J 2017 Oct-Nov;96(10-11):E53

Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Kaohsiung Veterans General Hospital, Kaohsiung, Taiwan.

Int J Otolaryngol 2017 1;2017:1478795. Epub 2017 Oct 1.

Department of Surgery, Tamale Teaching Hospital, P.O. Box 16, Tamale, Ghana.

Background: Foreign body (FB) aspiration requires a high index of suspicion for diagnosis and prompt management to avoid morbidity and mortality. This retrospective study was conducted to review pediatric foreign body aspiration at the Ear, Nose and Throat (ENT) Unit of the Tamale Teaching Hospital (TTH).

Materials And Methods: The theater records of children managed for foreign body aspiration from January 2010 to December 2016 at the ENT Unit of TTH were retrieved and data summarized with respect to age, gender, indications for bronchoscopy, nature of foreign body, location of foreign body, and outcome of the bronchoscopy procedure. Read More

J Laryngol Otol 2017 Nov 30;131(11):1010-1016. Epub 2017 Oct 30.

Division of Otolaryngology - ENT Surgery,Gloucestershire Royal Hospital and Nuffield Health Cheltenham Hospital,UK.

Objective: The provision of healthcare education in developing countries is a complex problem that simulation has the potential to help. This study aimed to evaluate the effectiveness of a low-cost ear surgery simulator, the Ear Trainer.

Methods: The Ear Trainer was assessed in two low-resource environments in Cambodia and Uganda. Read More