Search Our Scientific Publications & Authors

J Fr Ophtalmol 2019 Apr 9. Epub 2019 Apr 9.

Department of ophthalmology, university hospital, 86000 Poitiers, France.

Purpose: To evaluate overall upper eyelid laxity according to age and sleep position.

Methods: This single-center prospective study was conducted on healthy subjects between 20 and 89 years of age and was approved by the institutional review board and the ethics committee. Data collected were age, sex, weight and height, ophthalmological history, general history (diabetes, hypertension, smoking) and preferred sleep position (lateral, ventral, dorsal decubitus or no preference). Read More

J Fr Ophtalmol 2019 Apr 15;42(4):e173-e175. Epub 2019 Mar 15.

Service d'Ophtalmologie, Hôpital Militaire d'Instruction Mohammed V, Faculté de médecine et de pharmacie, Université Mohammed V, Rabat, Maroc.

Ophthalmic Plast Reconstr Surg 2019 Mar/Apr;35(2):197-201

Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Kellogg Eye Center, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, U.S.A.

Purpose: To evaluate the results of permanent medial tarsorrhaphy and to describe the surgical technique.

Methods: Medial tarsorrhaphy was performed on 30 eyelids with symptomatic exposure keratopathy secondary to eyelid malposition. Observational, retrospective review of preoperative and postoperative examination findings was performed. Read More

Am J Ophthalmol Case Rep 2019 Jun 31;14:14-15. Epub 2019 Jan 31.

Department of Ophthalmology, Mayo Clinic, 200 First Street, SW, Rochester, MN, 55905, USA.

Purpose: To report the possible connection between Stickler syndrome and floppy eyelid syndrome.

Observations: A 36-year-old man with genetically confirmed Stickler syndrome presented with prominent bilateral eyelid laxity consistent with floppy eyelid syndrome. He had a high-arched palate and reported years of apneic episodes during sleep consistent with obstructive sleep apnea (OSA). Read More

Clin Exp Optom 2019 Jan 16. Epub 2019 Jan 16.

School of Optometry, University of Montreal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada.

Ocul Surf 2018 Jul 3;16(3):331-336. Epub 2018 May 3.

Department of Ophthalmology, Loyola University Medical Center, Maywood, IL, USA. Electronic address:

Purpose: Lax eyelid syndrome (LES) is defined as the association of distensible "floppy" eyelids and chronic papillary conjunctivitis. LES is also found in patients with obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) who have systemic elevation of inflammatory markers, including matrix metalloproteinases (MMP). Locally elevated MMP levels have also been demonstrated co-localized with elastin loss in eyelids of patients with LES, accounting for their "floppiness. Read More

BMC Ophthalmol 2018 Feb 23;18(1):55. Epub 2018 Feb 23.

Department of Ophthalmology, the Second Affiliated Hospital, Fujian Medical University, Quanzhou, Fujian, 362000, China.

Background: Known causes of superficial punctuate keratopathy (SPK) in children include entropion, viral infection, blepharokeratoconjunctivitis (BKC), and toxicity of eye drops. However, there are some SPK patients whose causes could not be identified well. Herein, we describe the history, diagnosis, treatment, and prognosis of a rare case. Read More

Eye (Lond) 2018 06 21;32(6):1117-1122. Epub 2018 Feb 21.

Royal Eye Infirmary, Derriford Hospital, Plymouth, PL6 8DH, UK.

Objectives: To compare the functional and anatomical outcomes of lateral tarsal strip (LTS) with Bick's procedure in treatment of eyelid malposition.

Methods: A retrospective, consecutive case series of patients who underwent LTS and Bick's procedure for all types of involutional lower eyelid malposition, at two centers between January 2012 and 2015. Statistical analyses of differences between groups were performed using the Fisher's exact test to compare non-continuous variables and Mann-Whitney U test for continuous variables. Read More

Eye (Lond) 2018 05 2;32(5):889-903. Epub 2018 Feb 2.

Oxford Centre for Respiratory Medicine, Oxford University Hospitals, Oxford, UK.

Obstructive sleep apnoea (OSA) is increasing in prevalence due to rising obesity. While OSA is a disorder primarily of the upper airway during sleep, its pathophysiological impact on other body systems is increasingly recognised. There has been interest in the prevalence of OSA in different ophthalmic conditions and possible causation has been postulated. Read More

Ann Plast Surg 2018 02;80(2S Suppl 1):S40-S47

Background: Floppy eyelid syndrome (FES) is typically characterized by chronic eye irritation and an increased laxity of the upper eyelid that can be easily everted by applying minimal upward traction. However, it is a clinical entity that is less known to most plastic surgeons. Blepharoptosis is one of the most common features, which links to FES, for which a thorough differential diagnosis has become important in directing proper medical treatment. Read More

Turk J Pediatr 2017 ;59(1):62-67

Department of Ophthalmology, Adıyaman University Research and Training Hospital, Adıyaman, Turkey.

Bayraktar C, Şimşek A. Evaluation of choroidal thickness measurements in pediatric obstructive sleep apnea syndrome patients. Turk J Pediatr 2017; 59: 62-67. Read More

J Clin Sleep Med 2017 Nov 15;13(11):1345-1348. Epub 2017 Nov 15.

Brown University, Alpert Medical School, Providence, Rhode Island.

Study Objectives: Obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) incurs a host of systemic side effects. The eyes are particularly susceptible to both mechanical and vascular sequelae of the disease. This paper outlines the ocular manifestations of sleep apnea. Read More

JAMA Ophthalmol 2017 10;135(10):1055-1061

Department of Ophthalmology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York.

Importance: While much has been reported on the relationship between floppy eyelid syndrome and obstructive sleep apnea (OSA), the diagnostic criteria of floppy eyelid syndrome are often subjective and vague.

Objective: To evaluate the association between OSA and quantitative markers of eyelid laxity or secondary ocular surface disease in a sleep clinic population.

Design, Setting, And Participants: This investigation was a cross-sectional observational study at the Center for Sleep Medicine at Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai. Read More

Monaldi Arch Chest Dis 2017 05 18;87(1):766. Epub 2017 May 18.

Maugeri Clinical Scientific Institutes, Respiratory Rehabilitation Division.

The obstructive sleep apnoea syndrome (OSAS) may be associated with several eyes disorders, among which the most common is the floppy eyelid syndrome (FES). We intended to highlight the association between OSAS and FES and evaluate the effect of FES treatment with Continuous Positive Airway Pressure (CPAP). A 50-year patient with a 10-year history of snoring, sleep fragmentation and daytime sleepiness associated with several comorbidities has been studied. Read More

BMJ Case Rep 2017 Mar 7;2017. Epub 2017 Mar 7.

Department of Ophthalmology, Dr Rajendra Prasad Centre for Ophthalmic Sciences, AIIMS, New Delhi, Delhi, India.

Eur J Ophthalmol 2017 Nov;27(6):670-674

3 School of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran - Iran.

Purpose: To investigate the prevalence of eyelid laxity and quantify eyelid measurements in normal and keratoconic eyes and the correlations of these findings with ophthalmic parameters and disease severity in patients with keratoconus (KC).

Methods: In a prospective case-control study, prevalence of eyelid laxity and eyelid measurements were evaluated in 53 patients with KC and the same number of matched healthy controls. The eyelid measurements were compared between the groups, as well as mean keratometry (K), central and thinnest corneal thickness (CCT and TCT), astigmatism, manifest refraction spherical equivalent (MRSE), best spectacle-corrected visual acuity (BCVA), and severity of KC according to the Keratoconus Severity Score. Read More

Am J Otolaryngol 2017 May - Jun;38(3):370. Epub 2017 Feb 2.

Department of Ophthalmology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN.

Clin Ophthalmol 2016 9;10:2455-2467. Epub 2016 Dec 9.

Department of Ophthalmology, Nassau University Medical Center, Hofstra University School of Medicine, East Meadow, NY, USA.

For many years, blepharitis and dry eye disease have been thought to be two distinct diseases, and evaporative dry eye distinct from aqueous insufficiency. In this treatise, we propose a new way of looking at dry eye, both evaporative and insufficiency, as the natural sequelae of decades of chronic blepharitis. Dry eye is simply the late form and late manifestation of one disease, blepharitis. Read More

Ophthalmic Plast Reconstr Surg 2017 Mar/Apr;33(2):144-146

*TOC Eye and Face, Austin, Texas, and †Department of Ophthalmology, Walter Reed National Military Medical Center, Bethesda, Maryland, U.S.A.

Purpose: Pentagonal wedge resection is a technique used to address a wide variety of eyelid pathology. This procedure frequently results in excess skin at the apex of the wound, commonly known as a "dog ear." A variety of methods have been described to address the cutaneous redundancy, the most classic of which is the Burow's triangle repair. Read More

Curr Opin Pulm Med 2016 11;22(6):595-601

aNewcastle Regional Sleep Service, Newcastle upon Tyne Hospitals NHS Trust, Newcastle bOxford Centre for Respiratory Medicine, Oxford University Hospitals cNIHR Biomedical Research Centre Oxford, University of Oxford, Churchill Campus, Oxford, United Kingdom.

Purpose Of Review: Obstructive sleep apnoea (OSA) is increasing in prevalence due to rising obesity. Public awareness is also growing. Although OSA is a disorder primarily of the upper airway during sleep, its physiological impact on other parts of the body is now well recognized. Read More

J Am Osteopath Assoc 2016 Aug;116(8):522-9

Symptomatic obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) affects 2% of women and 4% of men, but the prevalence of asymptomatic OSA is significantly higher. Several ophthalmic conditions are associated with OSA, including floppy eyelid syndrome, glaucoma, nonarteritic anterior ischemic optic neuropathy, papilledema, keratoconus, and central serous chorioretinopathy. The purpose of this review is to provide primary care physicians with a general knowledge of the signs, symptoms, and management of the ophthalmic diseases associated with OSA. Read More

Eye Contact Lens 2017 Nov;43(6):406-410

Noor Ophthalmology Research Center (H.H.), Noor Eye Hospital, Tehran, Iran; Department of Epidemiology and Biostatics (H.R., A.F.), School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; and Center for Health Related Social and Behavioral Sciences Research (M.H.E.), Shahroud University of Medical Sciences, Shahroud, Iran.

Objectives: To estimate the prevalence of floppy eyelid syndrome (FES) and to determine the associated factors in a representative sample of Iranian adult population aged 45 to 69 years.

Methods: The data were according to the second phase of Shahroud Eye Cohort Study performed in 2014 with 4,737 participants aged 45 to 69 years. Diagnosis of FES was made based on the clinical judgment of the ophthalmologist during ocular examinations. Read More

J Ophthalmol 2016 5;2016:6980281. Epub 2016 Jun 5.

Department of Plastic Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, 1055 Sanxiang Street, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215004, China.

Controversial findings are reported about the relationship between floppy eyelid syndrome (FES) and obstructive sleep apnea syndrome (OSAS). The main goal of this study was to evaluate whether FES is more prevalent in OSAS patients by performing a meta-analysis. A comprehensive literature search of Pubmed, Embase, and Cochrane databases was performed. Read More

Clin Interv Aging 2016 17;11:659-64. Epub 2016 May 17.

Department of Ophthalmology, Bagcilar Training and Research Hospital, Istanbul, Turkey.

Purpose: The aim of this study was to investigate the possibility of a relationship between corneal biomechanical properties and different grades of dermatochalasis.

Patients And Methods: Patients were assigned to four groups according to the severity of their dermatochalasis: normal (Group 1), mild (Group 2), moderate (Group 3), and severe (Group 4). An Ocular Response Analyzer device was used to measure corneal hysteresis (CH), corneal resistance factor (CRF), and corneal-compensated intraocular pressure (IOPcc). Read More

Sleep Breath 2016 Dec 26;20(4):1145-1154. Epub 2016 May 26.

Division of Sleep Medicine, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University Medical Center, Stanford, CA, USA.

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to evaluate the association between obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) and ophthalmologic diseases, specifically glaucoma, nonarteritic anterior ischemic optic neuropathy (NAION), retinal vein occlusion (RVO), central serous chorioretinopathy (CSR), and floppy eyelid syndrome (FES), by performing a systematic review and meta-analysis of published studies.

Methods: PubMed, Embase, and Scopus databases were searched for observational studies on OSA and its association with select ophthalmologic diseases. Data was pooled for random-effects modeling. Read More

Am J Otolaryngol 2016 May-Jun;37(3):240-4. Epub 2016 Jan 22.

Department of Ophthalmology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana.

Purpose: To describe the eyelid condition known as "floppy eyelid syndrome" and to present the results of our experience treating patients with floppy eyelid syndrome.

Methods: A retrospective analysis of 16 patients from 2009 to 2013 who underwent combined medial canthopexy and lateral tarsal strip by two surgeons (HBL and WRN) for the treatment of floppy eyelid syndrome (FES). Age, gender, presence of obstructive sleep apnea (OSA), papillary conjunctivitis, punctate keratopathy and lash ptosis were recorded pre-operatively. Read More

Laryngoscope 2016 09 10;126(9):2171-5. Epub 2016 Feb 10.

Department of Otolaryngology, Head & Neck Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, Yildirim Beyazit University, Ankara, Turkey.

Objectives/hypothesis: To investigate the effects of anterior palatoplasty on the presence and stage of floppy eyelid syndrome (FES) among patients diagnosed with mild or moderate obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) according to the apnea-hypopnea index (AHI).

Study Design: Prospective controlled trial.

Methods: Those patients whose AHI scores were between 5 and 30 according to full-night polysomnography were included in the study. Read More

Cornea 2015 Sep;34(9):e29

*Vardinoyiannion Eye Institute of Crete (VEIC), Department of Ophthalmology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Crete, Heraklion, Greece †Bascom Palmer Eye Institute, Department of Ophthalmology, University of Miami, Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL.

BMJ Case Rep 2015 Jul 2;2015. Epub 2015 Jul 2.

Royle Eye Department, Pilgrim Hospital, Boston, United Lincolnshire Hospitals Trust, Boston, UK.

Orbit 2015 19;34(4):201-5. Epub 2015 May 19.

Ophthalmology Department, Ramón y Cajal University Hospital , Madrid , Spain .

Aims: To describe the results of orbital decompression in patients with spontaneous globe luxations and to evaluate predisposing factors for this condition.

Methods: The clinical records of patients who underwent orbital decompression for the treatment of spontaneous globe luxations between 2010 and 2013 were reviewed. Data collected were age, gender, predisposing factors, preoperative and postoperative exophthalmometry, duration of follow-up, presence of diplopia before and after surgery and intra- and postoperative complications. Read More

Cornea 2015 May;34(5):521-4

*Ophthalmology Department, Arnau de Vilanova Universitary Hospital, IRB Lleida, Lleida, Catalonia, Spain; †Respiratory Department, Arnau de Vilanova-Santa María Universitary Hospital, IRB Lleida, Lleida, Catalonia, Spain; and ‡Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red Enfermedades Respiratorias (CIBERES), Madrid, Spain.

Purpose: To determine corneal biomechanical properties in patients with floppy eyelid syndrome (FES) and to compare them with eyes of controls.

Methods: This case-control study included 208 eyes (72 eyes with FES and 136 without FES) of 107 patients (37 patients with FES and 70 without FES). Patients underwent a complete clinical eye examination that included corneal biomechanical evaluation carried out with the Reichert Ocular Response Analyzer. Read More

Int J High Risk Behav Addict 2014 Sep 20;3(3):e11358. Epub 2014 Jul 20.

Mashhad Health Service Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, IR Iran.

Background: Aloe vera is a medicinal herb used as an anti-inflammatory and sedative agent.

Objectives: The current study aimed to evaluate the effect of Aloe vera aqueous extract on morphine withdrawal symptoms in morphine-dependent female rats.

Patients And Methods: The current research was performed on 40 female Wista-Albino rats which were made dependent on morphine using Houshyar protocol and were randomly divided into five groups (A, B, C, D, and E). Read More

CMAJ 2015 Feb 22;187(2):130. Epub 2014 Dec 22.

Department of Ophthalmology and Vision Sciences (Belliveau), Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Division of Ophthalmology (Harvey), Department of Surgery, Faculty of Health Sciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ont.

Folia Med (Plovdiv) 2014 Jul-Sep;56(3):170-4

Resbiomed Eye Clinic, Sofia, Bulgaria

Aim: To find a correlation between the floppy eyelid syndrome and the clinical sign of lash ptosis and loss of eyelash parallelism and develop an algorithm for early diagnosis.

Materials And Methods: This is a prospective case-control study including 97 consecutive patients diagnosed with floppy eyelid and 81 healthy sex- and age-matched controls. The study was conducted in Professor Pashev Eye Hospital, Sofia between January 2011 and December 2012. Read More

Orbit 2014 Dec 25;33(6):399-405. Epub 2014 Sep 25.

University Hospital Coventry and Warwickshire NHS Trust , Coventry, West Midlands , United Kingdom.

Purpose: Floppy eyelid syndrome is a condition that is difficult to identify and diagnose and with no clear guidelines on its management. We propose a method of reliably grading this syndrome and have proposed a management algorithm based on the grading.

Materials And Methods: Retrospective data collection of patients diagnosed with Floppy eyelid syndrome and treated under the care of a single oculoplastic surgeon over a 9 year period. Read More

J Cataract Refract Surg 2014 Sep;40(9):1558-60

From the Vardinoyiannion Eye Institute of Crete (Kymionis, Grentzelos, Liakopoulos, Kontadakis, Stojanovic), Faculty of Medicine, University of Crete, Heraklion, Crete, Greece, and the Bascom Palmer Eye Institute (Kymionis), Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, Florida, USA.

Unlabelled: A 30-year-old man with bilateral floppy eyelid syndrome (more prominent in the left eye) and progressive keratoconus had corneal collagen crosslinking (CXL) in both eyes. No intraoperative or early postoperative complications were found. Topographic examination after CXL revealed a continuous increase in the keratometric values in the left eye in which the floppy eyelid syndrome was more prominent, indicating keratoconus progression (CXL failure). Read More

Indian J Ophthalmol 2014 Jul;62(7):812-3

Department of Ophthalmology, Faculty of Medicine, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.

Luxation of the eye globe is a rare occasion but it carries a risk of threat to permanent vision loss especially when associated with very high intraocular pressure. Appropriate intervention should be undertaken instantly. Predisposing factors include; eyes as in shallow orbital sockets, floppy eyelid syndrome, and exophthalmos. Read More

Sleep Med 2014 Jun 13;15(6):724-5. Epub 2014 Mar 13.

Department of Ophthalmology, 'Lozano Blesa' University Clinic Hospital, Zaragoza, Spain; Aragon Health Sciences Institute, Zaragoza, Spain.

Ophthalmic Plast Reconstr Surg 2014 Nov-Dec;30(6):e164-6

*Department of Ophthalmology, Uludag University, Bursa; and †Department of Ophthalmology, Çanakkale Onsekiz Mart University, Çanakkale, Turkey.

Neonatal progeroid syndrome (NPS) is a rare, autosomal recessive disorder characterized by an aged face, wrinkled skin, decreased subcutaneous fat, and neonatal teeth. The authors describe herein a 2-month-old infant with NPS who underwent eyelid surgery for bilateral upper eyelid entropion and stromal keratitis. The preoperative examination revealed thin, narrow, and soft tarsal plates. Read More

Can J Ophthalmol 2014 Apr;49(2):217-21

Acibadem Ankara Hospital, Ankara, Turkey.

Objective: To assess the long-term effects of positive airway pressure (PAP) therapy on the ocular surface and eyelid in patients with obstructive sleep apnea hypopnea syndrome (OSAHS).

Design: Single-centred, prospective, and double-blinded study.

Participants: Fifty-one patients with OSAHS. Read More

Stat Med 2014 Jul 20;33(16):2850-75. Epub 2014 Mar 20.

Unit of Biostatistics and Epidemiology, Oslo University Hospital, Norway.

We describe, evaluate, and recommend statistical methods for the analysis of paired binomial proportions. A total of 24 methods are considered. The best tests for association include the asymptotic McNemar test and the McNemar mid- p test. Read More

Indian J Ophthalmol 2013 Oct;61(10):593-6

Department of Ophthalmology, Shyam Shah Medical College, Rewa, Madhya Pradesh, India.

Congenital eyelid imbrication syndrome (CEIS) is an extremely rare, benign, transient, self-limiting eyelid malposition disorder. The classic triad of signs in patients with a CEIS consists of bilateral upper eyelids overriding the lower eyelids when child was in sleep, bilateral medial and lateral canthal tendon laxity and tarsal conjunctival hyperemia. We report a third case of congenital combined eyelid imbrication and floppy eyelid syndrome in healthy neonate that was resolved within a week with conservative treatment. Read More

Br J Ophthalmol 2013 Nov;97(11):1363-4

Orbit 2013 Oct 22;32(5):347. Epub 2013 Jul 22.

Ain Shams University, Ophthalmology , Abbasia, Cairo , Egypt.

Eyelid laxity due to Down Syndrome may be better classified under the rubric of lax eyelid conditions. Read More

J Glaucoma 2014 Jan;23(1):e81-5

Departments of *Ophthalmology ‡Pneumology, Hospital Universitari Arnau de Vilanova †Institut de Recerca Biomèdica de Lleida (IRB Lleida) §Hosptital Santa María, Lleida ∥Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red Enfermedades Respiratorias (CIBERES), Madrid, Spain.

Purpose: The aim of the study was to investigate whether floppy eyelid syndrome (FES) could be an indicator of glaucoma in patients with obstructive sleep apnea (OSA).

Materials And Methods: A total of 152 patients were included: 75 patients with OSA and without FES; 52 patients with OSA and FES; and 25 non-OSA patients. The presence of FES was defined by easy upper eyelid eversion and tarsal papillary conjunctivitis. Read More

Orbit 2013 Aug 10;32(4):266-9. Epub 2013 May 10.

Department of Ophthalmology, SUNY Downstate Medical Center, Brooklyn, NY 11203, USA.

A 34-year-old African-American man was referred for eyelid swelling and ocular discomfort. He was found to have floppy hypertrophic eyelids and marked bilateral mechanical ptosis that was present since childhood. Systemic examination was significant for furrows on his forehead and scalp, coarse facial features, and enlarged hands and feet with clubbing of the fingers and toes. Read More

Br J Ophthalmol 2013 Nov 12;97(11):1387-90. Epub 2013 Apr 12.

Ophthalmology Department, Hospital Universitari Arnau de Vilanova, , Lleida, Spain.

Purpose: To determine the prevalence of eyelid hyperlaxity and floppy eyelid syndrome (FES) in obstructive sleep apnoea (OSA), and the presence of OSA in FES.

Participants: One-hundred and fourteen patients who had been consecutively admitted for OSA evaluation and 45 patients with FES in which sleep studies were recorded.

Methods: Subjects underwent eyelid laxity measurement, slit-lamp examination and polysomnography. Read More

Cornea 2013 Sep;32(9):1232-6

Department of Ophthalmology, SUNY at Buffalo, NY 14209, USA.

Purpose: The association between floppy eyelid syndrome and keratoconus (KCN) has been well established, but the converse relationship has not yet been examined and is the objective of this study. The study also investigates the prevalence of obesity and obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) in KCN patients.

Methods: A prospective case-control study of KCN patients with age-, sex-, race-, and body mass index-matched controls was conducted at the Ross Eye Institute, Buffalo, NY. Read More

Orbit 2012 Oct 9;31(5):370-2. Epub 2012 Aug 9.

Chittagong Eye Infirmary and Training complex, Pahartali, Chittagong, Bangladesh.

Purpose: To report a case of floppy eyelid associated with Down's syndrome in a 2-year-old child.

Case Report: A 2-year-old child associated with Down's syndrome presented with a history of eversion of both upper lids during sleep and while crying since birth. There was no history of sleep apnea and no mechanical stimuli over eyelids. Read More

Indian J Ophthalmol 2012 Jul;60(4):324-5

Department of Ophthalmology, Mahatma Gandhi Medical College and Research Institute, Pillayarkupam, Puducherry, India.

Spontaneous globe luxation is a rarely reported condition which can lead to complications like optic neuropathy. Common causes are thyroid eye disease, shallow orbit and floppy eyelid syndrome. We report a case of spontaneous globe luxation with the onset and severity associated with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). Read More