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Drug Des Devel Ther 2018 16;12:3951-3960. Epub 2018 Nov 16.

Department of Orthopaedics, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325027, China,

Background: Random skin flaps are commonly applied during plastic surgery, but distal flap necrosis limits their clinical applications. Valproic acid (VPA), a histone deacetylase inhibitor and a traditional antiepileptic agent, may promote flap survival.

Materials And Methods: Sprague-Dawley rats were randomly divided into VPA-treated and control groups. Read More

Int J Surg Case Rep 2018 1;53:228-230. Epub 2018 Nov 1.

Columbia University Medical Center, Department of Dermatology, New York, NY, 10032, United States. Electronic address:

Introduction: Surgical defects of the popliteal fossa pose a reconstructive challenge to the surgeon, given the intimate relationship of this area with the knee joint and underlying vital neuro-vasculature.

Case Presentation: An 88-year-old woman was treated for a biopsy proven invasive squamous cell carcinoma of the right popliteal fossa with Mohs micrographic surgery. The resultant defect (4. Read More

Front Pharmacol 2018 23;9:1178. Epub 2018 Oct 23.

Department of Orthopaedics, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China.

Random-pattern skin flap transplantation is frequently applied in plastic and reconstructive surgery. However, the distal part of the flap often suffers necrosis due to ischemia. In this study, the effects of salvianolic acid B (Sal B) on flap survival were evaluated, and the underlying mechanisms were investigated. Read More

J Plast Surg Hand Surg 2018 Oct 29:1-8. Epub 2018 Oct 29.

g Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery , Marmara University School of Medicine , Istanbul , Turkey.

Random skin flaps are essential tools in reconstructive surgery. In this study, we investigated the effect of subdermal nitrous oxide (NO) application on random flap survival. In this experimental study, we used 21 female rats in three groups. Read More

JAMA Facial Plast Surg 2018 Oct 18. Epub 2018 Oct 18.

Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts.

Importance: Smoking is a known risk to wound healing, but whether electronic cigarettes present the same risk remains unknown.

Objective: To evaluate the rate of flap necrosis in the e-cigarette vapor-exposed group and the unexposed control and to detect a difference in the rate of flap necrosis between the traditional cigarette smoke-exposed group and the unexposed control.

Design, Setting, And Participants: From March 10, 2018, to May 4, 2018, a cohort study was conducted on 45 male Sprague-Dawley rats at Boston University School of Medicine. Read More

Iran J Basic Med Sci 2018 Aug;21(8):842-847

Neurophysiology Research Center, Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, Urmia University of Medical Sciences, Urmia, Iran.

Objectives: Skin flap necrosis is the most common postoperative side effect in reconstructive surgeries. Glutamine (GLN) has been shown to accelerate wound healing process. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effects of GLN either in free form or in the dipeptide form along with L- alanyl (Ala-GLN) on random skin flaps survival in rats. Read More

Drug Des Devel Ther 2018 23;12:2267-2276. Epub 2018 Jul 23.

Department of Orthopaedics, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325027, China,

Background: Random skin flaps are routinely placed during plastic and reconstructive surgery, but the distal areas often develop ischemia and necrosis. Baicalein, a major flavonoid extracted from the traditional Chinese herbal medicine huangqin, Georgi, may improve flap viability.

Materials And Methods: Rats were randomly divided into baicalein and control groups and they underwent placement of modified McFarlane flaps after intraperitoneal administration of baicalein or vehicle. Read More

Biomed Res Int 2018 27;2018:9470198. Epub 2018 Jun 27.

Department of Plastic Surgery, Hangzhou Plastic Surgery Hospital, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province, China.

Background: Skin grafts and pedicled flaps are the traditional methods of reconstructing injuries; both have some disadvantages. Here, we introduce a new clinical application of split-thickness skin with pedicle for repairing finger wounds.

Methods: We present the new method of split-thickness skin with pedicle used on 12 patients (18 fingers) between 2012 and 2016. Read More

J Plast Surg Hand Surg 2018 Jul 24:1-7. Epub 2018 Jul 24.

a Department of Plastic, Reconstructive and Aesthetic Surgery , Hacettepe University Faculty of Medicine , Sihhiye , Ankara 06100 , Turkey.

Smoking is a leading cause of flap failure. Varenicline-assisted smoking cessation has shown beneficial effects on vascular endothelial function. The aim of this study was to determine whether varenicline conveys beneficial effects for skin flap survival. Read More

J Plast Reconstr Aesthet Surg 2018 Nov 28;71(11):1644-1651. Epub 2018 Jun 28.

Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, 7-5-1 Kusunoki-cho, Chuo-ku, Kobe 650-0017, Japan.

Introduction: Skin flap procedures are widely used to reconstruct skin and soft tissue defects. Skin flap necrosis is a serious postoperative complication. Many researchers have introduced pharmacological agents to improve flap ischemia in experimental studies. Read More

Eur J Pharmacol 2018 Sep 19;834:281-287. Epub 2018 Jul 19.

Department of Hand and Plastic Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, 109 Xue yuan Xi Road, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China. Electronic address:

Necrosis in distal areas of random skin flaps remains a challenging issue. Curculigoside A (CA), one of the main bioactive phenolic compounds, has been reported to induce angiogenesis in vitro by increasing proliferation, tube formation, and migration. In addition, CA was shown to increase vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) expression. Read More

Surg Radiol Anat 2018 Jul 10. Epub 2018 Jul 10.

Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Rouen University Hospital, 1 rue de Germont, 76031, Rouen, France.

Introduction: The elbow joint is particularly exposed to soft tissue injuries associated with fractures and dislocations. Different coverage options within the past decades for recovering loss of soft tissue defects around the elbow region have been proposed based on anatomical research. Our aim was to make an updated focus on the anatomical basis of different techniques of coverage of loss of tissues around the elbow. Read More

Diabetes Res Clin Pract 2018 Aug 22;142:385-392. Epub 2018 Jun 22.

Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People's Hospital, Shanghai 200233, China.

Aims: Endothelial progenitor cells (EPCs) play a critical role in neovascularization, which enhances proliferation under all-trans retinoic acid (ATRA) treatment. However, the effects of ATRA on the skin flap survival in diabetic flap ischemia remains unknown.

Methods: Ischemic random skin flaps were made in 40 diabetic Sprague-Dawley rats with 20 normal rats used as control in this study. Read More

Turk J Med Sci 2018 Jun 14;48(3):644-652. Epub 2018 Jun 14.

Background/aim: The aim of this study was to determine the specific component of Rosmarinus officinalis (RO) responsible for increased flap survival and how RO displays its efficacy. Materials and methods: Rectangular random-pattern flaps were elevated from the back of each rat. Group I was the control group. Read More

J Invest Surg 2018 Jun 5:1-11. Epub 2018 Jun 5.

c Price Institute of Surgical Research, University of Louisville, and Noveratech LLC of Louisville , Louisville , Kentucky , USA ; Supported in part by NIH grant DK105692.

Study Objective: We investigated the effect of bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells (BMMSCs) and chicken embryo extract (CEE), alone and in combination, on tissue viability of skin flaps, and mast cells (MCs), in an experimental random skin flap (RSF) rat model.

Materials And Methods: A 30 mm × 80 mm RSF was made on the dorsum of each of the forty rats, which were then divided into four groups. One group did not receive any treatment and served as the control, the second group received BMMSCs, the third group received CEE + BMMSCs, and the fourth group received CEE. Read More

J Invest Surg 2018 Jun 5:1-7. Epub 2018 Jun 5.

a Department of Hand and Plastic Surgery , The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University , Wenzhou , China.

Objective: The purpose of our experiment was to determine whether morroniside can improve the survival of ischemic skin flaps in rats.

Methodology: A total of 40 male Sprague-Dawley rats were randomly divided into two groups (control group and treatment group). Modified McFarlane flaps were performed (causally based, 9 cm × 3 cm). Read More

Zhongguo Xiu Fu Chong Jian Wai Ke Za Zhi 2018 Apr;32(4):484-490

Department of Plastic and Aesthetic Surgery, the First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning Guangxi, 530021,

Objective: To investigate the effect of natural hirudin combined with hyperbaric oxygen therapy on the survival of transplanted random-pattern skin flap in rats.

Methods: A random-pattern skin flap in size of 10.0 cm×2. Read More

Acta Cir Bras 2018 Mar;33(3):216-222

Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Istanbul Training and Research Hospital, Istanbul, Turkey.

Purpose: To investigate the effect of subcutaneous sildenafil on random flap survival.

Methods: Fourteen Wistar rats, which were divided in to two groups, were used for this experimental study. Rats in the sildenafil group received subcutaneous sildenafil injections daily for seven days before flap elevation. Read More

Plast Reconstr Surg 2018 07;142(1):23e-33e

Tianjin and Changchun, People's Republic of China From the Department of Breast Oncoplastic Surgery, Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute and Hospital; the National Clinical Research Center for Cancer; Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Therapy; Tianjin's Clinical Research Center for Cancer; the Department of Pharmacology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Tianjin Medical University; and the Endoscopy Center, China-Japan Union Hospital of Jilin University.

Background: Thioredoxin-1 plays an important role in protecting the skin flap from ischemia-reperfusion injury. Ganoderma lucidum polysaccharide peptide is the major component of G. lucidum, which possesses potent antioxidant and antiapoptotic activity. Read More

J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol 2018 Nov 7;32(11):e406-e409. Epub 2018 May 7.

Department of Dermatology, Dermatological Surgery Unit, Faculty of Medicine of the University of Coimbra, Coimbra University Hospital Centre, Coimbra, Portugal.

Mil Med 2018 Mar 26. Epub 2018 Mar 26.

Department of Surgery, University of Nevada School of Medicine, 1701 W Charleston Blvd, Suite 490, Las Vegas, NV 89102.

Background: Since the start of the conflict in the Middle East in 2001, military orthopedic surgeons have faced complex orthopedic injuries including high-energy soft tissue wounds, traumatic amputations, and open fractures. Although orthopedic surgeons are well trained in the management of osseous injuries, the treatment of soft tissue injuries can be technically challenging and unfamiliar. Early washout, debridement of devitalized tissue, external fixation of bony injuries, and antibiotic therapy remain the foundation of early wound management. Read More

Med Sci Monit 2018 Mar 9;24:1434-1440. Epub 2018 Mar 9.

Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Yuzuncu Yıl University Faculty of Medicine, Van, Turkey.

BACKGROUND The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of various ratios of hemodilution on the survival of McFarlane's skin flaps. MATERIAL AND METHODS An experimental study was performed on 42 adult male Wistar rats (weighing 260 to 305 g) allocated to a control group without any volume loss and to 6 study groups with hemodilution ratios of 5%, 10%, 15%, 20%, 25%, and 30%. In all subjects, random-pattern McFarlane's skin flaps were uniformly elevated and re-sutured to the donor sites. Read More

Iran Biomed J 2018 09 6;22(5):322-30. Epub 2018 Mar 6.

Department of Surgery, Lorestan University of Medical Sciences, Khorramabad, Iran.

Background: Skin flap procedures are employed in plastic surgery, but failure can lead to necrosis of the flap. Studies have used bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells (BM-MSCs) to improve flap viability. BM-MSCs and acellular amniotic membrane (AAM) have been introduced as alternatives. Read More

Microsurgery 2018 Mar 27;38(3):310-317. Epub 2017 Dec 27.

Department of Plastic Surgery, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Ilwon-dong 50, Gangnam-gu, Seoul, 135-710, South Korea.

Background: First-line antihypertensive drugs include calcium channel blockers, angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitors, angiotensin receptor blockers, and diuretics. In this study, we compared the effects of antihypertensive drugs on the survival of perforator flaps in a rat model.

Materials And Methods: Fifty normotensive rats were randomly divided into five groups, with 10 rats in each group. Read More

Fetal Diagn Ther 2018 20;44(3):173-178. Epub 2017 Dec 20.

Zurich Center for Fetal Diagnosis and Therapy, University Children's Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland.

Background: One of the intraoperative challenges of fetal spina bifida repair is skin closure when there is an extended skin defect. Thus, we examined whether distally pedicled random pattern transposition flaps (TFs) are a valid option to overcome this problem.

Subjects And Methods: All patients undergoing in utero repair of spina bifida with application of a TF for back skin closure were analyzed focusing on intraoperative flap characteristics and postoperative flap performance. Read More

Aesthetic Plast Surg 2018 Jun 7;42(3):905-907. Epub 2017 Dec 7.

Clinic of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Medical School, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, "Papageorgiou" Hospital, Thessaloniki, Greece.

Oncotarget 2017 Nov 6;8(55):94142-94150. Epub 2017 Oct 6.

Department of Hand and Plastic Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China.

Background: Random-pattern flap transfer is commonly used to treat soft-tissue defects. However, flap necrosis remains a serious problem. Naringin accelerates angiogenesis by activating the expression of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF). Read More

Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2018 01 24;495(3):2249-2256. Epub 2017 Dec 24.

Departments of Plastic Surgery, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, 1838, North Guangzhou Ave., Guangzhou, 510515, Guangdong, China. Electronic address:

Background: Flap necrosis due to insufficient blood supply is a common postoperative complication in random pattern flaps. Stem cell therapies have emerged as promising biologics for tissue ischemia. A novel fat derived product, stromal vascular fraction gel (SVF-gel), can be prepared with lipoaspirate through simple mechanical processing, removing only the lipid content. Read More

Oncotarget 2017 Nov 9;8(54):92955-92965. Epub 2017 Oct 9.

Department of Hand Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China.

Random flap transplantation is widely used to repair and rebuild skin soft tissue. However, such flaps exhibit poor survival. Plastic surgeons seek to improve flap survival. Read More

Plast Surg (Oakv) 2017 Aug 25;25(3):184-187. Epub 2017 Jul 25.

Division of Plastic Surgery, Department of Surgery, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada.

Introduction: The keystone design perforator island flap is a trapezoidal-shaped random perforator island flap with many advantages over primary closure, skin grafting, and other local flaps for soft tissue reconstruction commonly encountered with cancer excisions.

Methods: This case series of 39 keystone flaps in 37 patients reviews the practical design, use, and applications of the flap while highlighting certain important considerations. Keystone flaps were designed as in the original description, with a minor modification in the lower extremity where a higher flap to defect width ratio was used. Read More

J Reconstr Microsurg 2018 Feb 9;34(2):138-144. Epub 2017 Oct 9.

Department of Hand and Plastic Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China.

Background:  Tirofiban is a glycoprotein IIb/IIIa receptor antagonist that is widely used clinically. In the present study, we investigated whether tirofiban promotes flap survival in rat random skin flap model.

Methods:  "McFarlane flaps" models were developed in 60 male rats. Read More

Am J Transl Res 2017 15;9(9):4161-4172. Epub 2017 Sep 15.

Department of Orthopaedics, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical UniversityWenzhou 325027, China.

Random pattern skin flap transplantation is frequently applied in plastic and reconstructive surgery, but the distal part of skin flaps often suffers necrosis due to ischemia. Astragaloside IV (AS-IV), a natural saponin purified from Astragalus membranaceus, may have beneficial functions for flap survival. In this study, rats were divided into a control group and an AS-IV treatment group, and underwent surgery using a modified "McFarlane flap" model. Read More

Arch Plast Surg 2017 Sep 15;44(5):370-377. Epub 2017 Sep 15.

Institute for Human Tissue Restoration, Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Severance Hospital, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea.

Background: Composite grafts are frequently used for facial reconstruction. However, the unpredictability of the results and difficulties with large defects are disadvantages. Adipose-derived stem cells (ADSCs) express several cytokines, and increase the survival of random flaps and fat grafts owing to their angiogenic potential. Read More

J Oral Maxillofac Surg 2017 Dec 12;75(12):2708.e1-2708.e6. Epub 2017 Aug 12.

Chief, Division of Head and Neck Surgery, Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, University of Florida Health, Jacksonville, FL. Electronic address:

Purpose: The cervicofacial (CF) flap is a random-pattern flap that provides an excellent match for cheek reconstruction. The design of the CF flap varies between different cheek subunits. In this report, the authors review their experience with this flap and present a guide for flap design for different cheek subunits. Read More

Plast Reconstr Surg 2017 12;140(6):831e-832e

Department of Plastic Surgery, Jichi Medical University, Tochigi, Japan, Department of Plastic Surgery, University of Tokyo School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan Department of Plastic Surgery, Jichi Medical University, Tochigi, Japan.

Plast Reconstr Surg 2017 12;140(6):830e-831e

Discipline Chirurgiche, Oncologiche e Stomatologiche, Sez Chirurgia Plastica, Università di Palermo Palermo, Italy.

J Membr Biol 2018 Apr 3;251(2):211-219. Epub 2017 Aug 3.

Department of Dermatology, Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, Bern, Switzerland.

Despite advances in understanding the underlying mechanisms of flap necrosis and improvement in surgical techniques, skin flap necrosis after reconstructive surgery remains a crucial issue. We investigated the efficacy of electroporation-mediated IL-10 gene transfer to random skin flap with an aim to accelerate wound healing and improve skin flap survival. Nine male Wistar rats (300-330 g) were divided in two groups (a) control group (n = 5), only surgery no gene transfer, and (b) experimental group, received electroporation-mediated IL-10 gene transfer 24 h before the surgery as prophylaxis (n = 4). Read More

Phys Med 2017 Aug 29;40:104-109. Epub 2017 Jul 29.

Department of Anatomy and Histology, Urmia University of Medical Sciences, Urmia, Iran.

Purpose: Skin flap necrosis due to inadequate blood supply has remained a common postoperative problem in constructive surgery. As low-dose irradiation (LDI) has been shown to promote the wound-healing process, this study aims to investigate whether LDI could increase neovascularization and skin flap survival in rats.

Methods: McFarlane flaps were created in 21 male rats, which were divided into one control and two treatment groups (Ta and Tb). Read More

J Craniofac Surg 2017 Sep;28(6):1526-1530

Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China.

The scars of face and scalp caused by burning often show as 1 large facial-scalp scar. The deltopectoral flap was recognized as one of the first choices for the facial scar reconstruction. However, this flap cannot cross the level of zygomatic arch traditionally when it was transferred with pedicle. Read More

Medicine (Baltimore) 2017 Jul;96(27):e7455

Department of Plastic Surgery, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hosptial, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangdong Province, China.

Large defects after skin malignant tumors resection were difficult to repair. We introduced a partition concept, in which the large defects were divided into several subunits, and each subunit was repaired by a certain pedicled flap to achieve a complete coverage.Between May 2012 and Oct 2016, 8 patients with skin malignant tumors underwent radical resection. Read More

Zhonghua Shao Shang Za Zhi 2017 May;33(5):272-276

Department of Burns and Reconstructive Surgery, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha 410008, China.

To investigate influences of different rehabilitative methods on function of hands and psychological anxiety of patients with deeply burned hands retaining denatured dermis and grafting large autologous skin. Forty-four patients with deeply burned hands, conforming to the study criteria were admitted to Department of Burns and Reconstructive Surgery of Xiangya Hospital of Central South University from January 2014 to June 2015. Patients were divided into propaganda education rehabilitation group (PER, =23) and specially-assigned person rehabilitation group (SAPR, =21) according to the random number table and patients' willingness. Read More

J Surg Res 2017 06 1;214:182-189. Epub 2017 Mar 1.

State Key Laboratory of Trauma, Burn and Combined Injury, Institute of Burn Research, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China. Electronic address:

Background: Electrical burns are important causes of trauma worldwide. This study aims to analyze the clinical characteristics, wound management, and outcome of electric burns.

Methods: This retrospective study was performed at the Institute of Burn Research of the Third Military Medical University during 2013-2015. Read More

Ann Plast Surg 2018 01;80(1):92

Aydin State Hospital, Plastic, Reconstructive and Aesthetic Surgery Clinic, 09100, Aydin, Turkey Istanbul Okmeydani Training and Research Hospital, Plastic, Reconstructive and Aesthetic Surgery Clinic, 34384, Istanbul, Turkey.

Ann Plast Surg 2017 Jul;79(1):92-100

From the *Department of Hand, Plastic, and Reconstructive Surgery, BG Trauma Center Ludwigshafen, and †Cardiovascular Physiology, Center for Biomedicine and Medical Technology Mannheim, Ruprecht-Karls University Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany.

Introduction: Autologous free flaps are the criterion standard for reconstructions of complex soft tissue defects; however, they are limited by donor-site morbidities. The arteriovenous (AV) loop model enables the generation of soft tissue constructs based on acellular dermal matrices with a functional microvasculature and minimal donor site morbidity. The ideal scaffold for AV loop-based tissue engineering has not been determined. Read More

Acta Cir Bras 2017 Apr;32(4):280-286

MD, Department of Plastic Surgery, Niğde Public Hospital, Niğde, Turkey. Technical procedures.

Purpose:: To evaluate the effect of inactive form of platelet rich plasma (PRP) on the flap viability.

Methods:: Thirty six rats were used. Rats were divided into six groups then 9x3 cm random pattern skin flaps were elevated from dorsum of all rats. Read More

Plast Reconstr Surg 2017 Jun;139(6):1285e-1290e

Worcester and Boston, Mass. From the Division of Plastic Surgery, University of Massachusetts Medical School; and Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School.

Background: Necrosis remains a significant complication in cutaneous flap procedures. Monitoring, and ideally prediction, of vascular compromise in the early postoperative period may allow surgeons to limit the impact of complications by prompt intervention. Hyperspectral imaging could be a reliable, effective, and noninvasive method for predicting flap survival postoperatively. Read More

Burns Trauma 2017 4;5:13. Epub 2017 May 4.

Department of Burns and Plastic Surgery, Lok Nayak Hospital and associated Maulana Azad Medical College, New Delhi, 110 002 India.

Contractures of the axilla and elbow can produce a significant impact on quality of life by reducing the ability to perform activities of daily living. Varieties of techniques are available for resurfacing defects following contracture release but graft or flap loss, donor-site morbidity, esthetics, and recurrences are still challenges for reconstructive surgeons. Central axis "propeller" flaps based on a random, subcutaneous pedicle were first described for axillary and elbow contractures to deploy the unburnt skin of axillary dome in type I and II contractures (Kurtzman and Stern) by moving them 90° to straddle the contracting bands. Read More

World J Surg 2017 10;41(10):2559-2565

Breast Unit. Department of Surgery, Hospital Clínico Universitario de Zaragoza, Avenida San Juan Bosco 15, 50005, Saragossa, Spain.

Breast prostheses exposure is probably the most devastating complication after a skin sparing mastectomy (SSM) and implant-based, one-stage, breast reconstruction. This complication may occur in the immediate post-operative period or in the weeks and even months after the procedure. In most cases, the cause is poor skin coverage of the implant due to skin necrosis. Read More