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Oper Orthop Traumatol 2018 Jun 27;30(3):184-194. Epub 2018 Apr 27.

Medizinische Fakultät, Universität zu Köln, Köln, Germany.

Objective: Bunionette or 'tailor's bunion' is a deformity of the fifth ray, which comes along with a metatarsus quintus valgus and a varus deformity of the fifth toe with subluxation of the metatarsophalangeal joint. A minimally invasive osteotomy of the fifth metatarsal without internal fixation using burrs is an increasingly used alternative for symptomatic tailor's bunion deformity. Similar to open surgery procedures the type of osteotomy complies with the underlying pathology. Read More

Adv Skin Wound Care 2018 Apr;31(4):154-162

Reneeka Persaud, MD, MScCH • Dalla Lana School of Public Health • University of Toronto • Research Coordinator • Toronto Regional Wound Healing Clinic • Adjunct Faculty • International Interprofessional Wound Care Course • Toronto, Ontario, Canada Patricia M. Coutts, RN • Wound Care & Clinical Trials Coordinator • Toronto Regional Wound Healing Clinic • Faculty • International Interprofessional Wound Care Course • Toronto, Ontario, Canada Alisa Brandon, BSc • Medical Student • Faculty of Medicine • University of Toronto • Toronto, Ontario, Canada Luvneet Verma, BSc • Medical Student • Faculty of Medicine • University of Ottawa • Ottawa, Ontario, Canada James A. Elliott, MSc • Faculty • International Interprofessional Wound Care Course • Member • Wounds Canada Research Committee • Toronto, Ontario, Canada R. Gary Sibbald, MD, MEd, BSc, FRCPC (Med Derm), MACP, FAAD, MAPWCA • Professor • Medicine and Public Health • University of Toronto • Toronto, Ontario, Canada • Director • International Interprofessional Wound Care Course & Masters of Science in Community Health (Prevention & Wound Care) • Dalla Lana Faculty of Public Health • University of Toronto • Previous President • World Union of Wound Healing Societies • Clinical Editor • Advances in Skin & Wound Care • Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.

General Purpose: The purpose of this learning activity is to provide information about the Healthy Foot Screen, a new tool for assessment of common foot abnormalities.

Target Audience: This continuing education activity is intended for physicians, physician assistants, nurse practitioners, and nurses with an interest in skin and wound care.

Learning Objectives/outcomes: After completing this continuing education activity, you should be able to:1. Read More

Dermatol Online J 2018 Jan 15;24(1). Epub 2018 Jan 15.

5New York University School of Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, New York. daren.

Pseudoainhum is a rare constriction band variant thatmay progress to spontaneous digital strangulationand auto-amputation. Although its association withpalmoplantar keratodermas is well established, ithas not been reported in conjunction with classicepidermolytic ichthyosis. We describe the first suchcase in a 25-year-old woman who presented witha painful constricting band of the fifth toe. Read More

Ann Chir Plast Esthet 2016 Oct;61(5):519-527

Service de chirurgie pédiatrique, hôpital Général, Bangui, République centrafricaine.

Malformations and deformations of the forefoot are a frequent reason for consultation. The most frequent malformations viewed at birth are syndactylies (second web space), clinodactylies (quintus varus, halllux), polydactylies (hallux, fifth toe). The macrodactylies, hypoplasia, amniotic bands are rare. Read More

Indian J Surg 2015 Dec 28;77(Suppl 3):1411-2. Epub 2014 Aug 28.

Department of Plastic Surgery Unit 2, Christian Medical College, Ground Floor, Paul Brand Building, Vellore, 632004 India.

Ainhum is an acquired progressive condition presenting with a constriction ring around the fifth toe. Classically, it was reported in people of African origin and has been very rarely reported in India. Ainhum when diagnosed and treated early can be prevented from progressing to mutilating deformities. Read More

Georgian Med News 2016 Feb(251):58-64

1Department "Medicinal Information and Non-interventional studies", Bulgarian Drug Agency, Sofia, Bulgaria; 2"Onkoderma"- Ambulatory Clinic for Dermatology and Skin Surgery, Sofia, Bulgaria; 3Department of General and Clinical Pathology, Medical Faculty, "Saint Kliment Ohridski University"; 4Dermatology Department, University Hospital of Coimbra, Praceta Mota Pinto, Portugal; 5Department of General and Clinical pathology, Medical University of Plovdiv, Bulgaria; 6Department of Dermatology and Allergology, Academic Teaching Hospital Dresden-Friedrichstadt, Dresden, Germany.

We describe a rare case of a 28 year-old male patient presenting with pruritus and increased sensitivity of the prepuce accompanied by erythematous confluent papules, unilateral nevus flammeus (NF) along almost the whole length of the right lower limb and two dysplastic nevi (DN), one located on the mid back and the other on the medial border of the right fifth toe, the latter coinciding with the NF. A biopsy of the prepuce revealed lichen sclerosus et atrophicus (LSA). Mental health assessment revealed anxiety disorder and predisposition to panic attacks. Read More

J Am Podiatr Med Assoc 2016 Jan-Feb;106(1):54-9

Background: The foot is the main element of artistic creation in flamenco dancing. At the professional level, the foot undergoes high musculoskeletal demands, predisposing the development of podiatric pathologic disorders in this group. The principal objective of this study was to determine the most common foot lesions in professional female flamenco dancers. Read More

Saudi Med J 2015 Nov;36(11):1285-9

Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, Fatih University, Buyukcekmece, Istanbul, Turkey. E-mail.

Objectives: To investigate the origin, prevalence, and possible effects of peroneus digiti quinti muscle (PDQ) on the fifth toe, to find out the variations of PDQ by determining the relationship between peroneus brevis muscle (PB) and PDQ, and to reveal its importance for the applications in foot and ankle surgery. 

Methods: This study was conducted at the Faculty of Medicine, Kahramanmaras Sutcu Imam University, Kahramanmaras, Turkey between September 2013 and June 2014. The study was a prospective dissection of cadaveric lower limbs. Read More

Zhonghua Zheng Xing Wai Ke Za Zhi 2015 Mar;31(2):102-6

Objective: To investigate difference between the appearance and the bony structure in the polysyndactyly of the fifth toe fused with the fourth toe.

Methods: From Jan. 2009 to Jan. Read More

Foot Ankle Spec 2015 Oct 4;8(5):378-83. Epub 2015 May 4.

Abhishek Hospital and Foot and Ankle Centre, Vadodara, Gujarat, India (MHD)Foot and Ankle Unit, University Hospital Aintree, Liverpool, UK (LWM)Foot and Ankle Unit, Royal Gwent Hospital, Aneurin Bevan University Health Board, Newport, UK (KH).

Unlabelled: All reported rheumatoid arthritis (RA) forefoot deformities in the literature thus far have arisen from shoe wearing populations. Our aim in this study was to compare hallucal deformities seen in a shod population with an unshod population. A population comparison was undertaken in 2 specialized foot and ankle units, one in India and one in the United Kingdom. Read More

Biomed Res Int 2015 16;2015:326493. Epub 2015 Mar 16.

Faculty of Sports Science, Ningbo University, No. 818, Fenghua Road, Ningbo 315211, China.

Diabetes has been one of the most common chronic diseases all over the world. The purpose of this study was to quantitatively assess the foot loading characteristics of diabetic patients with fifth-toe deformity through a comparative analysis with diabetic patients with healthy and normal feet. Six neuropathic diabetic female subjects with the fifth-toe deformation and six age-matched neuropathic diabetic controls without any feet deformities participated in the walking test. Read More

Foot Ankle Surg 2014 Dec 12;20(4):e51-5. Epub 2014 Jul 12.

Department of 1st Orthopaedic Surgery, Mito Red Cross Hospital, 3-12-48, Sannomaru, Mito City, Ibaraki 310-0011, Japan. Electronic address:

Osteochondroma is the most common benign tumor of all benign and primary bone tumors. It rarely occurs in the proximal phalanx of the lesser toe. The treatment of osteochondroma usually consists of simple resection. Read More

Clin Orthop Surg 2014 Dec 10;6(4):410-9. Epub 2014 Nov 10.

Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, NY, USA.

Background: The Maasai are the most widely known African ethnic group located in Kenya and northern Tanzania. Most spend their days either barefoot or in their traditional shoes made of car tires. Although they walk long distances of up to sixty kilometers a day, they do not suffer from any foot ailments. Read More

BMC Musculoskelet Disord 2014 Sep 5;15:295. Epub 2014 Sep 5.

Department of Human Anatomy and Histology, School of Medicine, University of Zaragoza, Calle Domingo Miral s/n,, Zaragoza 50009, Spain.

Background: Having reviewed the studies on the biphalangeal fifth toe, we have observed a great disparity of data depending on the research center. We have investigated the frequency of biphalangeal toes and also its handedness. We have also analyzed the relationship of pathological deviations of fifth toe with this feature and with the fifth metatarsal. Read More

J Foot Ankle Surg 2014 Nov-Dec;53(6):747-52. Epub 2014 Aug 29.

Consultant, Department of Orthopaedics and Traumatology, North District Hospital, Sheung Shui, New Territory, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, People's Republic of China. Electronic address:

The bunionette is a lateral prominence of the fifth metatarsal head. Operative correction of a symptomatic bunionette is indicated if conservative treatment has failed to relieve the symptoms. Although numerous bony or soft tissue surgical procedures have been described, the ideal treatment has not yet been identified. Read More

Acta Med Okayama 2014 ;68(3):137-42

Graduate School of Health Sciences, Okayama University, Okayama 700-8558,

Untouched toe is a condition in which a toe does not touch the ground while standing. It is frequently observed in women even under physiological conditions. Deformities or symptoms of the toes are not observed in these women. Read More

Acta Ortop Mex 2013 Mar-Apr;27(2):103-8

The most frequent foot and ankle anatomical alterations in the pediatric population are found in the little toes. Several treatments are proposed for these conditions, ranging from total phalangeal resections, phalangeal osteotomies, osteosynthesis, and soft tissue management. We propose a surgical technique based on the diaphysectomy of the proximal phalanx and the release of soft tissues that are under tension. Read More

J Foot Ankle Surg 2014 May-Jun;53(3):331-4. Epub 2014 Mar 15.

Medical Student, ALfaisal University College of Medicine, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.

Polydactyly is a prevalent birth anomaly observed in the foot, and a number of classification systems have been suggested for this condition. Postaxial (fifth or little toe) polydactyly is the most common type. We encountered an exceedingly rare presentation of foot postaxial polydactyly that, to our inspection, had neither been previously classified nor described in published studies. Read More

BMC Res Notes 2014 Feb 4;7:76. Epub 2014 Feb 4.

Orthopaedic Department, Faculty of Medicine, Chiang Mai University, 110 Intavaroros Road, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand.

Background: Traumatic dislocation of the interphalangeal of the fifth toe is an unusual foot injury.

Case Presentation: We report the case of a 47-year-old woman who sustained a minor foot injury for more than 30 years, resulting in chronic, irreducible dislocation of the proximal interphalangeal joint of the fifth toe. The affected proximal interphalangeal joint was accessed via a dorsal incision over the unstable interphalangeal joint. Read More

Orthop Traumatol Surg Res 2013 Oct 7;99(6):737-40. Epub 2013 Sep 7.

Service de chirurgie orthopédique, CHU Toulouse Rangueil, 1, avenue du Professeur-Jean-Poulhès, 31059 Toulouse cedex 9, France. Electronic address:

The various available surgical methods for correcting congenital overlapping fifth toe deformity consistently require a skin plasty step, which can result in complications (necrosis, tight scar, unbecoming appearance). Here, we describe a percutaneous technique involving extensor tenotomy combined with release of the dorso-medial capsule and ligaments. No skin plasty is required. Read More

Oper Orthop Traumatol 2014 Feb;26(1):98-104

Klinik für Fuß- und Sprunggelenkschirurgie, Rhön-Klinikum, Salzburger Leite 1, 97616, Bad Neustadt, Deutschland,

Objective: Pain relief through realignment of the fifth toe by dorsomedial capsular release at the fifth metatarsophalaneal joint and transfer of the extensor digitorum longus tendon to the aponeurosis of the abductor digiti quinti muscle.

Indications: Flexible overlapping fifth toe deformity.

Contraindications: Fixed deformity. Read More

Foot Ankle Spec 2013 Aug 17;6(4):286-9. Epub 2013 May 17.

Kent State University College of Podiatric Medicine, Independence, Ohio 44131, USA.

Unlabelled: This study was undertaken to help confirm the percentages concerning the presence or absence of the flexor digitorum brevis muscle tendon to the fifth toe. We also hope to be able to determine the presence based on gender and nationality. It is known to be absent occasionally; however, there is no definitive study dedicated to its prevalence. Read More

Foot Ankle Int 2013 Apr 28;34(4):563-7. Epub 2013 Feb 28.

Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Chonnam National University Hospital, Gwangju, Korea.

Background: Polydactyly of the fifth toe is the most common congenital malformation of the forefoot, and no consensus has been reached as to which toe component should be excised or by which surgical technique. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the results of the operative treatment of postaxial polydactyly and to offer treatment guidelines.

Method: We retrospectively reviewed the details of 27 patients with postaxial polydactyly (36 feet) treated from September 2004 to March 2010. Read More

Foot Ankle Spec 2013 Apr 25;6(2):145-9. Epub 2013 Feb 25.

Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520, USA.

Unlabelled: Overlapping fifth toe is thought to be a congenital deformity characterized by the proximal phalanx dorsally subluxating and adducting on the fifth metatarsophalangeal joint. Overlapping fifth toes may present as asymptomatic figments of parental concern, but not infrequently this deformity may be painful and disabling in both the pediatric and adult population. Pediatric overlapping fifth toe often corrects with normal ambulation and physicians only need to intervene if symptomatic deformity persists. Read More

Am J Med Genet A 2012 Dec 20;158A(12):3201-6. Epub 2012 Nov 20.

New York State Institute for Basic Research in Developmental Disabilities, Staten Island, New York, USA.

Split-hand/split-foot malformation (SHFM1) has been reported to be caused by deletions, duplications or rearrangements involving the 7q21.3 region harboring DSS1, DLX5, and DLX6. We report on a female patient with unilateral syndactyly of the third and fourth fingers of the right hand and overgrowth and lateral deviation of the right great toe. Read More

Foot Ankle Surg 2012 Dec 18;18(4):263-5. Epub 2012 May 18.

Department of Orthopaedics, Royal United Hospital Bath NHS Trust, Coombe Park, Bath, United Kingdom.

Background: It is a common understanding that the fifth toe has three bones with two interphalangeal joints. However, our experience shows that a significant number have only two phalanges with one interphalangeal joint.

Methods: We identified 676 patients listed as having had a foot radiograph, during an eight week period, of which 606 radiographs were available for the assessment. Read More

J Bone Joint Surg Am 2011 Nov;93(22):2116-22

Clinica Ortopedica Università di Verona, P.le L.A. Scuro 10, 37134 Verona, Italy.

Background: Distal osteotomy of the fifth metatarsal is indicated in the surgical treatment of bunionette and varus deformities of the fifth toe in patients with a valgus deviation of the fifth metatarsal. The aim of this study was to evaluate the results of a subcapital percutaneous osteotomy of the fifth metatarsal in the treatment of this disorder.

Methods: From 1996 to 2006, thirty consecutive percutaneous distal osteotomies of the fifth metatarsal were performed in twenty-one patients for the treatment of a painful prominence of the head of the fifth metatarsal. Read More

Eur J Med Genet 2012 Jan 2;55(1):1-7. Epub 2011 Jul 2.

Laboratory of Skeletal Development and Joint Disorders, University of Leuven, Herestraat 49, 3000 Leuven, Belgium.

Synpolydactyly (SPD) is a rare congenital limb disorder caused by mutations in the HOXD13 gene, a homeobox transcription factor crucial for autopod development. The hallmarks of SPD are the webbing between the third and the fourth finger and the fourth and the fifth toe, with a partial or complete digit duplication in the syndactylous web. Different classes of HOXD13 mutations are involved in the pathogenesis of synpolydactyly, but an unequivocal genotype-phenotype correlation cannot always be achieved due to the lack of structure-function data of HOXD13. Read More

Clin Podiatr Med Surg 2010 Oct;27(4):625-8

Alamo Family Foot & Ankle Care, San Antonio, TX, USA.

Fifth toe positional problems typically cause irritation with various forms of footgear. The position of the toe causes irritation against the toe box of the shoe. This article discusses the physical examination of various fifth toe deformities along with the different approaches of arthroplasty that are used to correct the deformity and the management of complications that arise from the correction procedures. Read More

J Am Acad Dermatol 2010 Aug 11;63(2):244-51. Epub 2010 May 11.

Department of Dermatology, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, Maryland 20814, USA.

Background: Patients with tuberous sclerosis complex (TSC) are predisposed to developing ungual fibromas and other acral lesions.

Objective: We sought to determine the numbers, types, and locations of acral skin lesions in TSC.

Methods: We examined and photographed 76 adult women with TSC. Read More

J Foot Ankle Surg 2009 Sep-Oct;48(5):543-51. Epub 2009 Jun 30.

INOVA Fairfax Hospital, Podiatric Surgical Residency Office, Falls Church, VA 20042, USA.

Unlabelled: The aim of this study was to associate structural forefoot surgical correction with theories related to the etiology of structural forefoot pathology. All forefoot surgical cases performed at the Inova Fairfax Hospital Ambulatory Surgery Center over a 76-month period (January 2001 through April 2007) were reviewed and classified according to the following surgical categories: hallux abductovalgus, hallux limitus, lesser digital deformity, and combinations of these categories (N = 1684 procedures in 1592 patients). The results suggested that the etiology of lesser digital deformity was associated with the etiology of hallux abductovalgus more so than it was with hallux limitus. Read More

Nepal Med Coll J 2008 Dec;10(4):230-2

Department of Anatomy, Manipal College of Medical Sciences, Pokhara, Nepal.

Understanding muscle architecture of the foot may assist in the design of surgical procedures such as tendon transfer, biomechanical modeling of the foot, prosthesis design, and analysis of foot function. Flexor digitorum brevis (FDB) is the most superficial intrinsic muscle of the sole of the foot. When compared to the little finger, the little toe has less function and opposition is absent in humans. Read More

Clin Exp Dermatol 2009 Jul 5;34(5):e81-4. Epub 2009 May 5.

Department of Dermatology, Venereology and Allergology, Wroclaw Medical University, Wroclaw, Poland.

Pyoderma gangrenosum (PG) is a progressive cutaneous necrosis of unknown origin. We report a case of PG presenting with periungual lesions. A 57-year-old woman was on treatment with ciclosporin A for PG. Read More

Orthopedics 2009 Apr;32(4)

Department of Surgery, St Lucas Andreas Hospital, Jan Tooropstraat 164, 1061 AE Amsterdam, The Netherlands.

Polydactyly is defined as a congenital anomaly of the hand or foot with the presence of supernumerary digits. The frequency of polydactyly varies widely among populations. It can occur as an isolated condition or as a feature of a congenital condition. Read More

J Cosmet Dermatol 2008 Dec;7(4):304-8

Dermatology Department, CHU Centre Ville, Quai Kurth, 45, 4020 Liège, Belgium.

Only a few nail dystrophies may be improved by surgery: malalignment of the big toenail, racquet thumbs, trapezoidal nails, and vertical implantation of the nail on the fifth toe. Knowledge of the surgical management of these deformities may allow a nice cosmetic outcome if performed by skilled surgeons. Read More

Adolesc Med State Art Rev 2007 May;18(1):182-91, xi

Department of Orthopaedics, Ohio State University, Columbus Children's Hospital, 3rd Floor, Education Building, 700 Children's Drive, Columbus, OH 43205, USA.

The treatment of foot problems in the adolescent should be nonsurgical whenever possible. Surgical treatment should be considered when medical treatment does not relieve pain. Surgical corrections to prevent problems in adulthood may cause complications and lead to an undesirable outcome. Read More

J Pediatr Orthop B 2008 Jul;17(4):179-82

Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, SinLau Christian Hospital, Tainan, Taiwan.

Orofaciodigital syndromes (OFDS) are a group of diseases classified according to the phenotype and the mode of inheritance. We report on a female patient with ocular hypertelorism, broad nasal root, midline cleft of the upper lip, lobulated tongue, polydactyly of both hands, polysyndactyly of the right big toe and fifth toe, and polydactyly of the left foot. These clinical manifestations resembled OFDS type I. Read More

Foot Ankle Int 2008 May;29(5):493-7

Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Eulji University Hospital, Seoul, South Korea.

Background: Diabetic motor neuropathy is expressed as the loss of function and the contracture of the intrinsic muscles of the foot, leading to the classic claw toe deformity. This deformity predisposes the foot to ulcerations on the dorsum or tip of the toes or an interdigital ulcer over a condyle between the toes. We present our results of a modified resection arthroplasty for the treatment of this difficult problem. Read More

Acta Orthop Belg 2007 Jun;73(3):373-6

Department of orthopaedic surgery, Heilige-Hart Hospital, Lier, Belgium.

The purpose of this retrospective study was to evaluate the outcome of flexor tendon lengthening performed for hammer toes or curly toes in children, after a mean follow up of 31 months. Specific attention was given to postoperative active flexion of the toe. The deformity improved in all patients, but less in the fourth and fifth toe. Read More

J Hum Genet 2007 15;52(6):535-42. Epub 2007 May 15.

Medical Genetics, Department of Molecular Biology, University of Siena, Policlinico Le Scotte, V.le Bracci 2, 53100, Siena, Italy.

We describe three patients with retinoblastoma, dysmorphic features and developmental delay. Patients 1 and 2 have high and broad forehead, deeply grooved philtrum, thick anteverted lobes and thick helix. Patient 1 also has dolicocephaly, sacral pit/dimple and toe crowding; patient 2 shows intrauterine growth retardation and short fifth toe. Read More

Foot Ankle Int 2006 Nov;27(11):948-51

Regional Hospital, University Hospital, Pellenberg Weligerveld 1, Pellenberg B-3212, Lubbeek, Belgium.

Background: A biphalangeal fifth toe is a common variant in the European population. The frequency is higher in the Japanese population. It is considered an anatomical variant of the normal triphalangeal fifth toe. Read More

J Plast Reconstr Aesthet Surg 2006 21;59(7):752-8. Epub 2006 Feb 21.

Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, The University of Tsukuba, 1-1-1 Tennodai,Tsukuba-city, Ibaraki-prefecture, Japan.

Lateral ray polydactyly is the most common anomaly of the foot. However, when both the fifth and sixth toes are markedly shorter than a normal toe, reconstruction of a normal-length fifth toe has not been performed, because the toe rarely serves a functional purpose. The authors devised a new method whereby the fifth toe could be lengthened using the excess toe as a composite flap. Read More

Niger J Clin Pract 2005 Dec;8(2):130-2

Department of Human Anatomy, College of Health Sciences, Nnamdi Azikiwe University, P.M.B 5001, Nnewi, Nigeria.

The presence of accessory muscles and other organs on the lower limbs of some individuals have variously been reported in the literature. We report an unusual muscle located on the plantar surface of the left foot of a cadaver, which had not been previously described. This muscle originated from the tendon of tibialis posterior and inserted into the middle phalanx of the fifth toe. Read More

Int J Pediatr Otorhinolaryngol 2006 Jul 7;70(7):1307-14. Epub 2006 Feb 7.

Department of Ophthalmology, Afyon Kocatepe University, School of Medicine, Afyon, Turkey.

We describe a family with lacrimo-auriculo-dento-digital syndrome (LADD). A 13-year-old boy had cup-shaped ears, deafness, unilateral choanal atresia, bilateral nasolacrimal duct obstruction, xerostomia, alacrima due to congenital absence of lacrimal glands, agenesis of salivary glands, chronic dacryocystitis, keratoconjunctivitis sicca, ptosis, nail dysplasia of the thumb, shortness of fifth toe, temporal bone abnormality and epilepsy. His younger sister had shortened middle phalanx of fifth digits. Read More

Eur J Hum Genet 2005 Dec;13(12):1268-74

Zentrum für Humangenetik, Philipps-Universität Marburg, Bahnhofstr. 7, 35037 Marburg, Germany.

There is good evidence from the medical literature that type I syndactyly, the most common form of the nonsyndromic syndactylies, is clinically heterogeneous. We therefore propose to group the condition into four subtypes, which are all autosomal dominantly inherited. Subtype 1, zygodactyly (cutaneous webbing of second and third toe without hand involvement) is the mildest and most common form. Read More

Br J Plast Surg 2005 Sep;58(6):873-6

Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Dongsan Medical Center, Keimyung University, 194 Dongsan Dong, Daegu 700-712, South Korea.

A new surgical technique for correction of polysyndactyly with the fifth toe fused with the fourth toe was devised. The technique consists of the creation of a dorsal rectangular flap on the dorsum of the syndactyly web for the new fourth web, making a medially based plantar rectangular flap on the plantar surface of the fifth toe, and a sixth toe-tip-based rectangular hinge flap to reconstruct the lateral side of the fourth toe and medial side of the new fifth toe, respectively. All suture lines are intended to be located in the transition of the plantar and dorsal surfaces of the web and digit. Read More

Zentralbl Chir 2005 Apr;130(2):153-6

Abteilung für Kinderorthopädie der Orthopädischen Klinik Wichernhaus, Rummelsberg.

Unlabelled: Overlapping fifth toe is a finding in pediatric orthopaedics which rarely requires operative therapy.

Patients And Method: Between Jan. 1, 1992 and Dec. Read More

Homo 2005 ;55(3):251-62

Department of Sociology and Anthropology, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, USA.

Pedal symphalangism is a surprisingly common heritable trait of the human foot. In individuals exhibiting the trait, the joint between the intermediate and distal phalanges of one or more lateral toes never develops, resulting in toes with two phalanges rather than three. This study was undertaken to explore variation in the frequency of pedal symphalangism among groups with widely different geographic ancestry, and to consider the applicability of this trait to skeletal biological distance studies. Read More

JBR-BTR 2004 Sep-Oct;87(5):224-8

Department of Radiology, University Hospital Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium.

We report on the imaging features of musculoskeletal abnormalities in a 52-year-old woman suffering from Lyme disease presenting with acrodermatitis chronica atrophicans (ACA). The patient developed recurrent attacks of migratory asymmetrical oligoarthritis, involving articular and peri-articular structures, including the metatarsophalageal (MTP) joints, scapular bone, thoracic spine, elbow, gluteal area, knee, ankle and metacarpophalangeal (MCP) joints. Six months after the first symptoms, Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) showed bone marrow oedema within the proximal phalanx of the right fifth toe, adjacent to an ACA rash. Read More

Ann Chir Plast Esthet 2004 Aug;49(4):373-7

Unité de chirurgie plastique, reconstructive et esthétique, service d'orthopédie infantile, hôpital Saint-Vincent-de-Paul, 82, avenue Denfert-Rochereau, 75674 Paris 14, France.

Quintus varus supraductus is a congenital malformation that associates a hyperextension, a varus and an external rotation of the fifth toe coming over the fourth. The goal of this study is to explain an easy, reproducible and efficient surgical procedure to correct that malformation. Our procedure is only about soft tissues. Read More