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Int J Environ Res Public Health 2022 02 1;19(3). Epub 2022 Feb 1.

Institute of Sport, Faculty of Physical Education and Sports, University School of Physical Education, John Paul II Avenue 78, 31-571 Krakow, Poland.

The aim of the study was to analyze the development of foot structure and the impact of longitudinal and transverse arching of the foot on the position of the hallux and fifth toe in preschool children. The study was carried out among 200 children aged 6 (100 G, 100 B). The research tool was the podoscope CQ-ST. Read More

Am J Med Genet A 2022 04 6;188(4):1287-1292. Epub 2022 Jan 6.

Division of Medical Genetics, Mazumdar Shaw Medical Center, Narayana Hrudayalaya Hospitals, Bangalore, India.

Biallelic IMPAD1 pathogenic variants leads to deficiency of GPAPP (Golgi 3-prime phosphoadenosine 5-prime phosphate 3-prime phosphatase) protein and clinically causes chondrodysplasia, which is characterized by short stature with short limbs, craniofacial malformations, cleft palate, hand and foot anomalies, and various radiographic skeletal manifestations. Here we describe prenatal presentation of GPAPP deficiency caused by novel biallelic pathogenic variants, 2 base pair duplication in exon 2 of IMAPD1 gene in a patient of Asian-Indian origin. Further we report on diagnostic clues of prenatal presentation of GPAPP deficiency through ultrasonography, fetal MRI, and postmortem findings. Read More

Clin Podiatr Med Surg 2022 Jan;39(1):73-87

The Pediatric Orthopedic Center, 218 Ridgedale Avenue, Suite 101, Cedar Knolls, NJ 07927, USA.

This article explores different pediatric forefoot deformities including syndactyly, polydactyly, macrodactyly, curly toe, and congenital hallux varus. The epidemiology and genetic background are reviewed for each condition. Preferred treatment options and recommended surgical techniques are discussed with review of the current literature. Read More

J Foot Ankle Surg 2022 May-Jun;61(3):621-626. Epub 2021 Oct 28.

Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Nagasaki University Hospital, Nagasaki, Japan; Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Nagasaki University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki, Japan.

The treatment of postaxial polydactyly requires excision of the medial fifth or lateral sixth toe, and separation of the adjacent fourth/fifth toes if the adjacent toes exhibit skin syndactyly. Morphological changes in the retained toes and reoperation are common problems after such surgery. This study examined the effects of preoperative classifications and selecting the medial fifth or lateral sixth toe for excision on the postoperative outcomes of surgery for postaxial polydactyly. Read More

Pediatr Dermatol 2021 Nov 14;38(6):1588-1589. Epub 2021 Oct 14.

Dermatology Department, Hospital Universitario Puerta de Hierro, Majadahonda, Spain.

Double toenail is a rare abnormality that usually affects the fifth toe. It is considered as an inherited condition that may represent an incomplete form of polydactyly. Underlying bone abnormalities should be ruled out. Read More

Disabil Rehabil 2021 Mar 11:1-8. Epub 2021 Mar 11.

Discipline of Podiatry, School of Allied Health, Human Services and Sport, La Trobe University, Victoria, Australia.

Purpose: This study compared the differences in foot dimensions between children with and without Down syndrome using three-dimensional (3D) foot scans.

Methods: 51 children with and 51 children without Down syndrome had a 3D scan taken of their right foot to compare the absolute and normalised (for height or foot length) measurements.

Results: Normalised foot length was shorter in children with Down syndrome (MD -11. Read More

J Reconstr Microsurg 2021 Sep 17;37(7):589-596. Epub 2021 Feb 17.

Department of Plastic and Oral Surgery, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts.

Background:  Digital transfer for hand reconstruction in children with cleft hand and foot differences present unique challenges with anomalous anatomy and rare opportunities to dramatically improve function of one- or two-digit hands.

Methods:  Medical records were reviewed for patients with cleft hand and foot treated at two pediatric institutions between 1996 and 2018. Hospital records, clinical photographs, radiographs, and alginate molds were available on all patients. Read More

Arch Plast Surg 2021 Jan 15;48(1):91-97. Epub 2021 Jan 15.

Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea.

Background: In postaxial polysyndactyly of the foot, the choice of which toe to excise is controversial. It is often treated by resection of the fifth toe to save the lateral neurovascular bundles of the sixth toe. However, the sixth toe is often short and laterally deviated, which may require wedge osteotomy, potentially shortening the phalanx and compromising circulation. Read More

Case Rep Orthop 2020 24;2020:8402531. Epub 2020 Dec 24.

Department of Orthopaedics and Trauma Surgery, Heidelberg University Hospital, Schlierbacher Landstrasse 200a, 69118 Heidelberg, Germany.

Congenital unilateral hypertrophy of the plantar musculature is a rare condition, and to our knowledge, reports of only 14 cases have been previously published. As only one describes a concomitant orthopedic toe deformity, we report our case of abductor hallucis, flexor digitorum brevis, and abductor digiti minimi muscle hypertrophy in combination with hallux valgus and claw toe deformity as well as a laterally abducted fifth toe. Thus, this report presents the rare case of congenital hypertrophy of the plantar musculature associated with complex toe deformities. Read More

Zhongguo Xiu Fu Chong Jian Wai Ke Za Zhi 2020 Dec;34(12):1590-1593

The 1st Department of Orthopedics, Hebei Province Children's Hospital, Shijiazhuang Hebei, 050031, P.R.China.

Objective: To explore the application of the dorsal foot hexagonal flap for reconstruction of the web space in the fourth and fifth toe syndactyly combined with polydactyly.

Methods: Between May 2016 and October 2019, 27 patients (34 feet) with the fourth and fifth toe syndactyly combined with polydactyly were treated, including 12 males and 15 females with an average age of 22.8 months (range, 10 months to 8 years). Read More

BMC Musculoskelet Disord 2020 Nov 28;21(1):788. Epub 2020 Nov 28.

Department of Pediatric Orthopaedics and Foot and Ankle Surgery, Orthopedic Hospital Speising, Speisingerstrasse 109, 1130, Vienna, Austria.

Background: Apert syndrome is characterised by the presence of craniosynostosis, midface retrusion and syndactyly of hands and feet, thus, synonymously referred to as acrocephalosyndactyly type I. Considering these multidisciplinary issues, frequently requiring surgical interventions at an early age, deformities of the feet have often been neglected and seem to be underestimated in the management of Apert syndrome. Typical Apert foot features range from complete fusion of the toes and a central nail mass to syndactyly of the second to fifth toe with a medially deviated great toe; however, no clear treatment algorithms were presented so far. Read More

Foot Ankle Int 2021 May 16;42(5):562-569. Epub 2020 Nov 16.

Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea.

Background: We aimed to report surgical outcomes and analyze prognostic factors of medial toe excision for polysyndactyly of the fifth toe.

Methods: We reviewed the details of 139 consecutive patients who underwent surgery for postaxial polydactyly of the foot from 2009 to 2018. Among these, 83 patients (90 feet) with polysyndactyly of the fifth toe, treated by medial toe excision (between the duplicated toes) and reconstruction of the fourth web space using a dorsal rectangular flap, were included. Read More

J Am Podiatr Med Assoc 2020 Jul;110(4)

Background: Although Kirschner wire implantation is popular for treating toe deformities, complications frequently occur. To prevent pin-tract infection and difficult Kirschner wire extraction, several implants have been developed to improve treatment outcomes.

Methods: Patients who had undergone an interphalangeal fusion by two-component implant for the treatment of toe deformities were included. Read More

Foot Ankle Spec 2022 Feb 1;15(1):36-42. Epub 2020 Jul 1.

Hospital Belo Horizonte, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil (GN).

. Bunionette is a deformity of the fifth metatarsal in which there is a painful lateral bony prominence of the distal region of this bone caused by various anatomical and biomechanical changes. The aim of this study is to report on a minimally invasive technique without the use of hardware to treat these deformities. Read More

Ann Plast Surg 2021 03;86(3):323-328

Department of Joint Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China.

Background: The aim of the study was to present a new operative technique for aesthetic and anatomic reconstruction of polysyndactyly of the fifth toe fused with the fourth toe.

Methods: Surgery was performed in 86 feet in 73 patients with polysyndactyly of the fifth toe fused with the fourth toe. The operation involved polydactyly excision, syndactyly release using an improved dorsal asymmetric gullwing flap for web space reconstruction without skin grafting, and simultaneous correction of valgus deformity and brachydactyly of the toes. Read More

J Foot Ankle Res 2020 06 4;13(1):31. Epub 2020 Jun 4.

Discipline of Podiatry, School of Allied Health, Human Services and Sport, La Trobe University, Victoria, 3086, Australia.

Background: Children and adolescents with Down syndrome have a distinctive foot shape (such as wide and flat feet) that often leads to difficulty with footwear fitting. 3-dimensional (3D) scanning can accurately measure the foot dimensions of individuals with Down syndrome, which may assist shoe fit. However, the reproducibility of measuring foot dimensions using 3D scans in children and adolescents with Down syndrome is unknown. Read More

Clin Orthop Surg 2020 Jun 14;12(2):245-251. Epub 2020 May 14.

Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, Korea.

Background: Accessory bones and tarsal coalitions are the most common developmental variations of the foot and ankle. However, their clinical implications are not well understood because there is no established prevalence data in the normal population and the reported prevalence varies widely. Therefore, we aimed to investigate the incidence of accessory ossicles and tarsal coalitions in a healthy, asymptomatic Korean population. Read More

Int J Environ Res Public Health 2020 01 28;17(3). Epub 2020 Jan 28.

Institute of Health Sciences, Medical College, University of Rzeszów, ul. Kopisto 2a, 35-959 Rzeszów, Poland.

Prior studies have investigated associations between body mass index (BMI) and foot structure; however, these studies are limited only to the evaluation of the longitudinal arch of the foot and do not evaluate associations with body composition. Therefore, this study examined associations between body fat percentage (BFP) and muscle mass percentage with foot structure in adolescents. This study was conducted with 158 healthy subjects aged from 11 to 13 years. Read More

Med Sci Monit 2019 Oct 16;25:7746-7754. Epub 2019 Oct 16.

Institute of Physiotherapy, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, The Jan Kochanowski University, Kielce, Poland.

BACKGROUND The aim of this study was to assess the association between foot deformities and type of shoe regularly worn at work. MATERIAL AND METHODS We studied 150 employed women ages 30-40 years and divided them into 3 groups according to type of footwear worn: women in Group I wore flat-soled shoes, women in Group II wore mid-heeled shoes (heels 4.0±0. Read More

Yi Chuan 2019 Aug;41(8):716-724

Department of Medical Genetics, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China.

In order to investigate the genetic variations and the clinical manifestations of a range of congenital ectrodactyly family and to summarize the split hand/foot malformation (SHFM) types and their related pathogenic genes, we conducted phenotypic analyses of patient's limbs by physical and X-ray examination. The haplotypes were analyzed by using the extracted genes from peripheral blood on D10S1709, D10S192, D10S597, D10S1693 and D10S587 loci, and the mutation duplication loci were confirmed by Array-CGH detection. The pathogenic factors and inheritance pattern of SHFM were analyzed based on family investigation and gene analysis. Read More

BMC Dermatol 2019 08 12;19(1):12. Epub 2019 Aug 12.

Health and Human Development (2HD) Research Network, Douala, Cameroon.

Background: Ainhum is an idiopathic dermatological disease characterized by a progressive constricting ring usually on the fifth toe, which may lead to spontaneous auto-amputation of the affected toe. Timely diagnosis and treatment are the key elements to avert amputations with resultant mutilating deformities, permanent handicaps and psychological sequelae. Though common in African descents, this pathology has not been described in the Cameroonian literature. Read More

Am J Med Genet A 2019 07 22;179(7):1299-1303. Epub 2019 Apr 22.

Division of Newborn Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Boston Children's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States.

Char syndrome is characterized by persistent patent ductus arteriosus (PDA) associated with hand-skeletal abnormalities and distinctive facial dysmorphism. Pathogenic variants in the transcription factor gene TFAP2B have been shown to cause Char syndrome; however, there is significant phenotypic variability linked to variant location. Here, we report a pediatric patient with a novel de novo variant in the fifth exon of TFAP2B, c. Read More

J Orthop Surg (Hong Kong) 2019 Jan-Apr;27(1):2309499019825521

4 Sivas Numune Hospital, Sivas, Turkey.

Background: Pedal biphalangism, which was also defined as symphalangism, is seen at a frequency that cannot be ignored; however, no study can be found in the literature evaluating biphalangism in normal population in comparison to those who have foot disorders. The aim of this study was to evaluate the incidence of the pedal fifth toe symphalangism in normal population and in patients with foot deformity including hallux valgus, pes planus, pes cavus, and pes equinovarus. We hypothesized that pedal fifth toe symphalangism may be a predisposing factor or an accompanying structural variation for foot deformity. Read More

Clin Genet 2018 12 7;94(6):564-568. Epub 2018 Sep 7.

School of Medicine, University of Missouri-Kansas City, Kansas City, Missouri.

Biparental/androgenetic mosaicism is a rarely diagnosed condition in humans. It is typically ascertained prenatally on the basis of placental mesenchymal dysplasia. Fetal outcome can range from demise due to intrauterine growth retardation to term delivery. Read More

Oper Orthop Traumatol 2018 Jun 27;30(3):184-194. Epub 2018 Apr 27.

Medizinische Fakultät, Universität zu Köln, Köln, Germany.

Objective: Bunionette or 'tailor's bunion' is a deformity of the fifth ray, which comes along with a metatarsus quintus valgus and a varus deformity of the fifth toe with subluxation of the metatarsophalangeal joint. A minimally invasive osteotomy of the fifth metatarsal without internal fixation using burrs is an increasingly used alternative for symptomatic tailor's bunion deformity. Similar to open surgery procedures the type of osteotomy complies with the underlying pathology. Read More

Adv Skin Wound Care 2018 Apr;31(4):154-162

Reneeka Persaud, MD, MScCH • Dalla Lana School of Public Health • University of Toronto • Research Coordinator • Toronto Regional Wound Healing Clinic • Adjunct Faculty • International Interprofessional Wound Care Course • Toronto, Ontario, Canada Patricia M. Coutts, RN • Wound Care & Clinical Trials Coordinator • Toronto Regional Wound Healing Clinic • Faculty • International Interprofessional Wound Care Course • Toronto, Ontario, Canada Alisa Brandon, BSc • Medical Student • Faculty of Medicine • University of Toronto • Toronto, Ontario, Canada Luvneet Verma, BSc • Medical Student • Faculty of Medicine • University of Ottawa • Ottawa, Ontario, Canada James A. Elliott, MSc • Faculty • International Interprofessional Wound Care Course • Member • Wounds Canada Research Committee • Toronto, Ontario, Canada R. Gary Sibbald, MD, MEd, BSc, FRCPC (Med Derm), MACP, FAAD, MAPWCA • Professor • Medicine and Public Health • University of Toronto • Toronto, Ontario, Canada • Director • International Interprofessional Wound Care Course & Masters of Science in Community Health (Prevention & Wound Care) • Dalla Lana Faculty of Public Health • University of Toronto • Previous President • World Union of Wound Healing Societies • Clinical Editor • Advances in Skin & Wound Care • Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.

General Purpose: The purpose of this learning activity is to provide information about the Healthy Foot Screen, a new tool for assessment of common foot abnormalities.

Target Audience: This continuing education activity is intended for physicians, physician assistants, nurse practitioners, and nurses with an interest in skin and wound care.

Learning Objectives/outcomes: After completing this continuing education activity, you should be able to:1. Read More

Dermatol Online J 2018 Jan 15;24(1). Epub 2018 Jan 15.

5New York University School of Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, New York. daren.

Pseudoainhum is a rare constriction band variant thatmay progress to spontaneous digital strangulationand auto-amputation. Although its association withpalmoplantar keratodermas is well established, ithas not been reported in conjunction with classicepidermolytic ichthyosis. We describe the first suchcase in a 25-year-old woman who presented witha painful constricting band of the fifth toe. Read More

JBJS Case Connect 2017 Oct-Dec;7(4):e75

Electricwala Hospital and Clinic, Pune, Maharashtra, India.

Case: We present an unusual case of unilateral congenital quintus valgus of the left foot (congenital lateral deviation of the fifth [little] toe) in a 1.5-year-old boy. The child had no other congenital malformations. Read More

Ann Chir Plast Esthet 2016 Oct;61(5):519-527

Service de chirurgie pédiatrique, hôpital Général, Bangui, République centrafricaine.

Malformations and deformations of the forefoot are a frequent reason for consultation. The most frequent malformations viewed at birth are syndactylies (second web space), clinodactylies (quintus varus, halllux), polydactylies (hallux, fifth toe). The macrodactylies, hypoplasia, amniotic bands are rare. Read More