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Curr Eye Res 2020 Jun 1. Epub 2020 Jun 1.

Department of Anatomy, Research Institute of Medical Science, Konkuk University School of Medicine , Seoul, Republic of Korea.

Purpose: Knowledge of the distribution of intramuscular nerves of the extraocular muscles is crucial for understanding their function. The purpose of this study was to elucidate the intramuscular distribution of the oculomotor nerve within the inferior rectus muscle (IRM) using Sihler's staining.

Method: Ninety-three IRM from 50 formalin-embalmed cadavers were investigated. Read More

Biomed Res Int 2020 30;2020:9037693. Epub 2020 Apr 30.

Department of Neurosurgery, Tulane Center for Clinical Neurosciences, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, LA, USA.

A comparison of the superior and inferior rectus muscles was performed to determine whether they have similar structures and innervation attributable to their participation in the same type of, although antagonistic, eye movements. The study was conducted on 70 cadaveric hemiheads, and the anatomical variations in the superior and inferior rectus muscles were assessed. Sihler's whole mount nerve staining technique was used on 20 isolated superior and 20 isolated inferior rectus muscle specimens to visualize the intramuscular distribution of the oculomotor nerve subbranches. Read More

Zhonghua Yan Ke Za Zhi 2020 Mar;56(3):197-204

Xiamen Eye Center of Xiamen University, Xiamen 361001, China.

To observe the number of blood vessels and the anatomical characteristics of the anterior ciliary vessels (ACVs) in the horizontal rectus muscles of patients with concomitant horizontal strabismus. Cross-sectional study. From July 2016 to September 2019 patients with concomitant horizontal strabismus treated by realignment surgeries in Xiamen Eye Center of Xiamen University were included. Read More

PLoS One 2020 28;15(2):e0229267. Epub 2020 Feb 28.

Department of Ophthalmology, Hospital Ramón y Cajal, Madrid, Spain.

Purpose: To study the outcome of botulinum toxin (BTX) treatment (group 1) in partially accommodative esotropia with high accommodative convergence/accommodation (AC/A) ratio, in comparison with bilateral medial rectus muscles recessions and posterior fixation (group 2).

Methods: In a retrospective comparative study, children aged 3-8 years old treated between 2011 and 2016, with partially accommodative esotropia with high AC/A ratio, deviation at distance of 10 prism diopters or more, and at least 1 year of follow-up, were included. Visual acuity, alternate prism and cover test, stereoacuity, biomicroscopy, and cycloplegic retinoscopy were carried out at initial, baseline visit, 6 months and 1 year after BTX injection or surgery. Read More

Open Vet J 2019 10 4;9(3):222-229. Epub 2019 Aug 4.

Department of Small Animal Surgery and Ophthalmology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt.

Background: Proptosis is a serious traumatic disease commonly affecting small breed dogs and possibly causing loss of vision, with globe replacement surgery (GRS) being essential in most of the cases after stabilizing the patient's condition.

Aim: To determine the common dog breeds and clinical findings associated with traumatic proptosis and demonstrate the short-term complications following GRS.

Methods: The study was performed on 15 client-owned small-breed dogs presented with unilateral traumatic proptosis. Read More

Biomed Res Int 2019 28;2019:8909162. Epub 2019 Dec 28.

Department of Normal and Clinical Anatomy, Chair of Anatomy and Histology, Medical University of Lodz, Łódź, Poland.

Development of modern surgical techniques is associated with the need for a thorough knowledge of surgical anatomy and, in the case of ophthalmologic surgery, also functional aspects of extraocular muscles. Thus, the leading idea of this review was to summarize the most recent findings regarding the normal anatomy and anomalies of the extraocular rectus muscles (ERMs). Particular attention was paid to the presentation of detailed and structured data on the gross anatomy of the ERMs, including their attachments, anatomical relationships, vascularization, and innervation. Read More

PLoS One 2020 13;15(1):e0226495. Epub 2020 Jan 13.

Department of Nuclear Medicine, Warsaw Medical University, Warsaw, Poland.

Introduction: Autoimmune reactions in Graves' disease (GD) occur not only in the thyroid gland, but also in the orbital connective tissue, eyelids, extraocular muscles. The occurrence of orbitopathy in the course of GD is influenced by environmental factors, e.g. Read More

Surg Radiol Anat 2020 May 2;42(5):607-616. Epub 2020 Jan 2.

Department of Normal and Clinical Anatomy, Interfaculty Chair of Anatomy and Histology, Medical University of Lodz, Lodz, Poland.

This paper aims to present various aspects of the anatomy of horizontal (i.e., lateral and medial) rectus muscles. Read More

BMC Ophthalmol 2019 Dec 16;19(1):256. Epub 2019 Dec 16.

Department of Ophthalmology, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University, College of Medicine, No. 88 Jiefang Road, Hangzhou, 310009, Zhejiang Province, China.

Background: Accurate measurement and reconstruction of orbital soft tissue is important to diagnosis and treatment of orbital diseases. This study applied an interactive graph cut method to orbital soft tissue precise segmentation and calculation in computerized tomography (CT) images, and to estimate its application in orbital reconstruction.

Methods: The interactive graph cut method was introduced to segment extraocular muscle and intraorbital fat in CT images. Read More

Optom Vis Sci 2019 12;96(12):898-904

Significance: A rare case of bilateral horizontal gaze palsy with intact vertical gaze eye movements and largely intact vestibulo-ocular reflex is presented owing to demyelinating lesions of the patient's bilateral paramedian pontine reticular formations and left infranuclear abducens nerve from the patient's recently diagnosed multiple sclerosis.

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to report on a rare case of bilateral horizontal gaze palsy from a supranuclear lesion in a patient with a recent diagnosis of multiple sclerosis.

Case Report: A 43-year-old African American woman presented urgently for evaluation of her inability to move her eyes into either horizontal gaze. Read More

Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2019 12;60(15):5052-5058

Eidactics and The Strabismus Research Foundation, San Francisco, California, United States.

Purpose: The discovery of extraocular muscle (EOM) pulleys resolved long-standing issues in oculomotor physiology, revived interest in EOM function generally, and led to several new theories. We describe the pulley concept of Miller and Demer (M-D Pulleys) and briefly review evidence, distinguishing this well-supported notion from the Active Pulley Hypothesis (APH) and the EOM Compartments hypothesis, and critically reviewing the methodologies and evidence on which the latter are based.

Methods: We analyze evidence on mechanical independence of individual EOM fibers, implications of nerve tracing for functional independence of EOM layers and compartments, validity of image-based methods of assessing EOM contraction, and data analysis issues. Read More

Biomed Res Int 2019 12;2019:7453260. Epub 2019 Nov 12.

Chair and Department of Biochemistry, First Faculty of Medicine, Medical University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland.

The body's autoimmune process is involved in the development of Graves' disease (GD), which is manifested by an overactive thyroid gland. In some patients, autoreactive inflammatory reactions contribute to the development of symptoms such as thyroid ophthalmopathy, and the subsequent signs and symptoms are derived from the expansion of orbital adipose tissue and edema of extraocular muscles within the orbit. The autoimmune process, production of antibodies against self-antigens such as TSH receptor (TSHR) and IGF-1 receptor (IGF-1R), inflammatory infiltration, and accumulation of glycosaminoglycans (GAG) lead to edematous-infiltrative changes in periocular tissues. Read More

Med Arch 2019 Aug;73(4):282-284

Eye Clinic Svjetlost, Sarajevo, Bosnia and Herzegovina.

Introduction: Marcus Gunn syndrome is a rare phenomenon with very less number of cases reported in literature. It may be congenital or acquired.

Aim: The aim of this case report was to report the clinical characteristics of Marcus Gunn patient from our Clinic. Read More

BMJ Case Rep 2019 Nov 19;12(11). Epub 2019 Nov 19.

Neurology, North Middlesex University Hospital NHS Trust, London, UK.

Neurosarcoidosis when encountered by neurologists most commonly presents as cranial neuropathy, peripheral mononeuropathy,polyneuropathy, myopathy, meningitis or myelopathy. There are limited reports in the current literature on the cases of neurosarcoidosis patients presenting with ischaemic stroke. We discuss a 52-year-old patient with a known previous history of cutaneous sarcoidosis presenting with an acute third nerve palsy, facial weakness and ataxia. Read More

Ophthalmic Plast Reconstr Surg 2020 Jan/Feb;36(1):7-12

TOC Eye and Face.

Purpose: Recent research has suggested a possible role for proprioception in ipsilateral frontalis activation in the setting of ptosis; however, there has not been any robust histologic or anatomic evidence to support this theory. To further elucidate proprioceptive structures in the eyelid, this investigation uses validated histologic techniques to explore the presence of proprioceptive structures or afferent neural networks in the Levator Palpebrae Superioris (LPS) and Müller muscle.

Methods: Müller muscle and LPS samples were evaluated by a laboratory with extensive experience with the histology of extraocular muscle proprioception. Read More

Am J Ophthalmol 2020 03 13;211:98-104. Epub 2019 Nov 13.

Department of Ophthalmology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto, California, USA. Electronic address:

Purpose: To determine the frequency of strabismus among children initially diagnosed with pseudostrabismus using big data.

Design: Population-based retrospective cohort study.

Methods: Setting: Population-based retrospective cohort study using claims data. Read More

Ann Anat 2020 Mar 11;228:151439. Epub 2019 Nov 11.

Department of Normal and Clinical Anatomy, Interfaculty Chair of Anatomy and Histology, Medical University of Lodz, Poland.

Background: The levator palpebrae superioris muscle (LPS) acts as the upper eyelid's major elevator and retractor and is innervated by the oculomotor nerve. The muscle's paralysis is manifested by ptosis.

Material And Methods: 70 orbits were dissected. Read More

Vestn Oftalmol 2019 ;135(5):116-118

Medical Academy named after S.I. Georgievsky of Vernadsky CFU, Department of Normal Anatomy, 27A Alexandra Nevskogo St., Simferopol, Russian Federation, 295000.

The article provides a Russian translation of the 19th chapter of the work of Italian anatomist and surgeon Giulio Cesare Aranzi (Julius Caesar Arantius, 1530-1589) 'Observationes anatomicae', which describes his discoveries in the anatomy of the organ of vision: detection of m. levator palpebrae superioris and disproving of the then prevailing statement concerning the origin of external muscles of the eye from the dura mater. The article also gives a brief biography. Read More

Am J Ophthalmol 2020 03 9;211:94-97. Epub 2019 Nov 9.

Department of Ophthalmology, Korea University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea. Electronic address:

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to investigate if the angle of deviation with Polarized glasses is effective for measuring maximal angles in patients with intermittent exotropia (IXT).

Design: Prospective cross-sectional study.

Methods: This study was conducted on patients with >10 prism diopters (PD) of basic-type IXT at distance and near. Read More

Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2019 11;60(14):4564-4573

Department of Anatomy, Tokyo Dental College, Tokyo, Japan.

Purpose: The aim was to clarify the topographical anatomy of the common tendinous ring for the four rectus muscles in both adults and fetuses.

Methods: We histologically examined the annular ligament for a common origin of the extraocular rectus muscles using 10 specimens from elderly individuals and 31 embryonic and fetal specimens.

Results: At 6 to 8 weeks, each rectus carried an independent long tendon, individually originating from the sphenoid. Read More

Clin Nucl Med 2020 Jan;45(1):e53-e54

Neurology, PGIMER, Chandigarh, India -160012.

Extraocular muscles show physiologic radiotracer uptake on F-FDG PET/CT as is encountered in most routine scans. Certain pathologies can cause palsy of one or more of the extraocular muscles, leading to hypometabolism on F-FDG PET/CT. We present a case with a classical finding of unilateral hypometabolism of the lateral rectus muscle, disrupting the "V" sign formed due to physiologic uptake. Read More

Turk J Ophthalmol 2019 Oct;49(5):305-309

Royal Victorian Eye and Ear Hospital, Orbit, Plastics and Lacrimal Unit, East Melbourne, Victoria, Australia

A 78-year-old Caucasian woman presented with pain in her right and only eye that was worse on abduction. Her history was significant for a choroidal melanoma affecting her left eye for which she underwent an orbital exenteration 12 years previously. Computed tomography and magnetic resonance imaging of the right orbit identified a mass lesion affecting the medial rectus, suspicious for metastatic melanoma. Read More

PLoS One 2019 23;14(10):e0224245. Epub 2019 Oct 23.

Department of Veterinary Anatomy, Pathology and Clinics, School of Veterinary Medicine and Zootechny, UFBA, Salvador, Bahia, Brazil.

An understanding of species' morphological and physiological parameters is crucial to developing conservation strategies for wild animals kept in human care. Detailed information is lacking for crab-eating fox (Cerdocyon thous) eyes and adnexa. Therefore, the aim of this study was to describe anatomical, histological and computed tomography (CT) features of the eye and adnexa in crab-eating fox, compared to domestic dogs. Read More

Indian J Ophthalmol 2019 11;67(11):1898-1900

Department of Ophthalmology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Jodhpur, Rajasthan, India.

Isolated medial rectus palsy in an otherwise healthy individual is a very rare entity. However, this may point towards underlying systemic pathology. This is a case report of an otherwise healthy young adult male who presented with sudden onset non-progressive blurring of vision in right eye. Read More

Indian J Ophthalmol 2019 11;67(11):1793-1799

Squint and Neuro-Ophthalmology Services, Dr Rajendra Prasad Centre for Ophthalmic Sciences, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India.

Multiple transposition procedures have been described for management of lateral rectus palsy. However, relative effect and indications of each procedure are unclear. This systematic review was planned to evaluate functional and anatomical outcomes of vertical rectus transposition (VRT) surgery in patients with lateral rectus palsy. Read More

J Plast Reconstr Aesthet Surg 2019 Dec 23;72(12):2017-2026. Epub 2019 Sep 23.

Department of Plastic and Reconstruction, Shanghai Changhai Hospital Affiliated to Navy Medical University, 168th Chang Hai Road, Shanghai, People's Republic of China. Electronic address:

Aim: To clarify the gross anatomy structure of the check ligament of the palpebra superior in relation to congenital blepharoptosis operation.

Method: Seven fixed and three fresh cadavers of Chinese adults (between 53 and 76 years old; 5 males and 5 females) were used. Gross dissection was performed on fourteen eyes in seven cadavers. Read More

Korean J Ophthalmol 2019 Oct;33(5):436-445

Department of Ophthalmology, Institute of Vision Research, Severance Hospital, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea.

Purpose: We sought to investigate the effects of Graves' orbitopathy (GO) and orbital decompression on lamina cribrosa depth (LCD) using spectral-domain optical coherence tomography.

Methods: Forty eyes that underwent orbital decompression to relieve compressive optic neuropathy or correct disfiguring exophthalmos in the context of GO were included. Subjects were imaged with spectral-domain optical coherence tomography before surgery and at 1 and 3 months after surgery, at which the examiner measured the LCD (distance from the anterior surface of the lamina cribrosa to the Bruch membrane opening line) and peripapillary retinal nerve fiber layer thickness. Read More

Ophthalmic Plast Reconstr Surg 2019 Nov/Dec;35(6):615-618

Orbital Plastic and Lacrimal Unit, Royal Victorian Eye and Ear Hospital, East Melbourne, Victoria.

Purpose: To describe the clinicopathological features and report the outcomes of treatment in lymphoma involving the extraocular muscles (EOM), the largest reported case-series.

Methods: A retrospective case series of patients with lymphoma involving the EOM from a single tertiary referral orbital center, between March 1992 and March 2018. Patients with other histopathologic diagnoses or who did not have an EOM biopsy were excluded. Read More

Ultrastruct Pathol 2019 30;43(4-5):145-153. Epub 2019 Sep 30.

Department of Pathology, College of Medicine, King Khalid University, Abha, Saudi Arabia.

Strabismus is an ocular disorder characterized by partial or complete inability to keep eye alignment. It represents a very common ocular problem at ophthalmology clinics worldwide. The current study aimed to show the most encountered ultrastructural changes in extraocular muscles (EOMs) collected from patients with different forms of strabismus. Read More

Strabismus 2019 12 21;27(4):211-214. Epub 2019 Sep 21.

Consultant, Pediatric Ophthalmology and Strabismus, Sadguru Netra Chikitsalaya, Chitrakoot, India.

Scleroderma, "en coup de sabre" is a rare disorder, characterized by linear depressed scarring at frontoparietal area of the face, seldom associated with ophthalmological findings. Extraocular muscle involvement and paralytic strabismus are rarely associated with linear scleroderma. Here we are reporting a case of unilateral linear scleroderma in an 8-year-old child, with features of strabismus fixus secondary to fibrosed medial rectus (MR) muscle, enophthalmos and en coup de saber (sword-like scar) on the eyebrow. Read More

N Engl J Med 2019 Sep;381(12):e26

Hospital de Denia, Denia, Spain

BMJ Case Rep 2019 Sep 12;12(9). Epub 2019 Sep 12.

Ophthalmology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India.

Monocular elevation deficit can result from either inferior rectus restriction, superior rectus palsy or from supranuclear causes. We report a case of monocular elevation deficit after scleral perforation repair which was managed by surgery on contra lateral eye. This improved elevation of the affected eye with no diplopia in the postoperative period. Read More

Curr Eye Res 2020 Feb 27;45(2):215-220. Epub 2019 Dec 27.

Department of Anatomy, Research Institute of Medical Science, Konkuk University School of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea.

: The intramuscular nerve distribution in the extraocular muscles is important for understanding their function. This study aimed to determine the intramuscular nerve distribution of the oculomotor nerve within the inferior oblique muscle (IO) using Sihler's staining.: Seventy-two IOs from 50 formalin-embalmed cadavers were investigated. Read More

Ophthalmic Plast Reconstr Surg 2019 Nov/Dec;35(6):525-534

Department of Ophthalmology, USC Roski Eye Institute, Keck School of Medicine of USC, Los Angeles, California, U.S.A.

Purpose: Myopathic blepharoptoses (ptoses) is a complex group of disorders. To date, no formal categorization scheme has been developed based on associated ocular and systemic findings, genetic fingerprint, treatment, and prognosis for each ptosis in this group. We report a new classification scheme for myopathic ptoses. Read More

Arq Bras Oftalmol 2019 08 29;82(5):422-424. Epub 2019 Aug 29.

Ophthalmology Department of the Central Lisbon Hospital Center, Lisboa, Portugal.

Bilateral orbital metastases restricted to the extraocular muscles (EOMs) are exceedingly rare. We report a case of bilateral extraocular muscle metastases from a small cell lung carcinoma and provide a review of the relevant literature. A 56-year-old smoker presented with proptosis, motility changes, and a relative afferent pupillary defect of the left eye, with a previous history of a small cell lung carcinoma. Read More

J Craniofac Surg 2019 Nov-Dec;30(8):2304-2307

Department of Ophthalmology, Korea University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea.

The purpose of this study was to compare the surgical outcomes of two combinational surgeries for involutional entropion: Inferior retractor tightening (IRT) + lateral tarsal strip (LTS) + skin muscle excision (SME) vs LTS + SME. The authors reviewed the records of 2 groups which were made up of 80 (85 eyelids) and 58 (63 eyelids) involutional entropion patients with 71.4 and 71. Read More

Curr Opin Ophthalmol 2019 Nov;30(6):476-483

Save Sight Institute, Faculty of Health and Medicine, The University of Sydney.

Purpose Of Review: Inherited myopathies, and in particular mitochondrial myopathies, are heterogeneous disorders, and ocular manifestations may be the presenting feature or offer important diagnostic clues. The ophthalmologist may be key to diagnosis, facilitating recognition of associated potentially life-threatening organ manifestations and an integral part of multidisciplinary care. This review, focusing especially on mitochondrial myopathies, provides updates on clinical features, diagnosis and recent therapeutic developments. Read More

Graefes Arch Clin Exp Ophthalmol 2019 Oct 16;257(10):2173-2178. Epub 2019 Aug 16.

Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, College of Medicine, Seoul St. Mary's Hospital, The Catholic University of Korea, Banpo-daero 222, Seocho-gu, Seoul, 137-701, Republic of Korea.

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to elucidate the detailed anatomy of the trochlear nerve in the superior oblique muscle (SOM) and the intramuscular innervation pattern using Sihler staining.

Methods: SOMs were dissected from their origin to the insertion in 28 eyes of 14 cadavers. The following distances were determined: from the SOM insertion to the trochlear, from the trochlear to the entry site of the anterior branch or posterior branch, and the widths of the main trunk and anterior and posterior branches. Read More

J Vis Exp 2019 07 16(149). Epub 2019 Jul 16.

Department of Ophthalmology, Boston Children's Hospital; Department of Ophthalmology, Harvard Medical School; F.M. Kirby Neurobiology Center, Boston Children's Hospital; Department of Neurology, Boston Children's Hospital; Department of Neurology, Harvard Medical School; Howard Hughes Medical Institute.

Accurate eye movements are crucial for vision, but the development of the ocular motor system, especially the molecular pathways controlling axon guidance, has not been fully elucidated. This is partly due to technical limitations of traditional axon guidance assays. To identify additional axon guidance cues influencing the oculomotor nerve, an ex vivo slice assay to image the oculomotor nerve in real-time as it grows towards the eye was developed. Read More

Brain Struct Funct 2019 Nov 2;224(8):2717-2731. Epub 2019 Aug 2.

Departamento de Fisiología, Universidad de Sevilla, Avda. Reina Mercedes, 6, 41012, Seville, Spain.

Medial rectus motoneurons are innervated by two main pontine inputs. The specific function of each of these two inputs remains to be fully understood. Indeed, selective partial deafferentation of medial rectus motoneurons, performed by the lesion of either the vestibular or the abducens input, initially induces similar changes in motoneuronal discharge. Read More

World Neurosurg 2019 Nov 26;131:1-5. Epub 2019 Jul 26.

Department of Neurosurgery, Iwate Medical University, Morioka, Japan.

Background: Distal catheterization in the ophthalmic artery beyond the origin of the central retinal artery has been attempted to avoid visual complications in cases of transarterial embolization (TAE). Although avoiding visual complications is important, extraocular complications have been rarely reported and discussed. Here, we report a case of an intraorbital arteriovenous fistula (AVF) presenting with impaired extraocular movement after a provocation test and discuss the potential risks associated with TAE at the third segment of the ophthalmic artery. Read More

Indian J Ophthalmol 2019 08;67(8):1264

Oncology Service, Wills Eye Hospital, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, USA.

J Pediatr Ophthalmol Strabismus 2019 Jul;56(4):254-260

Purpose: To determine whether suturing to the residual muscle stump induces postoperative muscle migration after superior rectus muscle (SRM) resection in rabbit eyes.

Methods: Twenty-four eyes in 12 rabbits were randomly divided into two groups. Each group underwent a 3-mm SRM resection. Read More

BMJ Case Rep 2019 Jul 8;12(7). Epub 2019 Jul 8.

Ophthalmology, St. John's Episcopal Hospital, Far Rockaway, New York, USA.

Orbital involvement of multiple myeloma (MM) is uncommon, with most of those reported cases occurring at the time of initial diagnosis of MM. We present a case of an extramedullary plasmacytoma involving only the right lateral rectus of a patient who had been in disease remission. The patient presented with new-onset diplopia and an abduction deficit of the right eye, with mild proptosis. Read More

Ophthalmic Plast Reconstr Surg 2019 Jul/Aug;35(4):408

J Pediatr Ophthalmol Strabismus 2019 Jul 5;56:e53-e56. Epub 2019 Jul 5.

A 53-year-old woman presented with diplopia and deviation of the left eye for the past 3 years. She had non-resolving isolated left lateral rectus palsy. She underwent a medial rectus recession and Hummelsheim (Wright's modification) procedure in her left eye. Read More

Zhongguo Yi Xue Ke Xue Yuan Xue Bao 2019 Jun;41(3):402-407

Department of Ophthalmology,the First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University,Nanchang 330006,China.

Ocular myasthenia gravis(OMG)is an autoimmune disease caused by neuromuscular junction transmission disorders and manifested mainly as fluctuating blepharoptosis and diplopia,with the extraocular muscles as the main involveed sites.While the pathogenesis of OMG remains unclear,some antibodies,complements,and cytokines may be the contributing factors.The diagnosis and treatment of OMG have been defined in recent years. Read More

Int Forum Allergy Rhinol 2019 09 1;9(9):1063-1068. Epub 2019 Jul 1.

Department of Otolaryngology-Head & Neck Surgery, The James Cancer Hospital at the Wexner Medical Center of The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH.

Background: Endonasal access to the inferomedial and inferolateral intraconal space via the orbital floor has not been reported. The primary purpose of this study was to assess the feasibility of accessing the inferior intraconal space through the orbital floor via a transnasal prelacrimal approach. Secondarily, it aims to highlight anatomical relationships of neurovascular structures in this space, as a requirement to prevent complications. Read More

Turk J Ophthalmol 2019 06;49(3):168-170

Bahçeşehir University Faculty of Medicine, Department of Pathology, İstanbul, Turkey

A 63-year-old woman with metastatic breast carcinoma presented to the ophthalmology clinic with diplopia and right abduction deficit. Magnetic resonance imaging showed isolated enlargement of the right medial rectus muscle. Biopsy of the enlarged muscle revealed metastasis of breast carcinoma. Read More