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F1000Res 2020 16;9. Epub 2020 Jun 16.

Division of Dermatology, Niigata University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Niigata, Japan.

Stevens-Johnson syndrome (SJS) and toxic epidermal necrolysis (TEN) are life-threatening diseases characterized by detachment of the epidermis and mucous membrane. SJS/TEN are considered to be on the same spectrum of diseases with different severities. They are classified by the percentage of skin detachment area. Read More

Am J Ophthalmol 2020 Jun 20. Epub 2020 Jun 20.

Department of Ophthalmology, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts; Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts.

Purpose: To evaluate the natural history and ophthalmologic morbidity of Mycoplasma pneumoniae induced rash and mucositis (MIRM) and propose a treatment algorithm.

Design: Retrospective, interventional case series METHODS: Retrospective chart review of all MIRM patients examined by the department of ophthalmology at a tertiary children's hospital. Diagnosis was established clinically concomitant with either positive Mycoplasma pneumoniae IgM or PCR testing from January 1 2010 until December 31 2019. Read More

J Dtsch Dermatol Ges 2020 Jun 29;18(6):547-553. Epub 2020 May 29.

Department of Dermatology and Venereology, University Medical Center, Rostock, Germany.

Prior to the first international consensus classification published in 1993, the clinical distinction between erythema multiforme (EM), Stevens-Johnson syndrome (SJS) and toxic epidermal necrolysis (TEN) had been subject to uncertainty and controversy for more than a century. Based on this classification, the three conditions are defined by the morphology of the individual lesions and their pattern of distribution. Etiopathogenetically, the majority of EM cases is caused by infections (primarily herpes simplex virus and Mycoplasma pneumoniae), whereas SJS/TEN are predominantly triggered by drugs. Read More

Ther Adv Respir Dis 2020 Jan-Dec;14:1753466620926800

Department of Dermatology, Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, 88 Jiefang Rd, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310009, China.

Increased inflammatory cytokines [such as tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNFα) and interleukin-6 (IL-6)] are observed in COVID-19 patients, especially in the severe group. The phenomenon of a cytokine storm may be the central inducer of apoptosis of alveolar epithelial cells, which leads to rapid progression in severe group patients. Given the similarities of clinical features and pathogenesis between toxic epidermal necrolysis (TEN) and COVID-19, we hypothesize that the application of etanercept, an inhibitor of TNFα, could attenuate disease progression in severe group COVID-19 patients by suppressing systemic auto-inflammatory responses. Read More

Hautarzt 2020 Jul;71(7):542-552

Hautklinik, Ruprecht-Karls-Universität Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 440, 69120, Heidelberg, Deutschland.

Background And Objectives: Treatment of severe dermatological autoimmune diseases and toxic epidermal necrolysis (TEN) with high-dose intravenous immunoglobulin (IVIg) is a well-established procedure in dermatology. As treatment with IVIg is usually considered for rare clinical entities or severe cases, the use of immunoglobulin is not generally based on data from randomized controlled trials usually required for evidence-based medicine. Since the indications for the use of IVIg are rare, it is unlikely that such studies will be available in the foreseeable future. Read More

Mil Med 2020 May 6. Epub 2020 May 6.

Department of Dermatology, Walter Reed National Military Medical Center, 8901 Rockville Pike, Bethesda MD 20889.

Erythema multiforme and Stevens-Johnson syndrome/toxic epidermal necrolysis are immune-mediated epidermal conditions with variable clinical presentations. Although their clinical presentations often overlap, they have distinct etiologies and potential outcomes, which necessitate specific management strategies. This case is presented to highlight the subtle differences and review management given that Stevens-Johnson syndrome/toxic epidermal necrolysis can rapidly become life-threatening. Read More

J Pediatric Infect Dis Soc 2020 Apr 10. Epub 2020 Apr 10.

Department of Pediatrics, Loyola University Medical Center, Maywood, Illinois, USA.

Introduction: A new concept has come to light recently, that is, Mycoplasma-induced rash and mucositis (MIRM). Here, we report the first case of recurrent rash, mucositis, and conjunctivitis involving Mycoplasma pneumoniae and C. pneumoniae that fits under the criteria of what is currently defined as MIRM. Read More

Dermatol Ther 2020 05 16;33(3):e13380. Epub 2020 Apr 16.

Rutgers New Jersey Medical School, Newark, New Jersey, USA.

A severe cutaneous drug reaction resembling acute generalized exanthematous pustulosis resulting from ingestion of hydroxychloroquine has been documented. It is distinguishable by its longer incubation period, more varied morphology with initially urticarial and later targetoid and arcuate plaques, recalcitrance to therapy and longer duration. Given the anticipated surge in the use of hydroxychloroquine due to its reported benefits in those with coronavirus disease 2019, specific recognition of this entity is pivotal. Read More

Dermatol Online J 2020 Feb 15;26(2). Epub 2020 Feb 15.

Cedars Dermatology, Cedars Sinai Medical Group, CA.

Thiotepa is a common alkylating agent known to precipitate cutaneous reactions consistent with toxic erythema of chemotherapy, including erythema and hyperpigmentation. Herein, we describe an atypical case of malignant intertrigo involving preferential erythema and desquamation not only of skin folds but also of occluded areas after thiotepa-based conditioning. The diagnosis was complicated by concurrent stomatitis and oral petechiae in the setting of autologous stem cell transplant 11 days prior for diffuse large B-cell lymphoma. Read More

Medicine (Baltimore) 2020 Mar;99(12):e19431

Department of Respiratory.

Rationale: Stevens-Johnson syndrome and toxic epidermal necrolysis (SJS/TEN) are extremely rare but potentially life-threatening disorders. We presented 3 fatal pediatric SJS/TEN cases.

Patient Concerns: Our patients had some severe complications such as septic shock, respiratory failure and obliterans bronchiolitis (BO) etc. Read More

Dermatol Online J 2020 Jan 15;26(1). Epub 2020 Jan 15.

Department of Dermatology, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY.

Toxic epidermal necrolysis (TEN) and Stevens-Johnson syndrome (SJS) are life-threatening, cutaneous reactions often associated with culprit drugs. A growing body of knowledge has deepened our understanding of the pathophysiology and clarified mechanisms such as drug-specific cytotoxicity mediated by T-cells, genetic linkage with HLA and non-HLA genes, TCR restriction, and cytotoxicity mechanisms. Physicians should broadly consider the etiology of SJS/TEN in order to better understand treatment strategies as well as identify which patients may be at risk for developing this condition. Read More

Am J Clin Dermatol 2020 Jun;21(3):393-399

Dermatology, Rutgers New Jersey Medical School, 185 South Orange Avenue, Medical Science Building H-576, Newark, NJ, 07103-2757, USA.

A fixed drug eruption (FDE) is a relatively common reaction associated with more than 100 medications. It is defined as a same-site recurrence with exposure to a particular medication. The primary approach and treatment for all types of FDEs are to identify and remove the causative agent, often accomplished by a thorough history of medication and other chemical exposures, and possibly prior episodes. Read More

J Korean Med Sci 2020 Feb 3;35(4):e17. Epub 2020 Feb 3.

Department of Neurology, Konkuk University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea.

Background: Severe and life-threatening drug eruptions include drug reaction with eosinophilia and systemic symptoms (DRESS), Stevens-Johnson syndrome (SJS), and toxic epidermal necrolysis (TEN). One class of medications that has been highly associated with such drug eruptions is antiepileptic drugs (AEDs). We attempt to investigate drug eruptions associated with AEDs as a class, as well as with individual AEDs, in Korea. Read More

Cas Lek Cesk 2019 ;158(7-8):314

In the department of gerontopsychiatry we can encounter various conditions that complicate basic psychiatric treatment, often because of old age, polymorbidity and fragility of hospitalized patients. Stevens-Johnson Syndrome (SJS) is a rare disease with high mortality. The case report describes the course of the patient's disease, including treatment, interventions and pharmacological considerations with an emphasis on multidisciplinary cooperation. Read More

Turk J Pediatr 2019 ;61(4):538-543

Ophthalmology, Dr. Behçet Uz Children's Hospital, İzmir, Turkey.

Kara A, Devrim İ, Çağlar İ, Bayram N, Kundak S, Apa H, Altan EV. Stevens-Johnson syndrome and toxic epidermal necrolysis: a report of six cases. Turk J Pediatr 2019; 61: 538-543. Read More

Subst Abus 2020 17;41(2):155-173. Epub 2020 Jan 17.

Department of Public Health and Forensic Sciences, and Medical Education, Faculty of Medicine, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal.

Modafinil is a nonamphetamine nootropic drug with an increasingly therapeutic interest due to its different sites of action and behavioral effects in comparison to cocaine or amphetamine. A review of modafinil (and of its prodrug adrafinil and its -enantiomer armodafinil) chemical, pharmacokinetic, pharmacodynamic, toxicological, clinical and forensic aspects was performed, aiming to better understand possible health problems associated to its unconscious and unruled use. Modafinil is a racemate metabolized mainly in the liver into its inactive acid and sulfone metabolites, which undergo primarily renal excretion. Read More

Int J Paediatr Dent 2020 Jul 24;30(4):489-496. Epub 2020 Jan 24.

School of Dental Medicine, University of Puerto Rico, San Juan, Puerto Rico.

Stevens-Johnson syndrome (SJS) is a disorder forming one of the several severe cutaneous adverse reactions, a group that includes, as well, erythema multiforme, toxic epidermal necrolysis (TEN), and SJS/TEN overlap. These adverse reactions are characterized by their severe involvement of the skin and the oral, gastrointestinal, genital, and conjunctival mucosa. The purposes of the study described herein were to perform a literature review of studies describing the clinical presentations and management of SJS patients with oral manifestations and to present a case report of a patient treated with dapsone gel. Read More

J Dermatol 2020 Mar 7;47(3):277-282. Epub 2020 Jan 7.

Department of Dermatology, The Jikei University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan.

Cutaneous adverse drug reactions (cADR) should be appropriately managed in drug administration. LANSAP , Rabecure and VONOSAP are currently used for Helicobacter pylori eradication therapy. Here, we examined the characteristics of cADR caused by these drugs using data from the Pharmaceuticals and Medical Devices Agency (PMDA). Read More

Vaccine 2020 02 20;38(7):1746-1752. Epub 2019 Dec 20.

Immunization Safety Office, Division of Healthcare Quality Promotion, National Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, United States.

Background: Since the last review of vaccine safety surveillance data for erythema multiforme (EM), Stevens Johnson syndrome (SJS), SJS/TEN, and toxic epidermal necrolysis (TEN) (EM/SJS/TEN), over 37 new vaccines have been introduced in the United States. We sought to describe reported EM/SJS/TEN after vaccines during 1999-2017.

Methods: We identified U. Read More

Curr Pharm Des 2019 ;25(36):3797-3798

Mersin University, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Pediatric Allergy and Clinical Immunology Mersin, Turkey.

Burns 2020 02 18;46(1):245-246. Epub 2019 Dec 18.

Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Department of Surgery, LAC+USC Medical Center, Keck School of Medicine of the University of Southern California, United States. Electronic address:

Burns 2020 02 13;46(1):244-245. Epub 2019 Dec 13.

Department of Skin and Venereal Diseases, Faculty of Medicine, School of Health Sciences, University of Ioannina, Ioannina, Greece. Electronic address:

An Bras Dermatol 2019 Nov - Dec;94(6):773-774. Epub 2019 Nov 11.

Department of Dermatology, Dr. RML Hospital, PGIMER, New Delhi, India.

An Bras Dermatol 2019 Nov - Dec;94(6):774. Epub 2019 Nov 11.

Department of Medicine, Universidade Estadual de Ponta Grossa, Ponta Grossa, PR, Brazil.

Natl J Maxillofac Surg 2019 Jul-Dec;10(2):232-234. Epub 2019 Nov 12.

Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Sardar Patel Post Graduate Institute of Dental and Medical Sciences, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India.

Stevens-Johnson syndrome (SJS) is a severe form of erythema multiforme, is a self-limiting acute inflammatory disease of multifactorial origin, but can also present as a chronic recurrent lesion. It causes a whole plethora of lesions, mostly mucocutaneous. It is a dermatologic emergency that occurs with a spectrum of severity and can result in severe morbidity and mortality. Read More

Yakugaku Zasshi 2019 ;139(12):1557-1562

Division of Medicinal Safety Science, National Institute of Health Sciences.

Severe cutaneous adverse reactions (SCARs) are important in postmarketing drug safety because SCAR patients were highest in the adverse drug reaction relief system of Japan. The SCAR symptoms of Stevens-Johnson syndrome (SJS) and toxic epidermal necrolysis (TEN) include high fever, severe mucosal impairment, and epidermal necrosis-induced erosions and blisters. Approximately 600 cases of SJS and 300 cases of TEN are reported annually in Japan. Read More

BMJ Case Rep 2019 Nov 19;12(11). Epub 2019 Nov 19.

Cardiology Department, Rashid Hospital, Dubai Health Authority, Dubai, United Arab Emirates.

Steven-Johnson syndrome (SJS) is a rare but serious mucocutaneous reaction to medications. We present a rare case of SJS developing after antibiotic administration for a lower respiratory tract infection and whose inpatient course was complicated with an acute ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction (MI). The laboratory findings revealed thrombocytosis which was possibly reactive and explained the underlying pathophysiology of the thrombus formation seen in the coronary artery. Read More

Seizure 2019 Nov 3;72:61-70. Epub 2019 Jul 3.

St George's University Medical School, United Kingdom; St George's Univ. Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, United Kingdom.

Adverse cutaneous reactions caused by mostly aromatic antiepileptic drugs (AED) affect 50.000 people a year in the United Kingdom (UK; incidence 75.7/100. Read More

J Allergy Clin Immunol Pract 2019 Nov - Dec;7(8):2854-2856

Institute for Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Murdoch University, Murdoch, WA, Australia; Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tenn.

Curr Pharm Des 2019 ;25(36):3840-3854

Department of Pediatric Allergy and Immunology, University of Health Sciences, Ankara Child Health and Diseases Hematology Oncology Training and Research Hospital, Ankara, Turkey.

Drug hypersensitivity reactions are clinically heterogenous ranging from mild to severe. Most drug hypersensitivity reactions are accompanied by cutaneous manifestations. Fever, mucous membrane involvement, large blisters, facial oedema, pustulosis and visceral involvement are clinical features that lead to suspicion of severe adverse drug reactions. Read More

Curr Pharm Des 2019 ;25(36):3855-3871

Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Hepáticas y Digestivas (CIBERehd), Madrid, Spain.

Idiosyncratic drug-induced liver injury (DILI) occasionally occurs in the setting of severe cutaneous adverse reactions (SCARs), including Stevens-Johnson syndrome (SJS), toxic epidermal necrolysis (TEN) and drug reaction with eosinophilia and systemic symptoms (DRESS). This strengthens the proposed immunologic mechanism associated with this adverse reaction. DRESS exhibits the most common association with DILI. Read More

Curr Pharm Des 2019 ;25(36):3829-3839

Allergy Research Group, Instituto de Investigacion Biomedica de Malaga-IBIMA, Malaga, Spain.

Drug hypersensitivity reactions (DHRs) are typically classified into immediate and delayed reactions based on the time interval between drug exposure and onset of symptoms. Clinical manifestations range from mild to severe and life-threatening reactions. The most severe clinical entities are anaphylaxis and anaphylactic shock for immediate reactions, and severe cutaneous adverse reactions such as Steven Johnson Syndrome and Toxic Epidermal Necrolysis for delayed reactions. Read More

Curr Pharm Des 2019 ;25(36):3872-3880

Pediatric Allergology Unit, Department of Child and Adolescent, University Hospitals of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland.

Severe cutaneous adverse reactions (SCAR) are life-threatening conditions including acute generalized exanthematous pustulosis (AGEP), Stevens-Johnson Syndrome (SJS), toxic epidermal necrolysis (TEN) and drug reaction with eosinophilia and systemic symptoms (DRESS). Diagnosis of causative underlying drug hypersensitivity (DH) is mandatory due to the high morbidity and mortality upon re-exposure with the incriminated drug. If an underlying DH is suspected, in vivo test, including patch tests (PTs), delayed-reading intradermal tests (IDTs) and in vitro tests can be performed in selected patients for which the suspected culprit drug is mandatory, or in order to find a safe alternative treatment. Read More

Curr Pharm Des 2019 ;25(36):3799-3812

Allergy and Clinical Immunology Department, Centro Hospitalar e Universitario de Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal.

Severe delayed drug hypersensitivity reactions comprise different clinical entities and can involve different immune-mediated mechanisms. Common examples are severe cutaneous adverse reactions and druginduced internal organ injuries. The incidence of such reactions is overall low but seems to be on the rise reaching numbers as high as 9 per million individuals-years in the case of SJS/TEN and DRESS. Read More

Curr Pharm Des 2019 ;25(36):3881-3901

Department of Pediatric Allergy and Immunology, Mersin University, Faculty of Medicine, Mersin, Turkey.

Severe cutaneous drug hypersensitivity reactions involve of different mechanisms , some of which are life-threatening, such as Stevens-Johnson syndrome/toxic epidermal necrolysis, drug reaction with eosinophilia and systemic symptoms, acute generalized exanthematous pustulosis, generalized bullous fixed drug eruptions, serum sickness and serum sickness-like reaction and drug-induced vasculitis. These reactions may have substantial morbidity and mortality. In the past years, successive studies have provided new evidence regarding the pathogenesis of some of these severe reactions and revealed that underlying mechanisms are highly variable. Read More

BMJ Case Rep 2019 Nov 2;12(11). Epub 2019 Nov 2.

Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Eastern Virginia Medical School, Norfolk, Virginia, USA

We present the case of a 33-year-old woman with no significant past medical history who was admitted to an outside hospital for the abrupt onset of fevers, malaise and a diffuse mucocutaneous rash. Her constellation of symptoms and presentation were most consistent with a diagnosis of Stevens-Johnson syndrome/toxic epidermal necrolysis overlap syndrome secondary to ibuprofen exposure. Her rash continued to worsen and she was transferred to our medical intensive care unit (ICU), where broad-spectrum antibiotics were discontinued and she was treated with supportive care as well as 'low-dose' intravenous hydrocortisone, ascorbic acid (vitamin C) and thiamine (HAT therapy). Read More

Cornea 2020 01;39(1):e3

Cornea and Anterior Segment Services, C L Gupta Eye Institute, Moradabad, India.

Hum Genet 2019 Dec 14;138(11-12):1267-1274. Epub 2019 Oct 14.

Center For Research in Genetics and Genomics (CIGGUR), GENIUROS Research Group, School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universidad del Rosario, Carrera 24 No. 63C-69, Bogotá, DC, 112111, Colombia.

Stevens-Johnson syndrome (SJS) and toxic epidermal necrolysis (TEN) are rare severe cutaneous adverse reactions to drugs. Granulysin (GNLY) plays a key role in keratinocyte apoptosis during SJS/TEN pathophysiology. To determine if GNLY-encoding mutations might be related to the protein's functional disturbances, contributing to SJS/TEN pathogenesis, we performed direct sequencing of GNLY's coding region in a group of 19 Colombian SJS/TEN patients. Read More

Ann Dermatol Venereol 2019 Dec 15;146(12):847-849. Epub 2019 Oct 15.

Service de dermatologie et IST, université de Lomé, CHU Sylvanus Olympio, 30785 Lomé, Togo.

Beijing Da Xue Xue Bao Yi Xue Ban 2019 Oct;51(5):977-980

Department of Dermatological, Peking University People's Hospital, Beijing 100044, China.

Among the various drug induced dermatological entities toxic epidermalnecrolysis (TEN) and Stevens-Johnson syndrome (SJS) occupy a primary place in terms of mortality. Toxic epidermal necrolysis also known as Lyell's syndrome was first described by Lyell in 1956. Drugs are by far the most common cause of toxic epidermal necrolysis, in which large sheets of skin are lost from the body surface making redundant the barrier function of the skin, with its resultant complications. Read More

Ugeskr Laeger 2019 Oct;181(43)

Stevens-Johnson syndrome is an autoimmune condition characterised by erythematous target lesions on the skin with involvement of the oral and genital mucosa and conjunctivae. Recent case reports describe incomplete presentations with absence of the characteristic skin changes. This is caused by extrapulmonary manifestations of Mycoplasma pneumoniae lung infection and is now recognised as M. Read More

BMJ Case Rep 2019 Oct 13;12(10). Epub 2019 Oct 13.

Department of Dermatology, Hospital and University Centre of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal.

Specific vesiculobullous skin lesions in lupus erythematosus (LE) are rare and must be differentiated from toxic epidermal necrolysis (TEN), TEN-like dermatoses and other vesiculobullous conditions. We report a patient with typical subacute cutaneous lupus erythematous that progressed with large sheet-like areas of epidermal detachment and Nikolsky sign resembling TEN. She had a serological profile suggestive of underlying connective tissue disease, histological findings of interface dermatitis with a lymphocytic infiltrate, positive direct immunofluorescence, resolution with immunomodulation and lack of a culprit drug, features observed in TEN-like cutaneous lupus erythematous. Read More

J Drugs Dermatol 2019 Oct;18(10):1049-1052

Drug re-exposure resulting in Stevens-Johnson syndrome (SJS) or toxic epidermal necrolysis (TEN) is a rare phenomenon and has scarcely been reported. With an aging population, polypharmacy, and a lack of a unified electronic medical record, standard recommendations to prevent or minimize the risk of re-exposure are necessary. We identified five patients, with diagnosis confirmed SJS/TEN, and determined the clinical characteristics and contributing risk factors leading to re-exposure. Read More

Burns 2019 12 7;45(8):1880-1887. Epub 2019 Oct 7.

Infectious Disease Service, MCHE-MDI, 3551 Roger Brooke Drive, JBSA Ft. Sam Houston, San Antonio, TX 78234, United States.

Introduction: Extracorporeal Membrane Oxygenation (ECMO) has only recently been described in patients with burn injuries. We report the incidence and type of infections in critically ill burn and non-burn patients receiving ECMO.

Methods: A retrospective chart review was performed on all patients at Brooke Army Medical Center who received ECMO between September 2012 and May 2018. Read More

Am J Dermatopathol 2020 Feb;42(2):111-116

Departments of Pathology and Dermatology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA.

Erythema multiforme (EM), Stevens-Johnson syndrome (SJS), and toxic epidermal necrolysis (TEN) comprise a family of mucocutaneous diseases associated with significant morbidity and mortality. Previous studies have confirmed the presence of autoantibodies to desmoplakin (Dp) I and II in patients with EM, SJS, and TEN. Truncated Dp production leads to characteristic changes visible on light microscopy: perinuclear clumping of keratin filaments and dyskeratotic keratinocyte. Read More

Pediatr Dermatol 2019 Nov 2;36(6):929-931. Epub 2019 Oct 2.

Department of Dermatology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota.

We present two pediatric cases of recurrent mucositis associated with influenza B infection, both in patients with prior episodes of Stevens-Johnson syndrome (SJS) due to Mycoplasma. Influenza B is an uncommon cause of both rash and mucosistis and SJS. Read More

Clin Cosmet Investig Dermatol 2019 4;12:653-667. Epub 2019 Sep 4.

Division of Dermatology, Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Ramathibodi Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand.

Vesiculobullous lesions in lupus erythematosus (LE) are a rare cutaneous manifestation of cutaneous and/or systemic LE with variable presentation. While the minor forms of LE-associated vesiculobullous disease may cause disfigurement and discomfort, the severe forms can present with hyperacute reaction and life-threatening consequences. Specific LE and aspecific cutaneous LE are defined by the presence or absence of interface change on histopathology that can be applied to vesiculobullous diseases in relation to LE. Read More

Braz J Infect Dis 2019 Sep - Oct;23(5):363-367. Epub 2019 Sep 25.

Complexo Hospitalar Universitário Professor Edgard Santos, Laboratório de Investigação de Doenças Infecciosas, Salvador, BA, Brazil. Electronic address:

Erythema multiforme (EM), Stevens-Johnson Syndrome and Toxic Epidermal Necrolysis (TEN) have been reported as possible adverse effects of some classes of first-line antiretroviral drugs (ART) for HIV treatment. Herein we report an unusual presentation of TEN lesions associated with ART in an HIV-infected patient. The patient presented disseminated cutaneous eruption and oral lesions from the lips to the oropharynx region, causing odynophagia and dysphagia. Read More

Recent Pat Inflamm Allergy Drug Discov 2019 ;13(2):144-157

Department of Biomedical Science and Human Oncology, Dermatological Clinic, University of Bari, Bari, Italy.

Background: Antifungal azoles are the first-line agents used to treat topical and, above all, systemic mycosis. The latter could be life-threating infections in immunocompromised patients. Chemotherapeutic antibiotics, including antifungal azoles, may induce hypersensitivity reactions; however, such immunologic adverse reactions have not been defined and carefully investigated. Read More

Zhonghua Er Ke Za Zhi 2019 Sep;57(9):710-711

Department of Pharmacy, Erdos Central Hospital, Inner Mongolia Erdos 017000, China.