Am J Dermatopathol 2017 Jul 6. Epub 2017 Jul 6.

Departments of *Pathology, †Dermatology, and ‡Internal Medicine, Hospital Universitario Fundación Jiménez Díaz, Madrid, Spain; and §Dermatopathologie Friedrichshafen, Friedrichshafen, Germany.

Human parvovirus B19 (B19V) causes a number of skin exanthemas and has been related to both cutaneous and systemic diseases. Tropism of the virus for the rapidly proliferating erythroid progenitor cells in the bone marrow and fetal liver explains the pathogenesis of anemia and fetal hydrops. The cutaneous lesions of erythema infectiosum and other B19V-related exanthemas have been attributed to the deposition of immune complexes in the skin. Read More

Case Reports Hepatol 2017 20;2017:1359486. Epub 2017 Apr 20.

Third Department of Internal Medicine, Nara Medical University, Kashihara, Nara, Japan.

Human parvovirus (HPV) B19 is linked to a variety of clinical manifestations, such as erythema infectiosum, nonimmune hydrops fetalis, and transient aplastic anemia. Although a few cases have shown HPVB19 infection as a possible causative agent for hepatitis-associated aplastic anemia (HAAA) in immunocompetent patients, most reported cases of HAAA following transient hepatitis did not have delayed remission. Here we report a rare case of severe aplastic anemia following acute hepatitis with prolonged jaundice due to HPVB19 infection in a previously healthy young male. Read More

Braz J Infect Dis 2017 Jan - Feb;21(1):102-106. Epub 2016 Nov 30.

Universidade Federal Fluminense, Faculdade de Medicina, Programa de Pós Graduação em Ciências Médicas, Niterói, RJ, Brazil; Universidade Federal Fluminense, Faculdade de Medicina, Disciplina de Doenças Infecciosas e Parasitárias, Niterói, RJ, Brazil.

This study was conducted to provide information on the genetic diversity of human parvovirus B19 (B19V) circulating in the municipality of Niterói, Rio de Janeiro, Southeast Brazil during 1996-2006, a period with two distinct outbreaks of B19V infection: 1999-2000 and 2004-2005. A total of 27 sera from patients with erythema infectiosum and five sera from HIV-infected patients that tested positive for B19V DNA during the study period were analyzed. To genotype B19V strains, a semi-nested PCR for partial amplification of the capsid gene was performed and sequence analysis revealed that 31 sequences belonged to subgenotype 1a (G1a) of the main genotype 1 and one sequence was characterized as subgenotype 3b (G3b). Read More

Blood 2016 Nov;128(21):2504-2509

Office of the Dean, James H. Quillen College of Medicine, East Tennessee State University, Johnson City, TN.

Pure red cell aplasia (PRCA) is a syndrome defined by a normocytic normochromic anemia with severe reticulocytopenia and marked reduction or absence of erythroid precursors from the bone marrow. Diamond-Blackfan anemia is a congenital form of PRCA. Acquired PRCA may be either a primary disorder or secondary to some other disorder or agent. Read More

Biochemistry 2016 Nov 17;55(47):6577-6593. Epub 2016 Nov 17.

Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Arizona , Tucson, Arizona 85721, United States.

Infection with human parvovirus B19 (B19V) has been associated with a myriad of illnesses, including erythema infectiosum (Fifth disease), hydrops fetalis, arthropathy, hepatitis, and cardiomyopathy, and also possibly the triggering of any number of different autoimmune diseases. B19V NS1 is a multidomain protein that plays a critical role in viral replication, with predicted nuclease, helicase, and gene transactivation activities. Herein, we investigate the biochemical activities of the nuclease domain (residues 2-176) of B19V NS1 (NS1-nuc) in sequence-specific DNA binding of the viral origin of replication sequences, as well as those of promoter sequences, including the viral p6 and the human p21, TNFα, and IL-6 promoters previously identified in NS1-dependent transcriptional transactivation. Read More

Viruses 2016 Sep 28;8(10). Epub 2016 Sep 28.

Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Bern, Bern 3012, Switzerland.

Parvovirus B19 (B19V) is a small non-enveloped virus and known as the causative agent for the mild childhood disease erythema infectiosum. B19V has an extraordinary narrow tissue tropism, showing only productive infection in erythroid precursor cells in the bone marrow. We recently found that the viral protein 1 unique region (VP1u) contains an N-terminal receptor-binding domain (RBD), which mediates the uptake of the virus into cells of the erythroid lineage. Read More

Br J Cancer 2016 Oct 23;115(8):1008-1014. Epub 2016 Aug 23.

Department of Clinical Science, Intervention and Technology, CLINTEC, Karolinska Institutet, S-141 86 Stockholm, Sweden.

Background: Some childhood acute lymphoblastic leukaemias (ALL) can be traced back to a prenatal origin, where a virus infection could be involved in the first pre-leukaemic clone development. The DNA virome of 95 children who later developed ALL was characterised from neonatal blood spots (NBS) using unbiased next-generation sequencing (NGS) and compared with the virome of 95 non-ALL controls.

Methods: DNA was individually extracted from the ALL-patients and controls, pooled, randomly amplified and sequenced using the Illumina MiSeq Sequencing System. Read More

Eur J Dermatol 2016 Dec;26(6):618-619

Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine - Dermatology, University of Messina, Messina, Italy.

New Microbiol 2016 Jul 10;39(3):181-185. Epub 2016 Jun 10.

Molecular Virology Unit, Microbiology and Virology Department, Fondazione IRCCS Policlinico San Matteo, Pavia, Italy.

To define diagnostic and prognostic markers of parvovirus B19 (B19V) fetal infection, two groups were investigated: 1) pregnant women with specific symptoms or contacts with symptomatic households (n=37); 2) mothers with pathological ultrasound findings and the relevant fetus at the time of prenatal diagnosis (n=16). In the first group, diagnosis of B19V infection was achieved using IgM detection in 29/37 (78.3%) of patients, while B19V DNA was detected in 36/37 (97. Read More

IDCases 2016 23;5:32-3. Epub 2016 Jun 23.

Ginza Hospital, Internal Medicine, Japan.

Bull Soc Pathol Exot 2016 Aug 7;109(3):165-71. Epub 2016 Jul 7.

Unité de recherche UR12ES01, faculté de médecine de Tunis, université de Tunis El-Manar, Tunis, Tunisie.

The aim of the study is to evaluate the prevalence of specific antibodies anti-human parvovirus B19 (PVB19) immunoglobulin M (IgM) and IgG in children with fever and rash. This study involved 257 children aged from 7 months to 15 years with febrile rash unrelated to measles and rubella (seronegative for IgM). The sera were examined by immunoenzymatic assay. Read More

IDCases 2016 6;4:62-4. Epub 2016 May 6.

First Department of Internal Medicine, Tzaneio General Hospital, Afentouli & Zanni Str., Piraeus 18536, Greece.

Introduction: Human parvovirus B19 is a DNA virus most known for causing erythema infectiosum in children, and polyarthropathy or transient aplastic crisis in adults. However, various unusual clinical manifestations have also been reported in association with it. We describe a young patient who presented with splenic infarcts as a rare complication of B19 infection. Read More

J Family Community Med 2016 May-Aug;23(2):105-8

Department of Medical Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Umm Al-Qura University, Makkah, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia.

Background: Erythrovirus B19 infection is associated with clinical symptoms that range from mild to severe. The common clinical presentation of B19 virus (B19V) infection is erythema infectiosum, arthropathy, aplastic crisis, and fetal infection. Infection in seronegative pregnant women can lead to fetal hydrops. Read More

Intern Med 2016 15;55(10):1379-82. Epub 2016 May 15.

Department of Emergency Center, Toyama Prefectural Central Hospital, Japan.

An outbreak of dengue fever occurred in Japan in August 2014. We herein report the case of a 63-year-old man who presented with a persistent fever in September 2014. Acute parvovirus B19 infection led to a false positive finding of dengue fever on a rapid diagnostic test (Panbio Dengue Duo Cassette(TM)). Read More

Clin Res Cardiol 2016 Sep 25;105(9):763-73. Epub 2016 Apr 25.

Department of Cardiology, Campus Benjamin Franklin, Charite-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany.

Background: Chronic viral infections of the heart are considered one antecedent event leading to progressive dysfunction of the myocardium, often with an impaired prognosis due to a virus- or immune-mediated myocardial injury. Symptomatic treatment does not influence the viral cause of heart failure, and the effect of antiviral treatment has not been determined, yet.

Methods And Results: In this phase II study 143 patients with symptoms of heart failure and biopsy-based confirmation of the enterovirus (EV), adenovirus, and/or parvovirus B19 genomes in their myocardial tissue were randomly assigned to double-blind treatment, and received either placebo (n = 48) or 4 × 10(6) (n = 49) and 8 × 10(6) IU (n = 46) interferon beta-1b (IFN-β-1b) for 24 weeks, in addition to standard heart failure treatment. Read More

Viruses 2016 Feb 24;8(3):61. Epub 2016 Feb 24.

Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Bern, Bern 3012, Switzerland.

Parvovirus B19 (B19V) is known as the human pathogen causing the mild childhood disease erythema infectiosum. B19V shows an extraordinary narrow tissue tropism for erythroid progenitor cells in the bone marrow, which is determined by a highly restricted uptake. We have previously shown that the specific internalization is mediated by the interaction of the viral protein 1 unique region (VP1u) with a yet unknown cellular receptor. Read More

Rev Esp Quimioter 2016 Apr 16;29(2):105-6. Epub 2016 Feb 16.

Teodorikez Jiménez-Rodríguez, Servicio de Alergología. Hospital General Universitario de Alicante (HGUA). Calle Pintor Baeza, 12, Planta 8, 03010. Alicante. Spain.

Arch Virol 2016 May 10;161(5):1183-7. Epub 2016 Feb 10.

Clinical Research Department, Pasteur Institute of Iran, No 69, Pasteur Ave., Tehran, 13164, Iran.

Recent studies have demonstrated that, in common with other latent viruses, parvovirus B19 infection can be controlled by the host immune response but may persist in some places such as the bone marrow. Persistent B19 infection has been found in both immunocompetent and immunocompromised individuals, such as patients infected with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). However, there is limited data regarding long-term B19 viremia in HIV patients. Read More

Euro Surveill 2016 ;21(4)

National Center of Infectious and Parasitic Diseases, Department Virology, National Reference Laboratory of Measles, Mumps and Rubella, Sofia, Bulgaria.

The present study aimed to determine the role of human parvovirus В19 (B19V) as an aetiological agent in measles and rubella negative fever/rash patients from Bulgaria between 2004 and 2013. A total of 1,266 sera from all over the country were tested for B19V IgM antibodies and all positives were further investigated by polymerase chain reaction (PCR). Overall, 280 sera (22%) were B19V IgM positive and 227 of these (81%) were also PCR positive. Read More

Transfus Clin Biol 2016 Feb 6;23(1):5-12. Epub 2016 Jan 6.

Pôle biologie-pathologie-physiologie, CHU Saint-Louis, AP-HP, 75010 Paris, France. Electronic address:

Since its discovery, the human parvovirus B19 (B19V) has been associated with many clinical situations in addition to the prototype clinical manifestations, i.e. erythema infectiosum and erythroblastopenia crisis. Read More

Pediatr Infect Dis J 2016 Feb;35(2):228-9

Department of Pediatrics Japanese Red Cross Wakayama Medical Center Wakayama, Japan Department of Pediatrics School of Medicine Institute of Medical Pharmaceutical and Health Sciences Kanazawa University Ishikawa, Japan Department of Pediatrics Japanese Red Cross Wakayama Medical Center Wakayama, Japan.

Clin Dermatol 2015 Nov-Dec;33(6):657-71. Epub 2015 Sep 14.

Department of Dermatology, University of Connecticut Health Sciences, 21 South Road, Farmington, CT, 06032. Electronic address:

The changes in immune response that occur with age play a significant role in disease presentation and patient management. Evolution of the innate and adaptive immune systems throughout life, influenced partly by hormonal changes associated with puberty, plays a role in the differences between pediatric and adult response to disease. We review a series of manifestations of dermatologic infectious diseases spanning bacterial, viral, and fungal origins that can be seen in both pediatric and adult age groups and highlight similarities and differences in presentation and disease course. Read More

World J Pediatr 2016 Feb 18;12(1):118-20. Epub 2015 Dec 18.

Division of Child Neurology, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, Arkansas, USA.

Background: The incidence of acute symptomatic (at the time of documented brain insult) seizures and single unprovoked seizures are 29-39 and 23-61 per 100 000 per year, respectively. After stabilization of the patient, finding the etiology of the seizure is of paramount importance. A careful history and physical examination may allow a diagnosis without need for further evaluation. Read More

J Clin Pathol 2016 Apr 7;69(4):279-91. Epub 2015 Dec 7.

Human parvovirus B19 is a single-stranded DNA virus which preferentially targets the erythroblasts in the bone marrow. B19 infection commonly causes erythema infectiosum, arthralgia, fetal death, transient aplastic crisis in patients with shortened red cell survival, and persistent infection in people who are immunocompromised. Less common clinical manifestations include atypical skin rashes, neurological syndromes, cardiac syndromes, and various cytopenias. Read More

Prim Care 2015 Dec;42(4):517-67

Center for Dermatology, Laser, and Cosmetic Surgery, Psoriasis Infusion and Treatment Center, 9892 Bustleton Avenue, Suite 204, Philadelphia, PA 19115, USA.

In the vast world of skin diseases, viral skin disorders account for a significant percentage. Most viral skin diseases present with an exanthem (skin rash) and, oftentimes, an accompanying enanthem (lesions involving the mucosal membrane). In this article, the various viral skin diseases are explored, including viral childhood exanthems (measles, rubella, erythema infectiosum, and roseola), herpes viruses (herpes simplex virus, varicella zoster virus, Kaposi sarcoma herpes virus, viral zoonotic infections [orf, monkeypox, ebola, smallpox]), and several other viral skin diseases, such as human papilloma virus, hand, foot, and mouth disease, molluscum contagiosum, and Gianotti-Crosti syndrome. Read More

J Dtsch Dermatol Ges 2015 Dec 18;13(12):1286-8. Epub 2015 Nov 18.

Department of Dermatology, Hietzing Hospital, Vienna, Austria.

Eur J Obstet Gynecol Reprod Biol 2015 Dec 19;195:128-32. Epub 2015 Oct 19.

Amedes Praxis für Endokrinologie, Kinderwunsch und Pränatalmedizin, Hamburg, Germany.

Objective: To evaluate patterns of fluid allocations in different etiologies of hydrops fetalis.

Study Design: This report is a retrospective cohort study on 20,395 fetal sonographic evaluations in a single tertiary center from 2000 to 2014. Special emphasis was placed on the exact description of the distinct fluid allocation sites in each fetus. Read More

Br J Haematol 2016 Feb 12;172(4):495. Epub 2015 Oct 12.

Hematopathology Unit, Pathology Department, Hospital Clinic, Barcelona, Spain.

Pediatr Dermatol 2015 Nov-Dec;32(6):e303-4. Epub 2015 Oct 8.

Department of Dermatology, Hospital Clinico Universitario, Valencia, Spain.

We report on a 3-year-old girl with a microvesicular generalized rash in whom primary infection by parvovirus B19 was demonstrated by seroconversion. To our knowledge, this is the first instance of an eruption arising from parvovirus B19 with this peculiar clinical pattern. Read More

J Ultrasound Med 2015 Nov 7;34(11):2107-9. Epub 2015 Oct 7.

Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Division of Maternal-Fetal Medicine, Winthrop University Hospital Mineola, New York USA.

Acta Orthop Traumatol Turc 2015 ;49(5):568-70

Başkent University Faculty of Medicine, Department of Neurology, Konya, Turkey.

We describe 2 cases of 6-year-old twin girls presenting with acute carpal tunnel syndrome (CTS) associated with human parvovirus B19 (HPV-B19) infection, as evidenced by serological data and detection of HPV-B19 DNA in blood with use of polymerase chain reaction (PCR). To our knowledge, this is the first time that HPV-B19 infection has been suggested as the causal agent of simultaneous acute bilateral CTS in twins, thus presenting the possibility that similar immunologic responses can be observed in twins during viral infections. Read More

Infez Med 2015 Sep;23(3):283-4

IRCCS A.O.U. San Martino-IST DISSAL, Department of Dermatology, Italy.

J Infect Chemother 2015 Nov 25;21(11):776-82. Epub 2015 Aug 25.

School of Pharmacy, Nihon University, Chiba, Japan.

The incidence of common pediatric infectious diseases has been monitored officially at sentinel medical institutions in Japan. However, the numbers of affected patients are not provided. Prescription Surveillance (PS), which infers the number of patients with influenza, varicella, and gastrointestinal infections from data related to prescriptions at external pharmacies, provides estimates to the public the following morning. Read More

Am Fam Physician 2015 Aug;92(3):211-6

University of Missouri-Columbia School of Medicine, Columbia, MO, USA.

Because childhood rashes may be difficult to differentiate by appearance alone, it is important to consider the entire clinical presentation to help make the appropriate diagnosis. Considerations include the appearance and location of the rash; the clinical course; and associated symptoms, such as pruritus or fever. A fever is likely to occur with roseola, erythema infectiosum (fifth disease), and scarlet fever. Read More

Cutis 2015 Jul;96(1):E1-3

The Institute for Dermatopathology, 3805 West Chester Pike, Newtown Square, PA 19073, USA.

Epidemiol Infect 2016 Feb 23;144(3):478-92. Epub 2015 Jul 23.

Institute of Industrial Science,the University of Tokyo,Komaba,Meguro,Tokyo,Japan.

Although Kawasaki disease (KD), which was first reported in the 1960s, is assumed to be infectious, its aetiological agent(s) remains unknown. We compared the geographical distribution of the force of infection and the super-annual periodicity of KD and seven other paediatric infectious diseases in Japan. The geographical distribution of the force of infection, which was estimated as the inverse of the mean patient age, was similar in KD and other paediatric viral infections. Read More

Obstet Gynecol 2015 Jun;125(6):1510-25

J Med Virol 2015 Nov 12;87(11):1981-4. Epub 2015 May 12.

IRCCS A.O.U. San Martino-IST DISSAL, Department of Dermatology, Genoa, Italy.

Parvovirus B19 (B19V) infection may differently manifest in various age groups. Erythema infectiosum ('fifth disease') is the most common B19V manifestations in children. Arthralgias and arthritis, with or without rash, are common manifestations of B19V infection in adults. Read More

Br J Haematol 2015 Jul 28;170(2):192-9. Epub 2015 Apr 28.

Département d'Hématologie et d'Immunologie Biologiques, Hôpital Henri Mondor, APHP, UPEC, Créteil, France.

The virological diagnosis of Parvovirus B19 (PvB19) infection is currently based on sero-diagnosis, molecular methods or both, yet without clear recommendations. We retrospectively identified patients with polymerase chain reaction-positive PvB19 and/or positive serological assay between 2007 and 2013. Eighty-two adults with at least one diagnostic criterion of recent PvB19 infection (IgM antibodies, viral DNA in blood and/or in marrow) were included and classified into three homogeneous groups: 30 patients had no underlying predisposing condition, 25 a hereditary haemolytic anaemia, 27 an underlying immunodeficiency. Read More

Blood Transfus 2015 Apr;13(2):184-96

Italian National Blood Centre, National Institute of Health, Rome, Italy.

Rev Bras Reumatol 2015 Mar-Apr;55(2):185-8. Epub 2014 Oct 5.

Divisão de Hematologia, Departamento de Medicina Interna, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade Bezmialem Vakif, Istambul, Turquia.

Parvovirus B19 infection is often asymptomatic, but clinical expressions may include transient aplastic crisis, erythema infectiosum, non-immune hydrops fetalis, and chronic red cell aplasia. This virus has also been associated with rheumatoid arthritis and other autoimmune connective tissue diseases; however, we could not identify any acute adult myositis case developed after a Parvovirus B19 infection in the literature. For this reason, we would like to present a rare case of acute myositis developed after Parvovirus B19 infection. Read More

J Infect Dis 2015 Oct 24;212(7):1070-81. Epub 2015 Mar 24.

Department of Cardiology and Pneumology Berlin-Brandenburg Center for Regenerative Therapies Deutsches Zentrum für Herz-Kreislauf-Forschung, Berlin.

Human parvovirus B19 (B19V) is a common pathogen in microvascular disease and cardiomyopathy, owing to infection of endothelial cells. B19V replication, however, is almost restricted to erythroid progenitor cells (ErPCs). Endothelial regeneration attributable to bone marrow-derived circulating angiogenic cells (CACs) is a prerequisite for organ function. Read More

J Virol Methods 2015 Jun 17;218:40-5. Epub 2015 Mar 17.

University of Helsinki, Department of Virology, Haartmaninkatu 3, 00290 Helsinki, Finland; Helsinki University Hospital Laboratory Division, Haartmaninkatu 3, 00290 Helsinki, Finland.

Parvovirus B19 (B19V) is a minute ssDNA virus associated with a wide range of diseases from childhood erythema to fetal death. After primary infection, the viral genomes persist lifelong in solid tissues of most types. Quantification of the viral DNA is important in the timing of primary infection, assessment of tissue persistence and screening of blood donor plasma. Read More

Clin Med Insights Case Rep 2015 26;8:19-22. Epub 2015 Feb 26.

Department of Respiratory Medicine, Chubu Rosai Hospital, Nagoya, Aichi, Japan.

We encountered three adult patients with flu-like symptoms diagnosed with human parvovirus B19 (HPV-B19) infection. Blood serum analysis also revealed leukopenia, with white blood cell counts (WBCs) of 1,000-2,000/mL and low platelet counts of 89-150 × 10(9)/L. Typical skin rash was absent in one patient. Read More

Clin Perinatol 2015 Mar 20;42(1):77-103, viii. Epub 2014 Dec 20.

Division of Pediatric Infectious Disease, New York-Presbyterian Morgan Stanley Children's Hospital, 622 West 168th Street, PH-471, New York, NY 10032, USA.

TORCH infections classically comprise toxoplasmosis, Treponema pallidum, rubella, cytomegalovirus, herpesvirus, hepatitis viruses, human immunodeficiency virus, and other infections, such as varicella, parvovirus B19, and enteroviruses. The epidemiology of these infections varies; in low-income and middle-income countries, TORCH infections are major contributors to prenatal, perinatal, and postnatal morbidity and mortality. Evidence of infection may be seen at birth, in infancy, or years later. Read More

J Obstet Gynaecol Can 2014 Dec;36(12):1107-1116

Vancouver BC.

Objectives: This guideline reviews the evidence relating to the effects of parvovirus B19 on the pregnant woman and fetus, and discusses the management of women who are exposed to, who are at risk of developing, or who develop parvovirus B19 infection in pregnancy.

Outcomes: The outcomes evaluated were maternal outcomes including erythema infectiosum, arthropathy, anemia, and myocarditis, and fetal outcomes including spontaneous abortion, congenital anomalies, hydrops fetalis, stillbirth, and long-term effects.

Evidence: Published literature was retrieved through searches of PubMed and The Cochrane Library on July 8, 2013, using appropriate controlled vocabulary (MeSH terms "parvovirus" and "pregnancy") and key words (parvovirus, infection, pregnancy, hydrops). Read More

Fetal Diagn Ther 2015 3;38(1):61-4. Epub 2015 Feb 3.

Fetal Medicine Centre, Birmingham Women's Foundation Trust, Edgbaston, Birmingham, UK.

Introduction: Fetal anemia can have significant perinatal morbidity and mortality, particularly with onset prior to 20 weeks of gestation.

Materials And Methods: We detail a case-cohort study (n = 8) of all women who underwent fetal in-utero, intracardiac transfusion prior to 24 weeks of gestation (7 women before 20 + 1 weeks), between March 2004 and September 2014, in a supraregional Fetal Medicine Center in the United Kingdom, comprising 2.2% of all transfusions performed during this period. Read More

J Med Virol 2015 Apr 21;87(4):683-5. Epub 2015 Jan 21.

Department of Pediatrics, Sapporo Medical University School of Medicine, Sapporo, Japan.

Simple and accurate diagnosis of vertical transmission of human parvovirus B19 (B19V) infection remains an important issue in pregnancy. There are few reports on quantitative analysis of B19V in amniotic fluids. Quantitative estimation of B19V DNA in amniotic fluids was comparerd with those in maternal or fetal serum obtained at an early stage of pregnancy with possible mother-to-fetus transmission. Read More

Transfus Med 2014 Dec;24(6):418-20

NHS Blood and Transplant, Tooting, London, UK.

Arch Dis Child Educ Pract Ed 2015 Dec 24;100(6):306-7; discussion 334. Epub 2014 Dec 24.

Division of Pediatric Dermatology, Federal University of Paraná, Hospital de Clínicas da UFPR, Curitiba, Paraná, Brazil.